Technology on Commercial Airplanes

John Craig
Chief Engineer Cabin and Network Systems
The Boeing Company
May 2015

Copyright 2014 Boeing. All rights reserved. 1

 1920
1925 1st in-flight Movie THE LOST WORLD

1932 1st in-flight TV on Western Air Express

1930

Copyright 2014 Boeing. All rights reserved.

1940
1950
1961 TWA

1960
1962 Pakistan International Airlines shows movies

1971 Trans Com develops the 8mm film cassette

1970
1975 Braniff introduces Atari video games

1978 ACARS introduced as flight crew clock on Piedmont

1980
1984 Airfone introduces phones on American Airlines

1988 Airvision introduces 1st in-seat video

1993 1st In-flight Fax Avtech units installed on Singapore

1990

1996 Live TV on Delta to support the Atlanta Olympics

1996 1st in-seat power outlets on Delta Airlines

2001 1st In-flight e-mail transmission from Air Canada

2001 Full cabin AVOD enters Service
2000

2002 Swift64 L-Band released

2004 Connexion by Boeing service launched on Lufthansa
2008 Emirates introduces moble phone use in flight
2008 Go-Go air to ground Wi-Fi begins in United States
2010 Lufthansa re-launches FlyNet Ku band Wi-Fi Service
2010

2011 First (Boeing) production delivery of Ku system

2016 Ka Satellite system
2
2020
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 ZIA Head End ZIA ZIA ZIA

VCS

Wired backbone to enable offerings in 2020 and beyond

BFE solutions from traditional suppliers

Selection of an in-seat solution for passenger services for Cabin Services

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 Standard airplane provisioning structural and electrical

Ku and Ka broadband offerings based on ARINC 791

IFE integrated and stand alone offerings

Gate to gate offering

Copyright 2014 Boeing. All rights reserved. 5

 Headend Distribution
Network Boxes
Airplane
Interface
Server(s)
Cabin
Service
Seat Equipment
System Electronics Box Seat Equipment
Display Power Box
Passenger Control Unit Power Outlet
Audio Outlet Actuators and motors

Connectivity
Server
Video
Control
Center Seat Equipment
Electronics Box Seat Equipment
Crew Terminal Display Power Box
Printer Passenger Control Unit Power Outlet
Audio Outlet Actuators and motors
Data Load

Seat Equipment
Electronics Box Seat Equipment
Display Power Box
Broadband Passenger Control Unit Power Outlet
Link Audio Outlet Actuators and motors

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Copyright 2014 Boeing. All rights reserved. 7
 Connectivity 2010 Connectivity 2014

Ku Ku
L Band None
None Ka

L Band

Air/Gnd
Air/Gnd

Demand for connectivity increasing

New entrants into market

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Aircraft Connectivity Domains

Ku/Ka-BAND

L-BAND IRIDIUM

Passenger Aircraft
Maintenance
Domain Domains
Untrusted Passenger Crew Operations
Safety of Trusted
flight

Entertainment Crew Maintenance

Revenue Applications Operational
Connectivity
Cellular

We must protect the Trusted from the Untrusted domains

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Enabling The Connected Airplane

Passenger expectations
Different levels of functionality available
Equivalence to the consumer market

Operational efficiency
Operational data to the airplane
Maintenance data from the airplane

Crew awareness
Flight crew
Cabin crew

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 Our customers business environment demands it

Airline industry profitability has

declined over past 4 decades

Average fuel cost has increased

350% over the last ten years

Exponential growth in data

New insights created by human and Airline Expenses

machine integration G&A
(~10%)
Aircraft
(~10%)
Analytics and optimization are Fuel
(~40%)
M&E
becoming business imperatives (~10%)

Stations
(~15%)
Mobile access to real-time Personnel
(~15%)
information is proliferating in all
$686B Total (2013)
industries
Airlines seeking new levels of operational efficiency
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 Reduce fuel costs

Optimize crew utilization

Increase airplane operational availability

Improve operator efficiency

Enhance on-time performance

Improve decision making with real-time information

Optimize resources, manage complexity, drive efficiency

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Copyright 2014 Boeing. All rights reserved. 13
Current Events

Recent Claims of Hacking into Airborne Avionics through IFE

Researcher claims and actions taken on commercial aircraft
Researcher met at airplane and held for 4 hours denied boarding on United

Government Accounting Office Report Air Traffic Control

Discussion of FAA Next Gen Systems
Discussion of e-enabled aircraft protections

Recent Claims of Hacking into Airborne Avionics through IFE

Researcher claims
Anonymous inputs in vulnerabilities on 777 and 787 airplanes

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 Evolution
Legacy Dataof Airplane Data Buses
Buses
ARINC 429 to ARINC 629 to Ethernet

ARINC 429 simple one-way data bus that

required a transmitter and receiver

ARINC 629 protocol that enabled simple data

transfer over a single-twisted pair

7 Layers of OSI
User 1 Transmit User 1 Receive
Application System Owner
Presentation Focus
Ethernet complex protocols underneath Session
Transport
application data/activity Network Network
Data Link Protocols
Physical

Physical Link

Todays networks are Ethernet based with much more complex protocols
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The Complexity of the Commercial Aviation System

www

MRO
Airline, ATM

SW Supplier

Elec Parts

ICs
Supplier
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 Antennas Air to ground Services
Satcom (L-band, Ku/Ka)
Radio (VHF / HF)
Boeing
Services
Ground-based
Cellular
Terminal Wireless
Airline 3rd Parties
Passenger Operational
Sneakernet

Airplane Ground
Domain Firewalls/Guards Airplane VPN termination
VPN to ground Threat Management Plan (TMP)
Network Authentication Ground Architecture (comply with TMP)
Onboard Network/Log Analysis Next Generation Firewalls
Secure Kernel Virtual Firewalls (Segregation of data)
Data Encryption Methodology (From TMP)
Machine Learning
Secure Kernel

Encompassing both Passenger and emerging Operational connectivity

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Cyber security
Connectivity will drive cyber protections

Cyber security is a new paradigm in commercial aviation

Protection will require airborne and ground based solutions & processes
Information Sharing will become critical
Active management of the networks will become the norm

Safety culture Security reality

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 Defense in Depth Active Management Configuration Control

Airborne log
analysis

Ground log
analysis Physical interface

AC 25-1309 design Maintenance alerting Network interfaces

assistance for anomalies Real time software
DO 178B Software Ground infrastructure inventory
partitioning alerting Deliberate change
Domain isolation Information assurance following regulatory
change

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Shared Situational Awareness

Information Sharing & Analysis Centers

(ISACs)
Operational concept for sharing information
within private sector
Part of DHS National Infrastructure Protection
Plan (NIPP)

Protection of Critical Infrastructure / Key

Resources
Physical and cyber security focus
ISACs currently exist in many sectors already

Establishing aviation-centric ISAC

Non-profit, third party entity
Incorporated September 2014

ISACs sit at the nexus of public-private information sharing

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Copyright 2014 Boeing. All rights reserved. 21
 Expansive Consumption moving from passive to active management

Possess to Access on demand possession to subscription

Virtual to Mapped isolated virtual reality to virtual mapped to reality

Localize to Aware geo localization to real time geo awareness

Network to Collaboration socialize to socialize collaborator action

Setting to Learning Manual setup to contextual adjustment

Unlock to Recognition device unlock to bio-recognition

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Meeting passenger expectations

Articulated Issues from Customers

Integration between systems (i.e. common
controls) and within the airplane
Wireless leverage technology to simplify
Standardization ease of upgrade and
interchangeability
Process timely introduction of solutions
Embedded IFE
Technology future-proofing
Installed wireless display

Functionality
Handout/rental tablets
Streaming media
Wireless Connectivity
In-seat power

Basic Airplane
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Connectivity Offerings

Aircraft Interiors Show 2015 31% more IFE

Focus on Connectivity

GEE QEST Gimbaled Ku

Inmarsat Kymeta Ka
Rockwell OneWeb Ku

Honeywell Gimbaled Ka

GoGo 2Ku Panasonic Phased Array/Gimbled Ku

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Future Systems

Goals for next generation systems

Allowing major differences between seating classes

Stand alone passenger services and USB based power

Ability to upgrade with minimal or no change to seats

Software and wireless centric solutions

Minimal factory or in-service disruptions

Ability to innovate and stay current with Consumer Technologies

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The State of Technology
Moore's Law

1995 broadcast video solution 2015 digital AVOD solution 2020+ digital AVOD solution
8 video channels 1 4MCU Server Individual, local media
8 audio channels 150+ streams Wireless enabled updating

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IFE 2020+
Embedded solution
Eliminate Cabin Equipment Center, Seat Boxes 4 Embedded IFE
Standard, common, fixed wiring and LRU mounting

Complexity
or wireless distribution to seat-centric IFE 3 Off Board Connectivity

2 Wireless Backbone
Off board Connectivity
Supplier centric offboard & onboard wireless? 1 PSS & PED Power

Wireless Backbone
Supplier centric supplier provides hardware & software
Hardware centric common hardware with software hosted solution

PSS & PED Power

PED power control of services Power over Ethernet
Wireless Passenger Services
Standard USB power to seats

Copyright 2014 Boeing. All rights reserved. 27

Copyright 2014 Boeing. All rights reserved. 28