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DESIGN OF BRIDGES

PART 3 : BRIDGE DESIGN TO IRC : 112-2011

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BRIDGE DESIGN

Brief of IRC: 112 2007


Properties of Concrete
Properties of Steel
ULS
SLS

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

1. Purpose: To establish common procedures for design and construction of concrete road bridges including foot bridges in India.
2. Aim: To achieve construction of Safe, Serviceable, Durable and Economical bridges.
3. Aspects covered: Design principles, detailed designed criteria and practical rules, material specifications, workmanship, quality
control, all such aspects which affect characteristics/ability of bridge to meet the aims.
4. Assumptions:
Choice of structural system and design carried out by competent personnel
Execution carried out by competent personnel
Adequate supervision and quality control
Construction material and products used are as per relevant standards
Intended properties considered for design are available
Use as intended & Adequate maintenance

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LIMIT STATE METHOD OF BRIDGE DESIGN

LSM

ULS SLS

Internal Fatigue
Equilibrium Stresses

Strength Deflection Vibration

Other
Crack Width Secondary
Effects

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

Basis of ULS-Shear SLS-


IRC 112 Scope Material Analysis ULS-Flexure Durability Detailing
Design + Torsion ULS-Induced Stresses,
Deformation Deflection
& Crack
Concrete width

Un-tensioned
Steel

Prestressing
Steel
Clauses relevant to Design of RCC T-Beam Bridge
Superstructure

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

Stress v/s strain relationship

Un-Confined Concrete

Rectangular Parabolic Simplified Bi-linear Simplified Rectangular

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Stress v/s strain relationship
Parabolic Rectangular Relationship Simplified Bi-linear Relationship Simplified Rectangular Relationship

SIMPLIFIED RECTANGULAR

Simplified

Where, = 0.8 for fck 60 MPa



= 1 1
2 = 0.8 (fck 60) / 500 for 60 fck 110 MPa
0 2
= 1.0 for fck 60 MPa
=
= 1.0 (fck 60) / 250 for 60 fck 110 MPa
2 2

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es
es

Parabolic Rectangular Stress-strain Diagram of Simplified Rectangular Stress-strain Diagram of


RCC Section RCC Section

Strain in Steel = fyk/(gm x Es)


es

Bilinear Rectangular Stress-strain Diagram of


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RCC Section

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

Stress v/s strain relationship



= =

Where, = 0.67, factor for effect of sustained loading and gain of strength with time [ref. 6.4.2.2(2)]
m = Partial factor of safety for material = 1.5 for Basic & Seismic combination
= 1.2 for Accidental combination

0.67
= = 0.446
1.5 9

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

es

Parabolic Rectangular Relationship Simplified Bi-linear Relationship Simplified Rectangular Relationship

1 2 3
= 1 = 1 0.5 =
+ 1 2 3

2 2 2
2 2 3 2
3
2 ( + 1)( + 2) =1 2 6 = /2
=1 2 3 3
2 2 2
2 3
+2 2

The average stress fav & centroid ratio (depth to the centroid of the compressive force over
depth of compression zone) have been produced from above expressions 10

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

Un-Tensioned Steel (reinforcement)


Fe415

Hot Rolled Fe415D


Table from Code
Thermo- Mild Steel
Mechanical
Fe500
(Grade-I)
Untensioned
treated
Steel
HYSD
Fe500D
De-coiled Steel

Fe550
Cold-worked

Fe550D

Fe600

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Stress v/s strain relationship

Ductility = ft/fyk

E = 200 GPa

Mild Steel
fyk = yield strength for Mild Steel
= 0.2% proof strength for HYSD Hot rolled / Heat
treated HYSD Steel Cold Worked HYSD
Steel

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
For Design purpose, either idealized bilinear or simplified bilinear diagram can be used


= =
ss
Idealized Bilinear Diagram
Where, s = Partial Factor for Material
ft
Factored Idealized Design
= 1.15 for Basic & Seismic Combination
fyk Bilinear Diagram = 1.00 for Accidental Combination
Simplified Bilinear Diagram
fyd=fyk/gs
Factored Simplified Design
Bilinear Diagram

euk es
0 fyd/Es eud = 0.9 euk

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Use of Stress Strain Relationship


for
Design of a Section

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

General
For simple geometry like beam, column and slab; we follow design approach wherein bending
moment + axial force & Shear + Torsion are dealt with separately.

These design models are not completely compatible but are acceptable for design.

However, for complex geometries such as shell, membrane element design has to be based on net
effect of all forces acting together, ensuring compatibility of strains.

ULS

Flexure (Pure Flexure + Induced


Shear Torsion Punching
Bending) Axial Force Deformation

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ULS Flexure

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Parabolic Rectangular Diagram

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1 2
= 1
+ 1 2

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M
d reqd
0.1658 f ck b
Ru
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u
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b2

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)


Capacity of a flexure member can be found by use of strain compatibity method as shown below:

1. Assume a neutral axis depth and calculate the strains in the tension and compression reinforcement by assuming linear strain
distribution and a strain of cu2 (or cu3 as the case may be) at the extreme fiber of the concrete in compression.

2. From stress-strain idealization, calculate the steel stresses appropriate to the calculated steel strains.

3. From stress-strain idealization, calculate the concrete stresses appropriate to the strains associated with the assumed neutral
axis depth.

4. Calculate the net tensile and compressive forces at the section. If they are not equal, adjust the neutral axis depth and return
to step-1.

5. When net tensile force is equal to net compressive force, take moment about a common point in the section and determine
moment of resistance.

Let us understand by means


of an Example

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending) Example (Strain Compatibility Method)

300mm fck = 25 MPa =0.67 m=1.5 fcd = 11.17 MPa


fyk=500 MPa s=1.15 fyd = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa
Considering Simplified Rectangular Stress V/s Strain Diagram:
400mm
450mm
cu3 = 0.0035, = 1 & = 0.8

Assume x = 200 mm
400200
3 Nos 25mm dia. Strain in steel s = 0.0035
200

= 0.0035 s,yield = 0.0021

f yk OK
e s , yield
g s .E s
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending) Example (Strain Compatibility Method)

300mm Distance of Compressive Force from extreme compression fibre (a) = x = 0.4 x 200 = 80 mm
Compressive Force (Fc) = fcd . b . x = 1x11.17 x 300 x 0.8 x 200 / 1000 = 536.16 kN
450mm 400mm Tensile Force (FS) = fyd x As = 435 x 1472 / 1000 = 640.00 kN

Here Fc Fs Revise Assumed Neutral Axis depth & re-calculate the forces from 1st Step.
3 Nos
25mm dia.

After Various iteration, for depth of x = 238.8 mm


Fc = Fs = 640 kN

Now to find Moment of Resistance of this balanced section


M.R. = Fs z = Fs (d b.x) = 640 (400 0.8/2 x 238.8) = 195 kN-m

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)

As it can be seen, Strain Compatibility is an iterative method, is tedious for hand calculations.

However It is very useful for evaluating non-uniform sections.

Standard formulas for widely used sections such as Rectangular and Flanged-Tee are given in
subsequent slides.

Its imperative to mention here that, special care must be taken regarding strain level in steel so as to
avoid brittle failure (when strain in concrete reaches it limiting value prior to steel)

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)

For rectangular section:


For tension steel to yield
1. Singly under- reinforced: = 1

1
2. Singly Balanced: = 1 =

+1
2/3
3. Doubly reinforced : = +

1

For compression steel to yield before concrete:
1
2/3

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)


For Flanged Section:
1. Neutral Axis lies in Flange: Similar to Singly reinforced rectangular section

2. Neutral Axis lies in Web:

I. Depth of rectangular part of stress block is greater than the depth of flange


1

= + =
2
+1
2/3

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)

II. Depth of rectangular part of stress block is less than the depth of flange

Considering Whitney stress block, replace Df by

= +

Limiting value of x/d for all three idealizations of strain block


2/3 0.22/3 0.2[2/3 0.22/3 ] Steel
= MS-G-I Fe415 Fe500 Fe550 Fe600
= Concrete
2/3 2/3
fck 60 0.77 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.57
65 0.76 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.56
70 0.75 0.63 0.59 0.56 0.54
Limiting value x/d can directly be taken from Table 75 0.73 0.62 0.57 0.55 0.53
80 0.73 0.6 0.56 0.54 0.51
85 0.72 0.6 0.55 0.53 0.51
90 0.72 0.59 0.55 0.52 0.5

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ULS FLEXURAL DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR RCC T-BEAM BRIDGE

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