INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL (IM-311)

PRACTICAL no 01

Introdution To Statistics:
Numerical Descriptive Measures

Which measure of location is the best?

Mean is generally used, unless extreme values (outliers) exist

Course Teacher:
Rabia Siddiqui
Assistant Professor
INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL (IM-311)
PRACTICAL no 01
Then median is often used, since the median is not sensitive to extreme values

Quartiles
Quartiles split the ranked data into 4 segments with an equal number of values per segment

The first quartile, Q1, is the value for which 25% of the observations are smaller and 75%
are larger
Q2 is the same as the median (50% are smaller, 50% are larger)
Only 25% of the observations are greater than the third quartile

Quartile Formulas
Find a quartile by determining the value in the appropriate position in the ranked data, where
First quartile position: Q1 = (n+1)/4
Second quartile position: Q2 = (n+1)/2 (the median position)
Third quartile position: Q3 = 3(n+1)/4
where n is the number of observed values
Example:
Sample Data in Ordered Array: 11 12 13 16 16 17 18 21 22

(n = 9)
Q1 is in the (9+1)/4 = 2.5 position of the ranked data,
so Q1 = 12.5
th
Q2 is in the (9+1)/2 = 5 position of the ranked data,
so Q2 = median = 16
Q3 is in the 3(9+1)/4 = 7.5 position of the ranked data,
so Q3 = 19.5

Course Teacher:
Rabia Siddiqui
Assistant Professor
INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL (IM-311)
PRACTICAL no 01

Box-and-Whisker Plot: A Graphical display of

data using 5-number summary

Course Teacher:
Rabia Siddiqui
Assistant Professor
INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL (IM-311)
PRACTICAL no 01

Using Microsoft Excel

Descriptive Statistics can be obtained from Microsoft Excel
Use menu choice:
tools / data analysis / descriptive statistics
Enter details in dialog box

Course Teacher:
Rabia Siddiqui
Assistant Professor
INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL (IM-311)
PRACTICAL no 01

Course Teacher:
Rabia Siddiqui
Assistant Professor
INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL (IM-311)
PRACTICAL no 01

Boxplot
A boxplot, sometimes called a box and whisker plot, is a type of graph used to display patterns
of quantitative data

A boxplot splits the data set into quartiles. The body of the boxplot consists of a "box" (hence, the
name), which goes from the first quartile (Q1) to the third quartile (Q3).

Within the box, a vertical line is drawn at the Q2, the median of the data set. Two horizontal lines,
called whiskers, extend from the front and back of the box. The front whisker goes from Q1 to the
smallest non-outlier in the data set, and the back whisker goes from Q3 to the largest non-outlier.

Smallest non-outlier Q1 Q2 Q3 Largest non-outlier

.. ...

600-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

If the data set includes one or more outliers, they are plotted separately as points on the chart. In
the boxplot above, two outliers precede the first whisker; and three outliers follow the second
whisker.

How to Interpret a Boxplot

Here is how to read a boxplot. The median is indicated by the vertical line that runs down the
center of the box. In the boxplot above, the median is about 400.Additionally, boxplots display two
common measures of the variability or spread in a data set.

Range. If you are interested in the spread of all the data, it is represented on a boxplot by
the horizontal distance between the smallest value and the largest value, including any
outliers. In the boxplot above, data values range from about -700 (the smallest outlier) to
1700 (the largest outlier), so the range is 2400. If you ignore outliers, the range is
illustrated by the distance between the opposite ends of the whiskers - about 1000 in the
boxplot above.

Course Teacher:
Rabia Siddiqui
Assistant Professor
INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL (IM-311)
PRACTICAL no 01
Interquartile range (IQR). The middle half of a data set falls within the interquartile range.
In a boxplot, the interquartile range is represented by the width of the box (Q3 minus Q1).
In the chart above, the interquartile range is equal to 600 minus 300 or about 300.

And finally, boxplots often provide information about the shape of a data set. The examples
below show some common patterns.

Each of the above boxplots illustrates a different skewness pattern. If most of the
observations are concentrated on the low end of the scale, the distribution is skewed right;
and vice versa. If a distribution is symmetric, the observations will be evenly split at the
median, as shown above in the middle figure.

Course Teacher:
Rabia Siddiqui
Assistant Professor
INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL (IM-311)
PRACTICAL no 01

ACTIVITY(In Lab)
Take a random sample of 10 washers. Note down the diameters.

1. Calculate measures of central tendency.

2. Calculate measures of Variation.
3. Also contruct the Box Plot, interpret the results i.e
Are there outliers exist?
Is the distribution symmetric?

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1-Data were collected on the number of minutes spent cooking a meal. The data are as follows:
8, 10, 15, 25, 30, 40, 12, 20, and 19.
What is the range of this data?

2-Find the mean, median, and mode for the following data set:
4, 17, 9, 11, 26, 11, 13, 7, 22, 11

3-When would there be an advantage to using the median instead of the mean when computing the
measure of central tendency of a particular data set?

Course Teacher:
Rabia Siddiqui
Assistant Professor
INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL (IM-311)
PRACTICAL no 01
4-True or False: The more dispersed the data values in a particular data set are, the smaller the
variance and standard deviation will be.

5-The following is a sample of n=9 measurements:

8.0, 2.0, 2.0, 7.0, 4.0, 6.0, 5.0, 3.0, 4.0

Calculate the Standard Deviation for this set.

6-A sample has a mean of 115 and a standard deviation of 22.

According to Chebyshevs Theorem , (1-1/k2)*100%, at least 75% of the data will fall between what
two values?

a. 49 - 181
b. 93 - 137
c. 71 - 159
d. 105 - 125

7) If we replace the data value 6 in the data set above by 24, will the standard deviation increase,
decrease or stay the same?

8)Given the data set

62 , 65 , 68 , 70 , 72 , 74 , 76 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 96 , 101,
find :
a) the median,
b) the first quartile,
c) the third quartile,
d) the interquartile range (IQR).

Course Teacher:
Rabia Siddiqui
Assistant Professor