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Content of the PDF 25. First in India MISC 51. Parliament Names of
26. Major Lakes of the World Different Countries in
1. National Symbols of the World
27. Volcanoes of the World -
India
Continent Wise 52. New & Old Names of
2. Languages spoken in Different Countries in
Indian States and their
28. Mountains of the World -
the World
Continent Wise
capitals 53. Oceans & Seas of World-
3. Vitamins-Functions,
29. Major Straits of the
By Size and Depths
world with Map
Types, Characteristics, 54. Driest and Wettest
Chemical Name 30. Solar System and
Inhabited Places in the
4. World Countries, their
Planets
world
Capitals, their 31. Deserts - Definition -
55. Major Lakes of World-
Currencies Types - Deserts in India
By Size & By Depth
5. Important Endocrine 32. Important Social Media,
56. Ranks of Different
Glands in Human Body Website & Portal
Languages in the World
6. Important Medical
Founders on Internet
57. Largest Deserts of the
World
Invention World: Sub-Tropical &
7. Famous Indian
33. Crematorium's of
Coolest
famous Persons in India
Scientists and their 58. Important International
contribution 34. List of Indian musical
Boundaries around the
8. What is Ore? Type of
instruments and their
world
famous players
different ores of 59. Define Isoline? Types of
everyday used metals 35. Locations of Important
Isolines
9. Define Alloy? Types of
Museums in India
60. Important Sports
Important Alloys 36. List of Important Sport
Tournaments, Cups &
10. Mountain Passes in
terms
Trophies in Sports World
Western and Eastern 37. Different Dances which
61. Famous Books & Their
Ghats India have Origin from India
Authors
11. Mountain Passes in 38. Grasslands of the World
62. First in India Women
Himalayas 39. Changed Names of
63. First in India Men
12. Salt Water, Fresh Water Important Countries
64. Land Locked Countries
& Brackish water Lakes 40. Important International
of the World -Continent
of India Institution & their
Wise
13. FATHERS OF Headquarters
65. Technological first in
DIFFERENT FIELDS 41. Scientific Names of
India
14. Military Awards of India Common Plants
66. *History Concepts
15. Highest Military Awards 42. List of Edible Parts of
of Different Countries Plant which we eat 67. *Geography Concepts

16. Important Military 43. Important Research 68. *Polity Concepts


Operations of India Institutes in India 69. *Economics Concepts
17. Navy Operations 44. Some Interesting Facts 70. *General Science
18. Air Operations
of Human Body Concepts

19. Major Islands of the


45. Important Units of
World
Measurement in Science * PAID MATERIALS
20. Highest Waterfalls of the
46. Ancient, Sanskrit and
Greek Names of Indian
World Mail us If anybody want
Rivers
21. Important Gulf's of the to purchase our PAID
47. Folk Dances of Different
World
Indian States MATERIALS to
22. Important Cape's of the
upscjob1@gmail.com
World
48. Important News
Agencies of the World
23. Important Decisive
Battles in World History
49. Important Awards & their
Area of Presentation
24. Important National
Flower, Animal & Birds
50. Official Books of
Different Countries
*National Symbols of India
National Flag-Adopted by the Constituent Assembly on July 24, 1947. the ratio between length and
breadth is 3 : 2, consists of strips of three colours-Saffron, White and Green in descending order. it has a
circle of Blue colour in the middle, which has 24 spokes.

National Emblem- The national symbol has been ideologically represented by the lion in the Ashoka
stupa in Saranath. There are four lions in it and the fourth one that lies at the back is not visible in
pictures. Beneath the four lions, there lies an 'Ashoka chakra' and side to side the pictures of oxes and
horses. The line 'Satyameva Jayate', which means 'Truth alone Triumphs', was taken from the Mandako
upanishad. The national symbol was approved on 1950 January 26.

National Anthem-Adopted by the Constituent Assembly on Jan 24, 1950, recited, for the first time, at
the Calcutta Session of the Congress on Dec. 27, 1911. Fifty-two seconds are prescribed for recitation. lt
is written by Rabindranath Tagore.

The National Song of India: Indias national song was composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterji.
Initially Vande Mantaram was the National Anthem of India, but after independence Jana Gana Mana
was adopted as the National Anthem. This was done because non-Hindu communities in India had
considered Vande Mataram as biased.

National Animal of India: The tiger is known as the Lord of the Jungle and displays Indias wildlife
wealth. The Bengal Tiger was declared as the National Animal of India in April 1973, with the initiation of
Project Tiger, to protect the tigers in India. Prior to this, the lion was the National animal of India.
National Heritage Animal: Elephant
National Water Animal: River Dolphin, found in Ganga River.

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National Art Form: The national art form of India is Bharatha Natyam. This dance form originated in
Tamil Nadu and is also known as 'Moving Poetry'.

National Bird: The peacock was declared the National bird of India in 1963, because it was entirely a
part of Indian custom and culture.

National Flower of India: Lotus Flower.

The National Fruit of India: Mangoes are native to India. The great Moghul emperor Akabar had planted
about 100,000 mango trees in Lakhi Bagh in Darbhanga.

The National Game of India: Hockey. The game has seen a golden era during 1928-1956, when
India won 6 consecutive gold medals in the Olympics. Hockey was considered as the National game
because of its unmatched distinction and incomparable talent at the time. At that time India had played
24 Olympic matches and won all of them.

The National Tree of India: The Banyan tree. The countrys unity is symbolized by the trees huge
structure and its deep roots. The tree is also known as Kalpavriksha. The Banyan tree also gives shelter
to many different kinds of animals and birds, which represent India and its people from different races,
religions and castes.

National Fish: King Mackerel is known as 'Seer Fish' in English. It is mainly seen in Indian Ocean and
Atlantic Ocean.

National River: Ganga River

National Calendar: Shakavarsham was declared as the official calendar of India on 1957 March 22 (1879
Chaitram 1). The months of this calendar are Chairam, Vaishakam, Jyeshtam, Aashatam, Shraavanam,
Bhadram, Ashwinam, Karthikam, Margasheersham, Pausham, Maagham, and Falgunam. In years apart
from leap year, the calendar starts from March 22 (Chaitram 1) and in leap year, it starts from March 21.
It was Kanishka who established Shakavarsham calendar in A.D. 78.

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*Languages spoken in Indian States and their capitals
States Capital Languages
Andra Pradesh Hyderabad Telugu and Urdu
Arunachal Pradesh Itanager Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin,Adi, Honpa, Bangini-
Nishi.
Assam Dispur Assamese
Bihar Patna Hindi
Chhattisgarh Raipur Hindi
Goa Panaji Marathi and Konkani
Gujarat Gandhinagar Gujarati
Haryana Chandigarh Hindi

Himachal Pradesh Shimla Hindi and Pahari


Mizoram Aizawl Mizo and English
Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar (Summer) Kashmiri,Dogri, Urdu, Ladakhi, Pahari,Punjabi and Dadri
Jammu (Winter)
Jharkhand Ranchi Hindi
Karnataka Bangalore Kannda
Kerala Trivandrum Malayalam
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Hindi
Maharashtra Bombay Marathi
Manipur Imphal Manipuri
Meghalaya Shillong Khasi, Jaintia and Garo
Nagaland Kohima Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema and Lotha
Orissa Bhubaneswar Oriya
Punjab Chandigarh Punjabi
Rajasthan Jaipur Rajasthani and Hindi
Sikkim Gangtok Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
Tamil Nadu Chennai Tamil
Tripura Agartala Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Hindi
Uttaranchal Dehra Dun Hindi
West Bengal Calcutta Bengali

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*Vitamins-Functions, Types, Characteristics, Chemical Name, Uses
and Deficiency Diseases
These essential nutrients are broken up into two groups based on the amount that is needed:
1.Macronutrients: protein,carbohydrates,fat,and water

2. Micro nutrients: vitamins and minerals

Vitamins: Vitamins comprises micro-nutrients, since these are required in minute quantities. These are
necessary for normal growth, good health, good vision, proper digestion of body. etc. Each vitamin has
its own importance for life and the health of the body. It is difficult to replace it by any other thing. If
there is deficiency of vitamins in the diet of body, the body suffers from various diseases and ailments.

Function of Vitamins
Vitamins are helpful for the health and life of the body in the following respects:
(a) They build up the resistance of the body against diseases.
(b) Prevent and cure various diseases caused by deficiency.
(c) Help the digestion and utilisation of mineral salts and Carbohydrates in the body.
(d) Stimulate and give strength to digestive and nervous system.
(e) Help health protection.
(f) Help maintenance of proper health and normal growth.

Vitamins are classified as

Water soluble vitamins - Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body, so you need to get them
from food every day. They can be destroyed by overcooking. These are easily absorbed by the body.
Human body doesn't store large amounts of water-soluble vitamins. B-complex vitamins and vitamin C
are water-soluble vitamins that are not stored in the body and must be replaced each day. These vitamins
are easily destroyed or washed out during food storage and preparation. They are eliminated in urine so,
body need a continuous supply of them in diets. Examples: Vitamin B-complex group: Thiamin
(vitamin B1), Riboflavin (vitamin B2), Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Biotin, Pantothenic
acid and Vitamin C

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Fat soluble vitamins - Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E and Vitamin K. Unlike water-soluble vitamins,
these vitamins dissolve in fat and are stored in liver and body tissues. Fat-soluble vitamins are
absorbed, together with fat from the intestine, into the circulation.

Vitamin D is absorbed in small intestine.


Vitamin E is stored in liver and adipose tissue.
Vitamin A is a generic term for a class of compounds called retinoids. Carotenoids: pigment in
fruits and vegetables used in forming vitamin A. Retinoids stored in liver and carotenoids stored in liver
and adipose tissue.
The release of vitamin K and Vitamin E from food requires bile, digestive enzymes from the
pancreas and intestinal tract, and integration into micelles
Vitamin D: Two nutritionally important forms: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) which is found in
plants and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) which is synthesized in the body from cholesterol. Provitamin D
(a form of cholesterol) is converted to previtamin D3 is converted to vitamin D3 in Skin. D3 must be
metabolized in the liver before becoming the active form of vitamin D. Formation of hormone form
(Calcidiol and Calitriol) of vitamin D occurs in the liver and kidneys.

Where are Fat Soluble Vitamins stored in Human Body?


Vitamins A, D and K are stored in the liver and vitamin E is distributed throughout the body's fatty
tissues.

What is Hyper-Vitaminosis?
Because fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body, over time they can accumulate to dangerous levels and
can lead to a condition called hyper-vitaminosis, meaning excess amounts of a vitamin in the body if
taken more than enough.

Vitamins Chemical Name Sources Deficiency Causes Function in Body

Vitamin A Rclinol Animal Fat, Night blindness. vision, growth, resistance to


Eggs. Carrot Dermatitis and diseases
Mangoes, Milk, Xerophthalmia
Papayas.
Vitamin B1 Thiamine Cereals, Eggs Beriberi energy metabolism (glucides),
proper functioning of the
nervous system

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Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Fish. Cereals Ariboflavinosis metabolism of amino acids
and fats
Vitamin B3 Nicotinic Acid grains, yeast, tissue integrity (skin)
fish, eggs
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Cereals, Eggs Convulsions in child metabolism of proteins, fats,
glucides and iron
Vitamin-B9 Folic Acid yeast, liver protein metabolism,
haemoglobin synthesis
Vitamin B12 Cyanocabalamin Eggs and cereals Pernicious Anaemia protein metabolism,
haemoglobin synthesis
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Fruit, Orange. Scurvy
Lenons. Milk
Vitamin D Calciferol Fish. Eggs, Milk, Ricketts and balanced metabolism of
Butter Osteomalacia phosphorus and calcium,
improved absorption of
calcium
Vitamin E Tocopherol Wheat germ. Sterility antioxidant prevention of
Milk. Eggs. Yolk muscular pathology (strain)

Vitamin K Phylloquinione Wheat germ. Hemophilia production of coagulants


Milk, cereals.
Eggs
Vitamin -H Biotin yeast, natural integrity of the skin,
ingredients metabolism of glucides. lipids
and proteins.

*World Countries, their Capitals, their Currencies


Country Capital Currency
Afghanistan Kabul Afghani
Albania Tirana Lek

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Algeria Algiers Dinar
Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro
Angola Luanda New Kwanza
Antigua and Barbuda Saint Johns (Antigua) East Caribbean Dollar
Argentina Buenos Aires Peso
Armenia Yerevan Dram

Australia Canberra Australian Dollar


Austria Vienna Euro
Azerbaijan, Republic of Baku (Baki) Manat
Bahamas, The Nassau Bahamian Dollar
Bahrain Al-Manama Bahrain Dinar
Bangladesh Dhaka Taka
Barbados Bridgetown Barbados Dollar
Belarus Minsk Belorussian Rubel
Belgium Brussels (formerly Belgian Franc) Euro
Belize Belmopan Belize Dollar
Benin Porto Novo (official capital); Contonu CFA Franc
(Seat of govt.)
Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum
Bolivia La Paz (Seat of govt.); Sucre (legal Boliviano
capital and seat of judiciary)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Marka
Botswana Gaborone Pula
Brazil Brasilia Real
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei Dollar
Bulgaria Sofia Lev
Burundi Bujumbura Burundi Franc
Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel
Cameroon Yaound CFA Franc
Canada Ottawa Canadian Dollar
Cape Verde Praia Cape Verdean Escudo
Central African Republic Bangui CFA Franc

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Chad NDjamena CFA Franc
Chile Santiago Chilean Peso
China Beijing Yuan/Renminbi
Colombia Santa Fe de Bogot Colombian Peso
Comoros Moroni Franc
Congo, Dem. Republic of the Kinshasa Congolese Franc
Congo, Republic of Brazzaville CFA Franc
Costa Rica San Jose Colon
Cote dIvoire Yamoussoukro CFA Franc
Croatia Zagreb Kuna
Cuba Havana Cuban Peso
Cyprus Lefkosia (Nicosia) Cyprus pound
Czech Republic Prague Koruna
Denmark Copenhagen Krone
Djibouti Djibouti Djibouti Franc
Dominica Roseau East Caribbean Dollar
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Dominican Peso
East Timor Dili US Dollar
Ecuador Quito US Dollar
Egypt Cairo Egyptian Pound
El Salvador San Salvador Colon, US Dollar
Equatorial Guinea Malabo CFA Franc
Eritrea Asmara (Formerly Asmera) Nakfa
Estonia Tallinn Kroon
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr
Fiji Suva (Viti Levu) Birr
Finland Helsinki Euro (Formerly Marka)
France Paris Euro (Formerly French Franc)
Gabon Libreville CFA Franc
Gambia, The Banjul Dalasi
Georgia Tbilisi Lari
Germany Berlin Euro (Formerly Deutsche Mark)
Ghana Accra Cedi

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Greece Athens Euro (Formerly Drachma)
Grenada Saint Georges East Caribbean Dollar
Guatemala Guatemala City Quetzal
Guinea Conakry Guinean Franc
Guinea Bissau Bissau CFA Franc
Guyana Georgetown Guyanese Dollar
Haiti Port-au-Prince Gourde
Honduras Tegucigalpa Lempira
Hungary Budapest Forint
Iceland Reykjavik Icelandic Krona
India New Delhi Rupee
Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah
Iran Tehran Rial
Iraq Baghdad Dinar/US Dollar
Ireland Dublin Euro (Formerly Irish Pound)
Israel Jerusalem Shekel
Italy Rome Euro (Formerly Lira)
Jamaica Kingston Dinar
Japan Tokyo Yen
Jordan Amman Dinar
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Kazakhstan Astana Tenge
Kenya Nairobi Kenya Shilling
Kiribati South Tarawa Australian Dollar
Korea, North Pyongyang Won
Korea, South Seoul Won
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti Dinar
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som
Laos Vientiane New Kip
Latvia Riga Lat
Lebanon Beirut Lebanese Pound
Lesotho Maseru Loti
Liberia Monrovia Liberian Dollar
Libya Tripoli Libyan Dinar

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Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss Franc
Lithuania Vilnius Litas
Luxembourg Luxembourg Ville Euro (Formerly Luxembourg Franc)
Macedonia Skopje Denar
Madagascar Antananarivo Ariary
Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit
Maldives Male rufiyaa
Mali Bamako CFA Franc
Malta Valletta Maltese Lira
Marshall Islands Majuro Us Dollar
Mexico Mexico City (Distrito Federal) Mexican Peso
Micronesia Fed. States of Palikir US Dollar
Moldova Chisinau Leu
Monaco Monaco Ville Euro
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Tugrik
Morocco Rabat Dirham
Montenegro Padgorica Euro
Mozambique Maputo Metical
Myanmar Rangoon Kyat
Namibia Windhoek Namibian Dollar
Nauru No official capital; govt offices in Yaren Australian Dollar
District
Nepal Kathmandu Napalese Rupee
Netherlands Amsterdam Euro
New Zealand Wellington New Zealand Dollar
Nicaragua Managua Gold Cordoba
Niger Niamey CFA Franc
Nigeria Abuja Naira
Norway Oslo Norwegian Krone
Oman Muscat Omani Rial
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistan Rupee
Palau Koror US Dollar

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Panama Panama City Balboa, US Dollar
Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Kina
Paraguay Asuncion Guarani
Peru Lima Nuevo sol
Philippines, The Manila Peso
Poland Warsaw Zloty
Portugal Lisbon Euro (Formerly Escudo)
Puerto Rico San Juan US Dollar
Qatar Doha Qatari Riyal
Romania Bucharest Leu
Russia Moscow Ruble
Rwanda Kigali Rwanda Franc
St. Kitts and Nevis Basseterre East Caribbean Dollar
St. Lucia Castries East Caribbean Dollar
St. Vincent & the Grenadines Kingstown East Caribbean Dollar
Samoa Apia Tala
San Marino San Marino Euro
Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome Dobra
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Riyal
Senegal Dakar CFA Franc
Serbia Belgrade Yugoslav new dinar
Seychelles Victoria Seychelles Dollar
Sierra Leone Freetown Leone
Singapore Singapore Singapore Dollar
Slovakia Bratislava Koruna
Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenian Tolar
Solomon Islands Honiara Solomon Islands Dollar
Somalia Mogadishu Somali Shilling
South Africa Pretoria Rand
Spain Madrid Euro (Formerly Peseta)
Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lanka Rupee
Sudan Khartoum Dinar
Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese Dollar

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Swaziland Mbabane Lilangeni
Sweden Stockholm Krona
Switzerland Bern Swiss Franc
Syria Damascus Syrian Pound
Taiwan Taipei Taiwan New Dollar
Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni
Tanzania Dar es Salaam Tanzanian Shilling
Thailand Bangkok Baht
Togo Lome CFA Franc
Tonga Nukualofa Paanga
Trinidad and Tobago Port-of-Spain Trinidad and Tobago Dollar
Tunisia Tunis Tunisian Dinar
Turkey Ankara Turkish New Lira (YTL)
Turkmenistan Ashgabat Manat
Tuvalu Funafuti Australian dollar
Uganda Kampala Ugandan New Shilling
Ukraine Kiev Hryvna
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi UAE Dirham
United Kingdom London Pound Sterling
United State Washington, DC US Dollar
Uruguay Montevideo Uruguay Peso
Uzbekistan Tashkent (Toshkent) Uzbekistani Som
Vanuatu Port-Vila (Efate) Vatu
Vatican City (Holy See) Vatican City Euro
Venezuela Caracas Bolivars
Vietnam Hanoi Dong
Yemen Sana Rial
Zambia Lusaka Kwacha
Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwean dollar

*Important Endocrine Glands in Human Body


Gland Hormone Functions
Hypothalamus Releasing and inhibiting hormones and Control of another pituitary hormones

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factors
Posterior pituitary hormones produced
here
Posterior pituitary Receives hormones from hypothalamus Ejection of milk from mammary gland, contraction
gland no hormones synthesised here of uterus during birth
stores and secretes the following: Reduction of urine secretion by kidney
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
(vasopressin)
Anterior pituitary Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) In male, stimulate spermatogenesis
gland Luteinising hormone (LH) In female, growth of ovarian follicles
Prolactin In male testosterone secretion
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) In female secretion of oestrogen and
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH progesterone, ovulation and maintenance of
or corticotrophin) corpus luteum
Growth hormone (GH) Stimulates milk production and secretion
Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
growth of thyroid glands.
Synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortex
hormones growth of gland
Protein synthesis, growth, especially of bone of
limbs
Parathyroid gland Parathormone Increases blood calcium level
Decreases blood phosphate level
Thyroid gland Triiodothyronine (T3)and thyroxine (T4) Regulation of basal metabolic rate, growth and
Calcitonin development
Decreases blood calcium level
Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids (cortisol) Protein breakdown, glucose/glycogen
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) synthesis,adaptation to stress, anti-
inflammatory/allergy effects
Na+ retention in kidney, Na+ and K+ ratios in
extracellular and intracellular fluids, raises blood
pressure
Adrenal medulla Adrenaline (epinephrine) Increase rate and force of heartbeat, constriction

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Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) of skin and gut capillaries
Dilation of arterioles of heart and skeletal
muscles, raising blood glucose level
General constriction of small arteries, raising of
blood pressure
Islets of Langerhans Insulin (beta cells) Decreases blood glucose level, increases glucose
Glucagon (alpha cells) and amino acid uptake and utilisation by cells
Increases blood glucose level, breakdown of
glucogen to glucose in liver
stomach Gastrin Secretion of gastric juices
Duodenum Secretin Secretion of pancreatic juice
Cholecystokinin (Pancreozymin) Inhibits gastric secretion
Emptying of gall bladder and release of pancreatic
juice in to duodenum

Kidney Renin Conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin


Ovary Oestrogens(17 Beta-oestradiol) Female secondary sex characteristics, oestrous
Progesterone cycle
Gestation, inhibition of ovulation

Corpus luteum Progesterone and oestrogen Growth and development of uterus


Progesterone ans oestrogen Foetal development

Placenta Chorionic gonadotrophin Maintenance of corpus luteum


Human placental lactogen

*Important Medical Invention


Discovery / Invention in Medicine
SNo Discovery / Invention Year Discoverer / Inventor Country
1 Adrenaline 1894 Schafer and Oliver Britain
2 Anesthesia, Local 1885 Koller Austria
3 Anesthesia, Spinal 1898 Bier Germany

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4 Anti-toxins (Science of 1890 Behring and Kitasato Germany,Japan
Immunity)
5 Aspirin 1889 Dreser Germany
6 Ayurveda 2000- India
1000 BC
7 Bacteria 1683 Leeuwenhock Netherlands
8 Bacteriology 1872 Ferdinand Cohn Germany
9 Biochemistry 1648 Jan Baptista Van Helmont Belgium
10 Blood Plasma storage 1940 Drew U.S.A
(Blood bank)
11 Blood Transfusion 1625 Jean-Baptiste Denys France
12 Cardiac Pacemaker 1932 A.S Hyman U.S.A
13 CAT Scanner 1968 Godfrey Hounsfield Britain
14 Chemotherapy 1493- Paracelsus Switzerland
1541
15 Chloroform as 1847 James Simpson Britain
anaesthetic
16 Chloromycetin 1947 Burkholder U.S.A
17 Cholera T.B germs 1877 Robert Koch Germany
18 Circulation of blood 1628 William Harvey Britain
19 Cryo-Surgery 1953 Henry Swan U.S.A
20 Diphtheria germs 1883-84 Klebs and Loffler Germany
21 Electro-Cardiograph 1903 Willem Einthoven Netherlands
22 Electro-encephalogram 1929 Hand Berger Germany
23 Embryology 1792- Kari Ernest Van Baer Estonia
1896
24 Endocrinology 1902 Bayliss and Starling Britain
25 First Test Tube Baby 1978 Steptoe and Edwards Britain
26 Gene Therapy on 1980 Martin Clive U.S.A
humans
27 Genes associated with 1982 Robert Weinberg and U.S.A
cancer others
28 Heart Transplant Surgery 1967 Christian Barnard S. Africa

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29 Histology 1771- Marie Bichat France
1802
30 Hypodermic syringe 1853 Alexander wood Britain
31 Kidney Machine 1944 Kolf Netherlands
32 Leprosy Bacillus 1873 Hansen Norway
33 LSD (Lysergic acid 1943 Hoffman Switzerland
diethylamide)
34 Malaria Germs 1880 Laveran France
35 Morphine 1805 Friderich Sertumer Germany
36 Neurology 1758- Franz Joseph Gall Germany
1828
37 Nuclear magnetic 1971 Raymond Damadian U.S.A
resonance imaging
38 Open Heart Surgery 1953 Walton Lillehel U.S.A
39 Oral Contraceptive Pills 1955 Gregory Pincus, Rock U.S.A
40 Penicillin 1928 Alexander Fleming Britain
41 Physiology 1757-66 Albrecht Von Haller Switzerland
42 Positron emission 1978 Louis Sokoloff U.S.A
Tomography
43 Rabies Vaccine 1860 Louis Pasteur France
44 Recombinant-DNA 1972-73 Paul Berg, H.W. Boyer,S U.S.A
technology Cohen
45 Reserpine 1949 Jal Vakil India
46 Rh-factor 1940 Karl Landsteiner U.S.A
47 Serology 1884- Paul Ehrlich Germany
1915
48 Sex hormones 1910 Eugen Steinach Australia
49 Small Pox eradicated 1980 W.H.O Declaration UN
50 Stethoscope 1819 Rene Laennec France
51 Streptomycin 1944 Selman Waksmann U.S.A
52 Synthetic Antigens 1917 Landsteiner U.S.A
53 Terramycin 1950 Finlay and Others U.S.A
54 Thyroxin 1919 Edward Calvin-Kendall U.S.A

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55 Typhus Vaccine 1909 J. Nicolle France
56 Vaccination 1796 Edward Jenner Britain
57 Vaccine, Measles 1963 Enders U.S.A
58 Vaccine, Meningitis 1987 Gardon, et U.S.A
al. ConnaughtLab

59 Vaccine, Polio 1954 Jonas Salk U.S.A


60 Vaccine, Polio-orai 1960 Albert Sabin U.S.A
61 Vaccine, Rabies 1885 Louis Pasteur France
62 Vaccine, Smallpox 1776 Jenner Britain

63 Virology 1892 Ivanovski and Bajernick USSR,Netherlands

64 Vitamin A 1913 Mc Collum and M. Davis U.S.A

65 Vitamin B1 1936 Minot and Murphy U.S.A

66 Vitamin C 1919 Froelich Holst Norway

67 Vitamin D 1925 Mc Collum U.S.A

68 Vitamin K 1938 Doisy Dam U.S.A

69 Western Scientific 460-370 Hippocrates Greece


Therapy BC

70 Yoga 200-100 Patanjali India


BC

*Famous Indian Scientists and their contribution


Some Famous Indian Scientists for General Awareness

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Aryabhatta He lived between 476 and 520 A.D. He was a great mathematician and an
astronomer. His contributions include about the movement of earth
around the Sun, determination of various physical parameters of various
celestial bodies, such as diameter of Earth and Moon. He laid foundations
of algebra and pointed out the importance of zero. The first Indian satellite
was named after him.
Bhagavantam His contribution to radio astronomy and cosmic rays in noteworthy. An
associate of Sir C.V.Raman, Dr.S.Bhagavantam was scientific adviser in the
Ministry of Defence and Director General of Defence Research
Development Organisation.

Bhaskaracharya Born in 1114 A.D., bhaskaracharya was a great Hindu mathematician and
Astronomer. His work 'Sidhanta Siromain' consists of two parts of
mathematics and two parts of astronomy. He had a foresight on the
modern theory of conventions.
S.S. Bhatnagar A great Indian Scientist who lived between 1895 and 1955. He was the first
Director General of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Under his
directorship, many research laboratories were established throughout
India.
J.C.Bose He was an eminent Physicist and Botanist. He founded Bose Research
Institute, Calcutta. He invented Crescograph and lived between 1858 and
1937.
S.N. Bose He became well-known when he expounded the Bose Einstein theory
which deals with the detection of a group of nuclear particles - named
after him 'Boson'. His contribution to Planck's Law is laudable. He died in
1974.
Dr. S.Chandrasekhar An Indian-born American, who won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983. He is
an Astrophysicist. His theory of Stellar Evolution - the birth and death of
stars is 35 years old. His first discovery was laughed at. After three
decades, it was recognised and today he is a Nobel Laureate. According to
his theory, the old stars just collapse and disappear in the light of denser
stars of low light popularly called Chandrasekhar Limit.

Charaka He lived between 80 and 180 A.D. He was a court physician of King

18
Kanishka. His writings on Hindu Medicine are invaluable

Dhanvantri He was a great physician during the period of Chandragupta Vikramaditya.


His period was between 375 and 413 A.D.
Hargobind Khorana He created an artificial gene and deciphered genetic code. He was
awarded Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968.
Homi J.Bhaba He largely contributed to the development of Atomic Physics and he was
primarily responsible for setting up of Nuclear reactors in India. He
published important papers on Quantum Theory, Cosmic Rays, Structure
of atom, etc. He was the first Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission. He
died in a plane crash in 1966 over Alps.
Joshi Prof. S.S.Joshi's works on physical and chemical reaction under electrical
discharge on active nitrogen, colloids, hydrogen peroxide are noteworthy

Nagarjuna A great Buddhist Philosopher and Chemist. He mentioned about crecibles,


sublimation, colouring process etc. His works are still available in China
and Tibet. His theory on extraction of copper and metallic oxides are
mention-worthy.
Nag Chowdhury B.D An eminent Indian Nuclear Physicist known all over the world.

Narlikar J.V.Narlikar was the co-author of Hoyle-Narlikar theory of continuous


creation which supplies missing links in Einstein's theory of Relativity.
Hoyle and Narlikar have shown that the gravitation is always attractive and
there is no gravitational repulsions.
Raja Ramanna A great nuclear scientist, who was instrumental to stage India's first
Nuclear explosion at Pokharan range in 1974.
Sir C.V. Raman First Indian Scientist to receive Nobel prize for physics in 1929 for his
invention 'Raman Effect'. His study of crystal structure is of unique
importance. He founded Raman Research Institute at Bangalore.

Sir C.P.Roy Author of 'Hindu Chemistry'. He founded Indian Chemical Society and
Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. He has done good work on
nitrous acid and its salts. He lived between 1861- 1944 AD.

Prof. V.Ramachandra Rao Direction of Indian Scientific Satellite Project (ISSP) at Peenya near
Bangalore

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Saha Dr.Maghnad Late Palit Prof.of Physics, University College of Scientific and Technology,
Calcutta University well-known for his researches in nuclear physics,
cosmic rays, spectrum analysis and other branches of theoretical physics.
He lived from 1893 to 1956.
Srinivas Ramanujam A mathematical wizard, contributed much to number theory, theory of
partitions and theory of continuous fractions. He lived between 1887 to
1920 AD. His birth centenary was celebrated in 1987.

Satish Dhavan He was chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation. He was


instrumental to take India into space age by launching Aryabhatta in 1975.

Susruta A fourth century Hindu Surgeon and Physician. He had written an


important book on medicine and on medical properties of garlic.

Varahamihira An Indian astronomer and astrologer of 6th Century A.D. He was a


mathematician and philosopher. He was one of the nine gems of
Vikramaditya.

*What is Ore? Type of different ores of everyday used metals


A mineral or rock, which contains enough of a chemical element to make it economically feasible to mine, is called
an ore. A mineral which contains a high enough percentage of a metal for economic extraction is called a metal
ore. The recovery of metals from their ores is one area of the field of metallurgy. The separation of the desired
element is done by roasting, smelting, electrolysis or various chemical treatments. Important ores of aluminum,
iron, manganese, and tin are oxides; Important ores of antimony, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc
are sulfides.
Names of the Elements Ores Chemical Formulae

Aluminium (Al) (a) Bauxite Al2O3 . 2H2O

(b) Corundum Al2O3

(c) Kryolite Na3AlF6

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Iron (Fe) (a) Haematite Fe2O3

(b) Magnetite Fe3O4

(c) Iron Pyrite FeS2

(d) Siderite FeCO3

Copper (Cu) (a) Copper Pyrite CuFeS2

(b) Copper Glance Cu2S

(c) Malachite 2CuCO3 . Cu(OH)

Zinc (Zn) (a) Zinc Blende ZnS

(b) Calamine ZnCO3

Sodium (Na) (a) Rock Salt NaCl

(b) Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3

Potassium (K) (a) Karnalite KCI MgCl . 6H2O

(b) Salt Petre KNO3

Lead (Pb) (a) Galena PbS

21
(b) Anglesite PbCl2

Tin (Sn) (a) Tin Pyrites Cu2 FeSnS4

(b) Cassiterite SnO2

Silver (Ag) (a) Silver Glance Ag2S

Gold (Au) (a) Calverite AuTe2

(b) Syvanite AgAuTe2

Mercury (Hg) (a) Cinnabar HgS

(b) Calomel Hg2Cl2

Magnesium (Mg) (a) Dolomite MgCO3 . CaCO3

(b) Karnalite KCl MgCl2 . 6H2O

Calcium (Ca) (a) Lime Stone CaCO3

(b) Dolomite MgCO3 . CaCO3

Phosphorous (P) (a) Phosphorite Ca3(PO4)

(b) Floreapetite 3Ca3(PO4)2CaFe2

Fact to remember Name of the metal

22
Metal most abundant in earths crust Aluminium
Metal which forms amalgam with other elements Mercury
Metal used in a fuse wire and also in solder Lead-tin alloy
Metal used in the filament of a bulb Tungsten
Metal which pollutes the air of cities having large number of Lead (reason for using unleaded petrol)
vehicles
Metal used in the filaments of electric heaters Nichrome
Metal used as radiation shield Lead
Metal into which Uranium turns when it loses all its radioactivity Lead

Metal used for making boats because it does not corrode by Titanium
seawater

*Define Alloy? Types of Important Alloys


An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals. Alloys are normally made to give a particular metal a feature that it
does not have in its natural state. For instance, copper in its natural state is very soft; however, copper alloys help
the metal toughen and thus give it the ability to retain its shape. Alloys are usually synthetic materials, developed
by scientists for special purposes. They generally have specially desirable properties quite different from the
metals from which they are made.
Alloy Composition Uses

Babbitt tin: 90% used in bearings because of its low measure of fricti with steel
metal antimony: 7%

copper: 3%

bell metal copp 77% casting of bells

tin : 23%

brass Cu(60% to 80%), Zn (40 to 20%) inexpensive jewelry; hose nozzles and couplings; piping;
stamping dies

bronze copper with up 12% tin coins and medals; heavy gears; tools; electrical hardware

Coin metal copper: 75% U.S. coins

nickel

duralumin aluminum: 95% aircraft, boats, railroad cars, and machinery because of its high

copper: 4% strength and resistance to corrosion

manganese: <1%

magnesium: 0.5%

Monel nickel 60% corrosion-resistant containers

copper: 33%

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iron: 7%

Nichrome nickel: 80-85% heating elements in toasters, electric heaters, etc.

chromium: 15-20%

phosphor bronze with a small amount of springs electrical springs, boat propellers
bronze phosphorus

solder lead: 50% joining two metals to each other

tin: 50%

sterling silver: 92.5% jewellery, art objects


silver copper: 7.5%

Type metal lead: 75-95% used to make type for printing because it expands as it cools

antimony: 2-18%

tin: trace
German Cu (60%), Zn (25%), Ni (15%) For making utencils
Silver
Magnelium Mg (5%), Al (95%) For making aircraft frame
Rolled Gold Cu(90%), Ni (10%) For making cheap ornaments
Gun metal Cu (85%), Zn (10%), Sn(5%) Used for engineering purpose
Steel Fe (98%), C (2%) For making nails, screws, bridges
Stainless Fe (82%) Cr, Ni (18%) for making cooking utencils, knives
Steel

*Mountain Passes in Western and Eastern Ghats India


Mountain Passes in Peninsular India
Amba ghat (pronounced as Aamba ghat) is a mountain pass on Ratnagiri-Kolhapur road (NH 204) in
Maharashtra, India, at a height of 2000 ft above sea-level,This ghat lies in the Sahyadri mountain ranges
(Western Ghats) and has picturesque mountain-scapes and a pleasant climate. It is situated near
Shahuwadi, Kolhapur district,and has nearby interesting places are Pawankhind and Vishalgad fort
(including Rehan Baba Dargah). It is a convenient weekend destination for Kolhapur tourists.

Palakkad Gap is a 30-40 kilometers (1925 miles) wide low mountain pass in the Western Ghats, near
Palakkad town (previously known as Palghat) in the South Indian State of Kerala.
It has an elevation of 300 metres (980 ft). The gap is the lowest pass through the Western Ghats. It is
also the only break in that stretch of the Ghats that otherwise runs along the entire eastern edge of

24
Kerala, isolating the State from neighbouring Tamil Nadu. It acts as a corridor between the two States by
linking Palakkad District of Kerala with Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu, and has served as a vital part
of the important trade route between the East and West coasts of peninsular India since ancient times.
Palakkad Fort, stands as a reminder of the strategic importance the gap once had as a gateway to Kerala
for would be invaders from the other side of the Ghats. The gap is important to the climate of southern
India in that it allows the moisture-laden Southwest monsoon winds into the Coimbatore region, which
moderates Coimbatore's summer temperatures and generates greater rainfall in the region relative to
the rest of lowland Tamil Nadu. At the same time, due to hot winds coming from Tamil Nadu, the district
of Palakkad is warmer than the rest of Kerala during summer.Both the NH 47 highway and the
Coimbatore-Shornur rail link joining Kerala to Tamil Nadu pass through this gap.

Bhor Ghat or Bor Ghat: Bhore Ghaut is a mountain passage located between Karjat and Khandala in
Maharashtra, India along the railway line and between Khopoli and Khandala for road Old Mumbai Pune
Road and the Mumbai Pune Expressway.

Chorla Ghat pass is a nature destination located on the intersection of the borders of Goa, Karnataka
and Maharashtra. It lies to the north-east of Panaji, Goa (about 50 kilometers by road). It is a part of the
Western Ghats in the Sahyadri mountain range and is at an elevation of 800 meters. Chorla ghat boasts
of a few rare species of wild-life such as the barred wolf snake (Lycodon striatus) in its sub-tropical
forests.

Kasara ghat Pass (also called as Thal Ghat or Thul Ghat) is a ghat section (mountain incline or slope) in
the Western Ghats near the town of Kasara in Maharashtra. The Kasara Ghat is located on the busy
MumbaiNashik route, and is one of the four major routes, rail and road routes, leading into the
Mumbai. The railway line, which passes through the ghat is the steepest in India with a gradient of 1 in
37.

The Kumbharli Ghat pass is a mountain pass in Maharashtra, India cutting across the Western Ghats
range. It connects the coastal Ratnagiri District Konkan region of Maharashtra with the Satara District
Desh region on the Deccan plateau. It is one of few link roads between the Konkan and Ghatmaatha in
Maharashtra. The road, a state highway, is at an average elevation of 625 m (2,051 ft). It links the cities
of Chiplun (Ratnagiri district) and Karad (Satara district). Near the eastern end is the Koyna Dam.

Malshej Ghat Pass : is a mountain pass in the Western Ghats range in the Thane district of Maharashtra,
India. The site is nestled in the lofty rugged hills of the Western Ghats. It is notorious for landslides
during monsoons.

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Nane ghat pass : Naneghat is a mountain pass in the Western Ghats range near Junnar in Pune district
of Maharashtra, India. During the reign of the Satavahana (200 BCE190 CE), the pass was extensively
used as a trade route between Kalyan and Junnar. Literally, the name nane means "coin" and ghat
means "pass". The name is given because this path was used as a tollbooth to collect toll from traders
crossing the hills.

Varandha Ghat Pass is a mountain passage located between NH4 and Konkan in Maharashtra, India for
road traffic. Situated on the crest of the Western Ghat mountain ranges, Varandha Ghat is noted for its
surroundings comprising scenic waterfalls, lakes and dense wood.

Haldighati Pass is a mountain pass in the Aravalli Range of Rajasthan in western India. It connects
Rajsamand and Pali districts, 40 kilometres from Udaipur. The name is believed to have come from the
turmeric-coloured yellow soil (Turmeric is haldi in Hindi). The mountain pass is historically significant as
the location of the historic Battle of Haldighati, which took place in 1576 between Rana Pratap Singh of
Mewar and Raja Man Singh of Amber, general of the Mughal emperor Akbar.

Asirgarh Qila Pass is an Indian fortress (qila) situated in the Satpura Range, about 20 km north of the city
of Burhanpur, in Burhanpur District of Madhya Pradesh state. Because the fortress commands a pass
through the Satpuras connecting the valleys of the Narmada and Tapti rivers, one of the most important
routes from northern India to the Deccan,it was known as the "key to the Deccan". During Mughal Era,
it was considered that Deccan starts from here: the empire from Asirgarh to Delhi was considered as
Hindustan. The fort was built by Asa Ahir of the Ahir dynasty.

*Mountain Passes in Himalayas


Main Passes of Himalayas/ Mountain Gaps in India/ Mountain Passes in India:
Overall, the Himalayan mountain system is the world's highest, and is home to the world's highest peaks,
the Eight-thousanders. There are 14 Himalayan peaks with elevation over 8,000 meters (26,000 ft). The
rugged terrain makes few routes through the mountains possible. Many times a few questions are asked in
every competitive exam of government job on this topic. They are discussed as below

Aghil Pass (Karakoram-Ladakh): Situated to the north of K2 in the Karakoram at an elevation of about
5000 m above the sea level, it joins Ladakh with the Xinjiang (Sinkiang) Province of China. It remains
closed during the winter season from November to the first week of May.

26
Banihal Pass (Jawahar Tunnel): Connects hill areas of Jammu to the Kashmir Valley Situated at an
elevation of 2835 m in the Pir-Panjal Range, joins Jammu with Srinagar. The pass remains snow covered
during the winter season. The Jawahar Tunnel (named after Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru), inaugurated in
December 19.56, was constructed for round-the-year surface transport.
Bara Lacha (Himachal Pradesh with Leh-Ladakh): Situated in the state of Jammu and Kashmir at an
altitude of 4843 m. It is on the National Highway connecting Manali and Leh. Being a high mountain
pass, it remains snow covered from November to mid-May.

Bomdi La (4331 m, Arunachal Pradesh): Situated to the east of Bhutan in the Greater Himalayas in
Arunachal Pradesh at an altitude of about 2600 m above sea level, it connects Arunachal Pradesh with
Lhasa, the capital of Tibet It remains closed in the winter season owing to snowfall and adverse weather.
Burzail Pass (Srinagar with Kishan-Ganga Valley): Situated at an altitude of more than five thousand
feet above sea level, this pass connects the Kashmir Valley with the Deosai Plains of Ladakh. Being snow
covered during the winter season it remains closed for trade and transsport.
Chang-La (Ladakh with Tibet): Situated at an elevation of over 5270 m, it is a high mountain pass in
the Greater Himalayas. The road after Chang-la is extremely steep, leading to the small town of tangtse.
The pass has a temple dedicated to Chang-la Baba after whom the pass has been named. Being snow-
covered, it remains closed during the winter season.
Debsa Pass: Situated at an elevation of 5270 m above sea level, it is a high mountain pass in Greater
Himalayas between the Kullu and Spiti districts of Himachal Pradesh. This pass provides an easier and
shorter alternative to the traditional Pin-Parbati Pass route between Kullu and Spiti.
Dihang Pass: Situated in the state of Arunachal Pradesh at an elevation of about 4000 feet this pass
connects Arunachal Pradesh with Mandalay (Myanmar).
Diphu Pass (Arunachal Pradesh with Mandalay in Myanmar): Situated in the eastern part of
Arunachal Pradesh, Diphu Pass provides an easy and shortest access to Mandalaya (Myanmar). It is a
traditional pass between India and Myanmar which remains open throughout the year for transportation
and trade.
Imis La: Situated at an elevation of over 4500 m, this pass provides an easy access between Ladakh and
Tibet (China). It has a difficult terrain, steep slopes, and remains closed during the winter season.
Khardung La: Situated at an elevation of more than six thousand m above sea level, it is the highest
motorable pass in the country. It joins I.eh with Siachin glacier. The road, however, remains closed during
the winter season.
Khunjerab Pass (Karakoram): Situated at an altitude of more than five thousand feet in the Karakoram
Mountains, it is a traditional pass between Ladakh and the Sinkiang Province of China. It remains snow
covered during the winter season from November to mid-May.

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Kora La Pass: on the Nepal-Tibet border at the upper end of Mustang. The Kali Gandaki Gorge (a
graben), transects the main Himalaya and Transhimalayan ranges. Kora La is the lowest pass through
both ranges between K2 and Everest, but some 300 metres (980 ft) higher than Nathula and Jelepla passes
further east between Sikkim and Tibet.

Jelep La (4538 m): Situated at an elevation of 4538 m above sea level, this pass connects Sikkim with
Lhasa. It passes through the Chumbi Valley.
Lanak La: Situated at an altitude of about five thousand metres in the Aksai-Chin (Ladakh), it connects
Ladakh with Lhasa. The Chinese have constructed a road to connect the Xinjiang (Sinkiang) Province of
China with Tibet.
Likhapani (Arunachal Pradesh): Situated at an altitude of more than four thousand metres above sea
level, the Likhapani Pass joins Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar. For trade and transport, it remains open
throughout the year.
Lipu Lekh (Uttarakhand): Situated in the Pithoragarh District, it connects Uttarakhand with Tibet. The
pilgrims for Mansarovar Lake travel through this pass. The pass is one of India's important border post for
trade with China. Landslides in the rainy season and avalanches in winter create great problems for
movement and transportation.
Mana Pass: Situated at an elevation of 5611 m above sea level in the Greater Himalayas, it connects
Uttarakhand with Tibet. It remains snow covered for about six months during the winter season.

Mangsha Dhura Pass: Situated at an elevation of more than five thousand metres in the district of
Pithoragarh, the Mangsha Dhura Pass connects Uttarakhand with Tibet. The pilgrims for Mansarovar
cross this pass. Landslides create great problems for tourists and pilgrims.
Muling La (Uttarakhand): Situated north of Gangotri, this seasonal pass joins Uttarakhand with Tibet. It
remains snow covered during the winter season.
Nathu La (Sikkim): Nathu La is located on the Indo-China border. The pass, at 4310 m above sea level,
forms part of an offshoot of the ancient Silk Road. Nathu-La is one of the three trading border posts
between India and China. After the 1962 war it was reopened in 2006.

NiH Pass: Situated at an altitude of 5068 m above sea level, the Niti Pass joins Uttarakhand with Tibet. It
remains snow covered during the winter season between November and mid-May.
Pangsan Pass (Arunachal Pardesh): Situated at an elevation of more than four thousand metres above
sea level, this pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with Mandalaya (Myanmar).

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Pensi La: Situated in the Greater Himalayas at an elevation of more than 5000 m above sea level, this
pass connects the Valley of Kashmir with Kargil (Ladakh). It remains snow covered from November to
mid-May.
Pir-Panjal Pass: The traditional pass from Jammu to Srinagar, this pass lies on the Mughal Road. After
partition of the Subcontinent, the pass was closed down. It provides the shortest and easiest metalled road
access from Jammu to the Valley of Kashmir.
Qara Tagh Pass: Located in the Karakoram Mountains at an elevation of more than 6000 ft above sea
level, this pass was an offshoot of the Great Silk Road. It remains snow covered during the winter season.
Rohtang Pass: Located at an elevation of 3979 m above sea level, this pass connects the Kullu, the Lahul
and Spin' valleys of Himachal Pradesh. It has excellent road access, constructed by the Border Road
Organisation (BRO). Traffic jams are common occurrences caused by the heavy movement of military
vehicles, buses, taxis, trucks and goods carriers.
Rupin Pass: The majestic high altitude pass is situated across the rupin river in Uttarakhand, starts from
Dhaula in Uttarakhand and end at Sangla in Himachal Pradesh. The un inhabited Rupin Pass located at an
elevation of 4650 m (15,250 ft) in the great Himalayan ranges and consist of deep dark valleys,icy slopes
and snow fields
Shencottah-Gap: Located in Western Ghats, this pass connects the Madurai city of Tamil Nadu with
Kottayam city of Kerala. Shencottah is a small town also near this pass in Tamil Nadu.
Shipki La: Located at an altitude of more than 4300 m above sea level through the Satluj Gorge, the
Shipki-La joins Himachal Pradesh with Tibet. It is through this pass, the river Satluj enters India, from
Tibet. The pass (Indian National Highway 22) is India's third border post for trade with China after
Nathula in Sikkim and Lipulekh in Uttarakhand. It remains snow covered during the winter season.
Thang La (Ladakh): Located at an elevation of 5359 m above sea level, it is a mountain pass in Ladakh
(J & K). It is the second highest motorable mountain pass in India after Khardung La.

Traill's Pass: Located at an elevation of 5212 m above sea level in the Pithoragarh and Bageshwar
districts of Uttarakhand, it is situated at the end of the Pindari Glacier and links Pindari Valley to Milam
Valley. Being steep and rugged, this pass is very difficult to cross.
Thorong La: The high point of the Annapurna Circuit, it connects the Manang District to the Mustang
District in Nepal.
Zoji La: Located at an altitude of 3850 m above sea level, it joins Srinagar with Kargil and Leh. Because
of heavy snowfall, it remains closed from December to mid-May. The Border Road Organisation (BRO)
has been trying to keep the road open for most part of the year. Beacon Force of Border Road
Organisation (BRO) is responsible for clearing and maintenance of the road during the winter season.
Recently, the Srinagar-Zoji-La Road has been declared a National Highway (NH-1D) by the centre.

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*Salt Water, Fresh Water & Brackish water Lakes of India
Note: (NLCP) - National Lake Conservation Plan
(R)- Ramsar site

A. Urban lakes
1. Bangalore city Lakes - Karnataka - 20 odd lakes out of 257, considered worth restoration. Four lakes
under restoration - Vengaihnakere, Kamakshipalya, Jarganhalli & Nagavara. (NLCP)
2. Bhopal's Upper and Lower Lakes - also named Bhoj Wetland, Madhya Pradesh - 3201 ha. (R)
3. Bombay (Mumbai) city's lakes, Maharashtra - Powai, Tulsi, Vihar lakes -2200 ha. (NLCP)
4. Dal & Nagin Lakes, Jammu and Kashmir 1720 ha - Nagin - Jewel in the Ring. (NLCP)
5. Howrah's urban water bodies, West Bengal. 5. Howrah's urban water bodies, West Bengal.
6. Hyderabad city lakes, Andhra Pradesh - Hussain Sagar (3,300 ha) & Saroornagar (400 ha), Osmansagar
(4,016 ha) and Himayatsagar (3,584ha) and other lakes. (NLCP)
7. Jalmahal Lake also called Mansagar lake, Jaipur city, Rajasthan -110 ha (after restoration).
8. Jaisamand lake or Dhebar lake, Rajasthan, -7224 ha.
9. Kodaikanal Lake & the Ooty lake, Tamil Nadu. (NLCP)
10. Lakes of Kumaon hills - Nainital, Bhimtal, Sat-Tal, & Naukuchiatal, Uttaranchal - Lake District of
India, Uttaranchal. (NLCP)
11. Mirik Lake called 'Sumendu Lake', Darjeeling District, West Bengal - 47 ha. (NLCP)
12. Mysore city's five lakes- Kukkarahalli, Lingambudhi, Karanji, Devanoor, and Dalavai, Karnataka -
363.5 ha. (NLCP)
13. Nangal Lake and Hussainiwala lakes, Punjab 1088 ha.
14. Rabindra Sarovar (lake) or Dhakuria Lake, West Bengal - 31 ha. (NLCP)
15. Sastamkotta Lake , Kerala -373 ha. (R)
16. Sukhna lake, Chandigarh UT -188 ha. (NLCP)
17. Udaipur city's five Lakes - Fatehsagar (400Ha), Rangsagar, Pichola, Swaroopsagar and Dudh Talai
(1480 ha), Rajasthan. (NLCP)
18. Wular Lake, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), 17,300 ha - Called flood-lung of the Jhelum River. (R)
B. Non-Urban Lakes
a) Inland Fresh Water Lakes of India
1. Harike Lake, Punjab - 2850 ha. (R)
2. Kanjli Lake, Punjab, -490 ha - Religious significance. (R)
3. Keoladeo National Park or Bharatpur lake, Rajasthan -2873 ha. - Also called 'Ghana National park' -
Most famous waterfowl reserve.(R)
4 Loktak Lake, Manipur - 31,200 ha - 'Worlds only floating National Park'.(R)
5. Mirik Lake or 'Sumendu Lake' West Bengal 47 ha. (NLCP)
6. Nalsarovar Lake, Gujarat - 12, 000 ha. (R)
7. Pong Dam lake, Himachal Pradesh - 15,662 ha. (R)

30
8. Ropar lake, Punjab, -1365 ha. (R)
9. Renuka lake, Himachal Pradesh - 75 ha - Shape of Lady - Embodiment of goddess Renuka.
b) Inland Brackish/Salt water Lakes of India
1. Lunar Lake, Maharashtra - 1.8 km in diameter, largest and oldest meteoric crater in the world.
2. Pangong Tso lake - Leh, J & K 4,200 ha (approx) - Greatest lake in the Himalayas- Bi-nation lake
(India & China).
3. Sambhar Lake, Rajasthan - India's largest salt lake - 24,300 ha - Ornithologists delight. (R)
4. Tsokar lake at 4,485 m - Leh, J&K -'Lake of salt'.
5. Tsomoriri lake or "Mountain Lake" at 4,595m , J & K - 12,000 ha -Highest cultivated land in the
world. (R)
c) Sacred lakes & Tanks of India
1. Pushkar lake, Rajasthan.
2. Shambhu Lake, Maharashtra 16 ha.
3. Sacred Tanks (Lakes), South India - Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala Pondicherry, and Tamil Nadu
states - Also called 'Ponds', always dug below the ground level.
C. Coastal Estuarine Lakes of brackish water Lakes of India (Salt and Fresh Water Mix)
1) Ashtamudi Lake, Kerala - 61400 ha. (R)
2) Chilika Lake, Orissa - 1,16,500 ha - Largest brackish water lagoon in Asia. (R)
3) Kuttanad lagoon, Kerala, Five major rivers drain - Most area consists of freshwater - 'kayal' or
backwaters - 'One of the few places below sea level with farming'
4) Pulicat Lake, Andhra Pradesh & Tamil Nadu, - 77,000ha - Second largest brackish water lagoon in
India - Unique for its multi-ecosystem.
5) Vembanad-Kol Lake system, Kerala - 151,250 ha - Fed by 10 rivers -Two distinct segments of fresh
water & salt water.(R)
D. Ephemeral Lakes of India (Beels, Jheels & Tals) of the Ganga - Brahmaputra Basins
1) Deepor beel or lake, Guwahati city, Assam -4,000 ha. (R)
2) Kawar (Kabar) Lake, Bihar- 6737 ha.
3) Kolleru Lake, Andhra Pradesh - 90,100 ha - Hemmed between Godavari and the Krishna river basins.
(R)
4) Mokama Tal (Lake), Bihar -106,2 00 ha.

*FATHERS OF DIFFERENT FIELDS


Father of modern chemistry is Jabir bin Hayyan
Father of botany is Theofrastus
Father of biology is Aristotle

31
James Hutton is called the father of modern geology.
Thefrastus is called as father of botany.
Father of Homeopathy is Heinemann.
Founder of physical chemistry Arrhenius.
Copernicus is known as the Father of Astronomy.
Greek writer Herodotus is called father of History.
Who is known as The father of English poetry - 1340 - 1400 Geoffrey Chaucer
Aristophanes is called father of comedy.
Charles babbage is called " Father of computer "

Adam smith is called " Father of economics "

*Military Awards of India


Indian honours and awards can be divided into two categories :
(a) Gallantry awards.
(b) Non-gallantry awards.

The gallantry awards are again divisible into two categories:


(a) Those for gallantry in the face of the enemy.
(b) Those for gallantry other than in the face of the enemy.

The first category of the gallantry awards comprises :


1. Param Vir Chakra: It is India's highest military decoration similar to the British Victoria Cross, US
Medal of Honor, or French Legion of Honor or Russian Cross of St. George. It can be awarded to officers
or enlisted personnel from all branches of the Indian military. It is the also the second highest award of
the government of India after Bharat Ratna. The medal is a circular bronze disc 1.375 inches in diameter.
The state emblem appears in the center, on a raised circle. Surrounding this, four replicas of Indra's
Vajra. The decoration is suspended from a straight swiveling suspension bar. It is named on the edge. On
the rear, around a plain center, are two legends separated by lotus flowers. The words Param Vir Chakra
are written in Hindi and English. A purple ribbon, 32 millimetres (1.3 in) long, holds the Param Vir
Chakra. The medal symbolizes Rishi Dadhichi, who had donated his bones to the Gods for making Vajra.

2. Maha Vir Chakra: It is the second highest military decoration in India. The medal is made of standard
silver and is circular in shape. Embossed on the obverse is a five pointed heraldic star with circular
center-piece bearing the gilded state emblem of India in the center. The words "Mahavira Chakra" are
embossed in Devanagari and English on the reverse with two lotus flowers in the middle. The decoration

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is worn on the left breast with a half-white and half-orange riband about 3.2 cm in width, the orange
being near the left shoulder.

3. Vir Chakra: Vir Chakra is the third highest Indian gallantry award presented for acts of bravery in
the battlefield. The medal is 1-3/8 inch circular silver medal. A five pointed star, with the chakra in the
center, and, on this, the domed gilded state emblem. The decoration is named on the rim and
suspended from a swiveling straight-bar suspender. The decoration is almost always named and dated
on the edge. Around a plain center, two legends separated by lotus flowers; above Vir Chakra in Hindi
and in English. The ribbon is 32 mm, half dark blue and half orange-saffron. Dark blue 16 mm, saffron 16
mm.
4. Sena, Nao Sena and Vayu Sena Medal.
5. Mention in Dispatches.
6. Chiefs of Staff Commendation Card.

The second category of the gallantry awards comprise the following :


1. Ashoka Chakra *
2. Kirti Chakra *
3. Shaurya Chakra *

* These were originally named Ashoka Chakra Class I, Class II, Class III

Among non-gallantry awards, the following can be mentioned :


1) Bharat Ratna.
2) Padma Vibhushan.
3) Padma Bhushan.
4) Param Vishisht Seva Medal.
5) Padma Shri.
6) Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal.
7) Uttam Yudh Seva Medal.
8) Ati Vishisht Seva Medal.
9) Yudh Seva Medal.
10) Vishisht Seva Medal.
11) 30 Years Long Seva Medal.
12) 20 Years Long Service Medal.
13) 9 Years Long Service Medal.

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14) Meritorious Service Medal.
15) Long Service and Good Conduct Medal.
16) General Service Medal - 1947.
17) Samar Seva Medal.
18) Sainya Seva Medal.
19) Videsh Seva Medal.
20) Commendation Card.
21) Raksha Medal.
22) Poorvi Star.
23) Paschimi Star.
24) Sangram Medal.
25) Wound Medal.
26) 25th Independence Anniversary Medal.

*Highest Military Awards of Different Countries


Highest military award of Britain is Victoria Cross.
Highest military award of Germany is Iron Cross.
Highest military award of India is Pardam Vir Chakra.
Highest military award of Japan is Order of the Rising Sun.
Highest military award of Pakistan is Nishan-i-Haider.
Highest military award of Russia is Order of the Patriotic War.
Highest military award of USA is Victory Medal.
Highest military award of Denmark - The Order of the Elephant
Highest military award of USSR - Order of Honor and Banner
*Important Military Operations of India
1)Operation Polo (1948) Indian armed forces ended the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad and led to the
incorporation of the princely state of Hyderabad in Southern India, into the Indian Union.
2)Operation Vijay (1961) the operation by the Military of India that led to the capture of Goa, Daman
and Diu and Anjidiv Islands from the Portuguese colonial holding in 1961.
3)Operation Blue Star (3 6 June 1984 )was an Indian military operation, ordered by Indira Gandhi, then
Prime Minister of India, under the pretext of removing Sikh separatists from the Golden Temple in
Amritsar. The Sikhs, led by Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, were accused of amassing weapons in the
Sikh temple.
4)Operation Woodrose was a military operation carried out by the Indian government in the months
after Operation Blue Star to prevent the outbreak of widespread public protest in the state of Punjab.

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The government arrested all prominent members of the largest Sikh political party, the Akali Dal, and
banned the All India Sikh Students Federation, a large students union.
5)Operation Black Tornado -On 29 November, Indias National Security Guards (NSG) conducted
Operation Black Tornado to flush out the remaining attackers of Mumbai 26/11,2008; it resulted in the
death of the last remaining attackers at the Taj hotel and ending all fighting in the attacks.
6)Operation trident and python was launched by Indian Navy where they captured large part of Karachi
during 1971 war.The operation was a high time response to operation chengiz khan by Pakistani army.
7)Operation Pawan (1987) Operations by the Indian Peace Keeping Force to take control of Jaffna
from the LTTE in late 1987 to enforce the disarmament of the LTTE as a part of the Indo-Sri Lankan
Accord.
8)Operation Viraat (1988) It was an anti-insurgency operation launched by the IPKF against the LTTE in
April 1988 in Northern Sri Lanka.
9)Operation Trishul (1988) Along with Operation Viraat, was an anti-insurgency operation launched by
the IPKF against the LTTE in April 1988 in Northern Sri Lanka.
10)Operation Checkmate (1988) - It was an anti-insurgency operation carried out by the IPKF against the
LTTE in the Vadamarachi area of northern Sri Lanka in June 1988.
11)Operation Cactus (1988) Indian armed forces oust Tamil nationalist mercenaries of PLOTE who
instigated a coup in Mal in the Maldives.
12)Operation Vijay (1999) name of the successful Indian operation to push back the infiltrators from
the Kargil Sector, in the 1999 Kargil War.
13)Operation Prakram- Following the attack on Indian Parliament and amid calls from the United States
and the United Nations (UN) to exercise restraint, India mobilised and deployed its troops to Kashmir
and the Indian part of the Punjab in what was Indias largest military mobilization since the 1971 Indo-
Pakistani War. The mobilization was known as Operation Parakram
14)Operation Safed Sagar was the codename assigned to the Indian Air Forces strike to support the
Ground troops during Operation Vijay that was aimed to flush out Regular and Irregular troops of the
Pakistani Army from vacated Indian Positions in the Kargil sector along the Line of Control.
15)Operation Meghdoot was the name given to the attack launched by the Indian Military to capture
the Siachen Glacier in the disputed Kashmir region, precipitating the Siachen Conflict. Launched on 13
April 1984, this military operation was unique as the first assault launched in the worlds highest
battlefield.
16)Operation Sukoon was an operation launched by the Indian Navy to evacuate Indian, Sri Lankan and
Nepalese nationals, as well as Lebanese nationals with Indian spouses, from the conflict zone during the
2006 Lebanon War.

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2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (Operation Madath, Operation Sea Waves, Operation Castor, Operation
Rainbow, Operation Gambhir & Operation Rahat-II)
17)Operation Black Tornado, and Operation Cyclone, (2008)
18)Operation Cocoon was an effective strategy to capture and kill Veerappan.
19)Operation Safe Homecoming, to bring Indian nationals from Libya during the 2011 Libyan uprising.
20)Operation Goodwill- humanitarian tasks in J&K
21)Operation Good Samaritan- humanitarian tasks in Manipur/Nagaland
22)Operation Surya Hope - for saving people trapped in the 2013 North India floods
23)Operation All Out (2015) - for flushing out Bodo militants Assam
24)Operation Maitri (2015) -India's Army-led rescue and relief mission in quake-hit Nepal
25)2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar - A cross-border counter-insurgency
raid in Myanmar,

*Navy Operations

Operation Vijay (1961)


Operation Trident (1971)
Operation Python (1971)
Operation Cactus (1988)
During Operation Restore Hope (19922003)
Operation Parakram (2001)
During Operation Enduring Freedom (2001)
During 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (Operation Madath, Operation Sea Waves, Operation
Castor, Operation Rainbow, Operation Gambhir & Operation Rahat-II)
Operation Sukoon (2006)
Operation Search Light-The Search Operation Undertaken by Indian Navy to find the missing
Boieng 777 M.H 17 Malaysian Flight
Operation Raahat (2015) - Operation by the Indian Armed Forces to evacuate Indian citizens
and other foreign nationals from Yemen during the 2015 military intervention by Saudi Arabia
and its allies in that country during the Yemeni Crisis.

*Air Operations

During World War II (19391945) (Main article- India during World War 2)
During First Kashmir War (1947)
During Congo Crisis (1961)

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During Sino-Indian War (1962)
During Second Kashmir War (1965)
During Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)
Meghna Heli Bridge (1971)
Tangail Airdrop (1971)
Operation Meghdoot (1984)
Operation Poomalai (1987)
Operation Cactus (1988)
Operation Safed Sagar (1999)
Atlantique Incident (1999)
Operation Rahat (2013) in Uttarakhand floods
Operation Maitri (2015) Indian Military's rescue and relief mission in quake-hit Nepal.

*21- Major Islands of the World


Q) What is Island?
An island can be defined as a piece of land that is surrounded by water. An island in a lake or river may
be called an eyot or holm. A group of geologically or geographically related islands is called an
archipelago.

1. Greenland : The largest island in the world, lying to the northeast of North America and mostly within
the Arctic Circle. Its total population is about 60,000. Its capital is Nuuk (Godithab). It was discovered
and named by the Norse explorer Eric the Red in 986 A.D. and settled in coastal pockets by Norse
colonies. Only five per cent of its area is habitable. The economy of Greenland is largely based on
inshore and deep-water fishing.
2. New Guinea: New Guinea, the second largest island of the world is an island of the east Malay
Archipelago to the north of Australia. It is divided between the independent state of Papua-New Guinea
in the east and the Indonesian province of West Irian in the west.
3. Kalimantan: A region of Indonesia, comprising the southern part of the island of Borneo. It comprises
of the Saba province of Malaysia, the country of Brunie and the Kalimantan province of Indonesia.
4. Madagascar: The fourth largest island in the world, Madagascar, lies in the Indian Ocean, off the east
coast of Africa from which it is separated by the Mozambique Channel. Antananarivo is its capital. Rich
in mica, graphite, and chromite, its chief exports include vanilla, coffee, clove and sugar.
5. Baffin: This is the largest island in Canada and the fifth largest in the world. It is situated at the mouth
of Hudson Bay. The western part largely remain covered with ice with extensive glaciers. Coastal fishing
stations include Frobisher Bay, Cape Dyer, and Cane Dorset.
6. Sumatra: It is the seventh largest island of the world, separated from the Malaya Peninsula by the
Strait of Malacca. Its largest city and port is Medan. It produces rubber and timber for export and its oil
and other minerals provide three-quarters of Indonesian's income.

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7. Honshu: It is the largest of the four main islands of Japan. Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, and Nagoya are
situated in this island. The highest mountain of Japan (Mt. Fuji - 3776 m), and the largest Lake Biwa lie
on this island.
8. Great Britain (Britain): England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit is known as Great Britain.
The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom.
9. Victoria: An island in the Canadian Arctic. It is the 9th largest island in the world. The surrounding
region is administered and supplied from Cambridge Bay on the island's south-east coast.
10. Ellesmere: It is the northern most island of Canadian Arctic and the third largest island in Canada. It
was discovered in 1616 by William Baffin. Fort Conger was the base from which Robert Peary led the
first expedition to reach the North Pole in 1909
11. Sulwasi: Formerly known as Celebes, it is one of the four large islands of Indonesia. It is situated
between Borneo and Maluku islands. In Indonesia, only Sumatra, Borneo, and Papua are larger in
territory
12. South New Zealand: Lying in the south Pacific, it is the largest island of New Zealand. It is dominated
by the Southern Alps which stretch along its western coast and rise to 3764 m at Mt. Cook, New
Zealand's highest peak. It was sighted by the Dutch navigator Tasman in 1642, and named after the
Netherlands province of Zeeland
13. Java: It is an island of Indonesia. With a population of about 137 million, it is the most populous
island of the world. It is the home of to 60 per cent of Indonesia's population. Jakarta, the capital of
Indonesia is located along the west Java. Formed mostly as the result of volcanic events, Java is the
thirteenth largest island in the world and the 5th largest island in Indonesia. Its highest elevation
(Semeru) is 3676 m.
14. North Island of New Zealand: Lying in the South Pacific, it is the second largest island of New
Zealand. Active volcanism occurs in the central region of North Island, with many hot springs, and
geysers.
15. Luzon: It is the largest and economically and politically important island of Philippines. Manila, the
capital of Philippines, is located on this island.
16. Newfoundland: The 16th largest island in the world, Newfoundland lies at the mouth St. Lawrence
River, Canada. It was explored by John Cabot in 1497. It is a former colony of United Kingdom. It became
the tenth province to the Confederation on 31st March, 1949, named simply as Newfoundland.
17. Cuba: Cuba, the largest island of Antilles, lies in the Caribbean Sea has a rainy, tropical climate.
Sugarcane is the main crop of Cuba which occupies about 60 per cent of the cultivated land. Cubans call
themselves 'Afro-Latin-Americans. Population of mixed descent (Mulattos) is 51 per cent, whites 37 per
cent and blacks 11 per cent. Spanish is the main language. Havana, the capital and largest city of Cuba, is
located on this island.

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18. Iceland: Located between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean, Iceland is an enormous plateau
with an average altitude of 500 metres. Reykjavik is the capital and primate city of the country. About 96
per cent of Icelanders are the descendants of Norwegian, Scottish and Irish immigrants and are
Protestants by faith.
19. Mindanao: It is the second largest and easternmost island of Philippines. The island of Mindanao is
called The Land of Promise. Mindanao is the only area of Philippines with a significant Muslim
population. A guerrilla war is ongoing on this island.
20. Ireland: An island of the British Isles lying west of Great Britain. Four - fifths of it is occupied by the
Irish Republic, and remainder by Northern Ireland. Its economy rely heavily on agriculture, especially
beef production and dairy farming, settled by Celts. Most of the people are Christians by faith.

21. Hokkaido: Formerly known as Ezo or Yezo, it is the second largest island of Japan. The Tsugaru Starit
separates Hokkaido from Honshu, although the two islands are connected by the underwater railway.

*12 Highest Waterfalls of the World


What is a water fall?
A waterfall is a place where water flows over a vertical drop in the course of a stream or river. Waterfalls
also occur where melt water drops over the edge of a tabular iceberg or ice shelf.

Different Types of Waterfalls in the World:

1. Ledge Waterfall: Water descends vertically over a vertical cliff, maintaining partial contact with the
bedrock.
a) Block/Sheet: Water descends from a relatively wide stream or river.
b) Classical: Ledge waterfalls where fall height is nearly equal to stream width, forming a
vertical square shape.
c) Curtain: Ledge waterfalls which descend over a height larger than the width of falling
water stream.
2. Plunge: Fast moving water descends vertically, losing complete contact with the bedrock surface. The
contact is typically lost due to horizontal thrust of the water before it falls. It always starts from a narrow
stream.
a) Punchbowl: Water descends in a constricted form and then spreads out in a wider pool.
3. Horsetail: Descending water maintains good contact with bedrock most of the time.

b) Slide: Water glides down maintaining continuous contact.


c) Ribbon: Water descends over a long narrow strip.
d) Chute: A large quantity of water forced through a narrow, vertical passage.

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e) Fan: Water spreads horizontally as it descends while remaining in contact with bedrock.
4. Cascade: Water descends a series of rock steps.
5. Tiered/Multi-step/Staircase: A series of waterfalls one after another of roughly the same size each
with its own sunken plunge pool.
6. Cataract: A large, powerful waterfall.
7. Segmented: Distinctly separate flows of water form as it descends.
8. Catadupa: A cataract or waterfall, originally those of the Nile. The term catadupae refers to people
inhabiting near such cataracts; there are suppositions that these people are deaf due to the constant
din.
9. Tide Fall: A waterfall that directly empties into the sea or ocean.
10.Frozen: Any waterfall which has some element of ice.
12- The Highest Waterfalls of the World
Waterfall River Country Total height
1. Angel Gauja River (alternatively known Venezuela 979 m
as the Kerep River or
Kerepacupai) a tributary of
Carrao River.
2. Tugela Tugela Natal province 948 m
(South Africa)
3. Utigord Jostedal glacier Norway 826 m
4. Monge Monge Norway 780 m
5. Mutarozi Mutarozi Zimbabwe 762 m
6. Yosemite Yosemite California 746 m
(U.S.A.)
7. Espland Esplande Norway 725m
8. Mardola River Norway 705 m
Mardalsfossen
9. Kukenan Yosemite National Park Venezuela 670 m
10. Sutherland Arthur New Zealand 580 m
11. Kjell Myrdal Norway 525 m
12. Ribbon Yosemite California 496 m

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1. Angel waterfall: Located on Caroni River (a tributary of Orinoco River), it is the highest waterfall in the
world. It has a straight fall of 978 m. The Angel Waterfall was discovered by a pilot (James Angel) in 1935
after whom the waterfall was named.
2. Tugela Waterfall: Located in the Natal Province of South Africa, it is one of the highest waterfalls of
the world. Its total height is 948 m.

3. Utigord (Ramnefjellsfossen) Waterfall: It is located in Norway. Its fall is 826 m.


4. Monge (Monge)Waterfall: It is located on the Rauma River of Norway. Its fall is 780 m.
5. Mutarozi (Mtarazi) Waterfall: It lies on the Mtarazi River in the Eastern Highlkands of Zimbabwe. Its
height is 762 m.

6. Yosemite Waterfall: With height of 746 m, it is the highest measured waterfall in North America.lt is
located in the Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. It is a major attraction in the
park, especially in late spring when the water flow is at its peak.
7. Espland Waterfall: Located in Norway, it is one of the highest waterfalls of the world. Its total height is
725 m.

8. Mardalsfossen Waterfall: Located in Norway, it is one of the highest waterfalls in Europe. It is on the
Mardola River. Its total height is 705 m.
9. Kukenan (Cuquenan) Waterfall: It is the second tallest waterfall in Venezuela after Angel Waterfall.
The falls drop in a single leap is around 670 m. It is located near Mount Roraima near the border of
Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana.

10. Sutherland Waterfall: This is a waterfall near Milford in New Zealand's South Island. It has a straight
fall of 580 m.
11. Kjell Waterfall (Kjell Falls, Kjellfossen): It is one of the highest waterfalls in Norway. Its total fall
height is 755 m.

12. Ribbon Waterfall: Located in Yosemite National Park in California, it is the largest single-drop
waterfall in North America. The fall is fed by melting winter snow. Consequently, it remains dry for the
greater part of the year. Its total fall is 496 m.

*31-Important Gulf's of the World


What is Gulf?

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A gulf is a body of water that is connected to a sea or ocean. There will be land partially surrounding the
water, but it is larger than a bay.
What is the difference between Gulf and Bay?
Both have the same characteristics. In technical terms, both a gulf and a bay are the same things, and
the only difference that is pointed out is in the size. A gulf is much larger than a bay. Gulfs are large
bodies of water that have only a narrow entrance along a strait. A bay is also a large body of water that
has a wider opening than a gulf.
Though it has been said that a bay is smaller than a gulf, there are many exceptions. The Bay of Bengal,
about the size of the Arabian Sea, is much larger than the Gulf of Mexico.
Important Gulf's of the World:
Gulf Connecting water-body Country
Gulf of Oman Arabian Sea Oman and Iran
Gulf of Aden Arabian Sea ( Indian Ocean) Yemen
Gulf of Kachchh Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean) India
(Kutch)
Gulf of Khambat Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean) India
(Cambay)
Gulf of Persia Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean) Iran, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE

Gulf of Carpentaria Arafura Sea, (Indian Ocean) Australia


Gulf of Mexico Atlantic Ocean Mexico and USA
Gulf of Bothnia Baltic Sea Sweden and Finland
Gulf of Riga Baltic Sea Estonia and Latvia
Gulf of Martaban Bay of Bengal (Indian Ocean) Myanmar

Gulf of Amundsen Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean) Canada


Gulf of Darien Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Panama and Venezuela
Ocean)
Gulf of Honduras Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Mexico
Ocean)
Gulf of Papua Coral Sea South Atlantic Ocean
Gulf of Joseph Indian Ocean Western Australia
Bonaparte
Gulf of Mannar Indian Ocean India and Sri Lanka

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Gulf of Gabes Mediterranean Sea Libya and Tunisia
Gulf of Lyons Mediterranean Sea France and Spain
Gulf of Sirte Mediterranean Sea Libya
Gulf of St. Lawrence North Atlantic Ocean Canada
Gulf of Alaska Pacific Ocean Canada and USA
Gulf of California Pacific Ocean Mexico
Gulf of Guayaquil Pacific Ocean Ecuador and Peru
Gulf of Panama Pacific Ocean Panama
Gulf of Thailand Pacific Ocean Thailand and Cambodia

Gulf of Aqabah Red Sea Egypt and Israel


(Aqba)
Gulf of Tatary Sea of Japan (Pacific Ocean) Russia
Gulf of San Jorge South Atlantic Ocean Argentina
Gulf of San Matias South Atlantic Ocean Argentina
Gulf of Bo Hai Yellow Sea (Pacific Ocean) China

*30 Important Cape's of the World


What is Cape?
A cape is a geographical land-form adjacent to water on three sides. A cape is a pointed piece of land that
extends out into a sea, ocean, lake, or river.

What is the difference between Cape and peninsula?

Peninsula - A portion of land nearly surrounded by water and connected with a larger body of water
usually by an isthmus.
Cape - A point or extension of land jutting out into water as a peninsula or as a projecting point.

Main Capes of the World


Cape Country Important Ocean/Sea Location
Town
Faria, Cape Angola Atlantic Atlantic Ocean
Ocean
Howe, Cape Australia New South South Pacific Ocean
Wales
Tasman Sea
Leeuwin, Cape Australia Indian Ocean Western Australia

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North-West, Australia Indian Ocean Western Australia, Indian Ocean
Cape

Sandy Cape Australia Queensland, Australia, South


Pacific

York Cape Australia Pacific Ocean

Cod, Cape Bay of Bourne Bay of North Atlantic Ocean


Massachusetts, Funday
N.East, U.S.A.
Frio, Cape Brazil Frio S. Atlantic S. Atlantic Ocean
Peninsula Ocean
Orange Cape Brazil Pracuba Atlantic Northern-most point of Brazilian
Ocean State Amapa Ocean

Sao. Roque Brazil Ceara-Mirim Atlantic Northernmost point of the


Cape Ocean Brazilian State of Amapa

Chidley, Cape Canada Chidley town Labrador Sea North Atlantic Ocean

Horn,Cape Chile Cape Horn South Atlantic South Atlantic Ocean


Ocean

Matapan, Cape Greece Mediterranean Mediterranean Sea

Farewell, Cape Greenland Labrador Sea North Atlantic Atlantic Ocean


Ocean

Kanniyakumari India Kanya Indian Ocean Indian Ocean


(Cape Omorin) Kumari
Cancun, Cape Mexico Cancun Gulf of North Atlantic Ocean
Mexico

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Lucas, Cape Mexico San Lucas Pacific Ocean Baja Peninsula, Pacific Ocean
San

San Lucas Mexico Cabo San San Lucas


Lucas Bay, Pacific
Ocean
East, Cape New Zealand North Island, Pacific Ocean
New Zealand

North Cape New Zealand South Pacific Northern Tip of North Island,
Ocean New Zealand, South Pacific
Ocean

North Cape Norway Norwegian Arctic Ocean


Sea
Vincent Cape Portugal
York, Cape
Verde, Cape Senegal Cape Verde Dakar, North
Atlantic
Ocean

Guardafui, Somalia Guuardafui Arabian Sea India Ocean


Cape
Agulhas, Cape South Africa Agulhas Indian Ocean Indian Ocean

Good Hope, South Africa Cape of Good Atlantic Atlantic Ocean


Cape Hope Ocean
St. Francis, South Africa Indian Indian Ocean
Cape Ocean
Blanco, Cape U.S.A. Port Orford Pacific State of Oregon, Pacific Ocean
Ocean

Canaveral, U.S.A. Cape Atlantic Atlantic Ocean


Cape Canaveral Ocean
Hatteras, U.S.A. Frisco Atlantic Atlantic Ocean
Cape Ocean
Icy, Cape U.S.A. Wainwright Chukchi

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Sea

*50- Important Decisive Battles in World History


Name of the Battle Year Countries involved
Battle of Marathon 490 BC Athenians and Persians. King Darius of Persia defeated.
Battle of Thermoplaye 480 BC Despite their defeat by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon in 490
BC, the Persians were not finished with their determination to conquer
mainland Greece. Spartans led by Leonidas and Persians led by Xerexes.
Greeks defeated.
Battle of Salamis 480 BC Naval battle ,Athenian fleet and Persian fleet in bay of Salamis; Persian
fleet defeated.

Battle of Platae 479 BC Greek and Persians forces defeated.


Battle of Mycale 479 BC Greek and Persian fleets; Persian fleet defeated.
Spartan War I 459 BC Sparta and Athens, lasted for 30 years.
(Peloponesian War)
Spartan War II 431 BC-421 Sparta and Athens; Spartans victorious.
Battle of Arabia 331 BC Greek and Persian forces; Greeks victorious.
Battle of Magnesia 190 BC Syrian and Roman forces; Syrian forces defeated (North-west Lydia).
Battle of Pharasalus 48 AD The Battle of Pharsalus was a decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. Caesar
defeated Pompey.
Battle of Hastings 1066 William, the Duck of Normandy defeated Harold, the king of England.
England came under the control of Normans.
Hundred- year War 1338- Fought between France and England .
1453 The cause of the war was the succession was claimed to the throne of
France which was claimed by Edward III of England. The war was resume
by Henry V and was brought to an end by the Heroism of Joan of Arc A
Country girl who overthrew the power of England . John of Arc was
burnt alive at the stakes in 1431.

War of the Roses 1455- Civil War in England; The Cause of the
1485 War was a struggle for the throne o England between the two royal
houses of Lancaster and York.

Anglo-Spanish War 1588 Spanish and England fleets fought in the England Channel; The English

46
(Spanish armada War) fleet under lord Howard Defeated of the Spanish Armada.

Battle of Gibraltar Way 1607 The Dutch defeated the Spanish and Portuguese.
Thirty-year War 1618- Stated as religious-cum-political war
1648 Between the Lutherans and Catholics in

Germany and developed into an international war.

Civil War in England 1642- Between Cavaliers (King Charles I supporters)and forces of Parliament
1649 led by Oliver Cromwell, king Charles I executed .

Battle of Blenheim 1704 England and Austria headed by Marlborough defended France and
Russia.
War of Austrian 1740- Queen of Austria, Maria Theresa
Succession 1748 (daughter of Charles VII ) was Challenged by king Frederick II of Prussia.
England Supported the Queen and Frederick II was helped by France.
Ended with a Treaty Which recognized the Queens right to the throne
after the death of king Frederick.

Seven -Year War 1756- Britain and France against Austria and
(Anglo-French War III) 1763 Prussia; the British alliance won.

Battle of the Nile 1798 British and French fleets, Britain victorious.
Battle of Trafolgar 1805 British fleet defeated fleets of France and Spain. British fleets were
commanded by Admiral Nelson, who was killed during the Battle.
Battle of Austerliz 1805 Britain , Austria ,Russia and Prussia .On side and France on the other.
Napoleon (France) defeated Austria and Russia.
Battle of Borodino 1812 Between France and Russia. Napolean invaded Russia at Borodino, and
nearly defeated the Russians. However on reaching Moscow, his army
suffered heavy losses and was forced to retreat. Napoleans ill-fated
attack on Russia market the beginning of the downfall of the French
Empire.
Battle of Leipzing 1813 Germany and combined force of Austria, Prussia and Russia, Defeated
Napolean.
Battle of Waterloo 1815 British forces and by Duke of Wellington (sir Arthur Wellesly) defeated
French forces led by Napolean. Napolean was Captured and exiled to St.
Helena where he died in 1821.

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First Opium War 1840 China and Britain; Chinese yielded opium. It was a trade war.
Crimean War 1854- The Combined forces of the British,
1856 French and Turks defeated Russia.

American Civil War 1861- Northern states of America under


1865 Abraham Lincon defeated the Southern states and abolished the slavery.

Sino- Japanese War 1894- Japan Defeated China and occupied


1895 Formosa and Korea.

Battle of Omdurman 1898 The British and Egyptian forces defeated


The forces of Khalifa (Mehdits).

Bear War 1899- The revolt of Transvaal Boers was


1901 Suppressed by the British forces. Boers belonged to Dutch Protestant
stock who opposed Britishers because of abolition of slavery by Britain.

Russo- Japanese War 1904- Russia and Japan in the sea of Japan.
(Battle of Port Arthur& 1905 Russia defeated; It led the wave of the idea of Asian Resurgence.
Battle of Yalu)

Balkan War I 1912 Turkey and Balkan countries (Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece),
Turkey defeated.
Balkan War II 1913 Invasion of Serbia and Greece by Bulgaria. Bulgaria was Defeated by
Combined forces of Serbia, Greece. Rumania, Montengro who stripped
Turkey of most of its European territories.
World War I 1914- Central Power (Germany and its allies)
1918 Against the Allied Power (Britain and its allies); Central power were
deeated. Famous Battles : (1). First battle of Marne (1914)- France
defeated Germany.

(2). Battle o Jutland(1916)- Naval battle between England and Germany.


England defeated Germany. (3). Battle of Verdun (1916)- Fought
between France & Germany . (4). Second battle of Marne(1918) France
defeated Germany.

World War II 1939- Axis Powers (Germany and its allies)


Against the Allied Power (Britain and its allies); Axis Power were

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1945 defeated. Famous Battle: Battle of EI Alamein (1942)-The Allies victory
during the World War II and retreat of General Rommels forces.

*50+ Important National Flower, Animal & Birds of Different Countries


in the World
Country National National Animal National Bird
Flower
Afghanistan Tulip Marco Polo Eagle
Sheep
Argentina Ceibo Puma Rufous Hornero
Australia Golden Kangaroo Emu
Wattle
Austria Edelweiss Barn Swallow
Bangladesh White Royal Bengal Oriental Magpie Robin
Water Lily Tiger
Barbados Pride of Brown Pelican
Barbados
Belgium Red Poppy Lion Common Kestrel

Bermuda Blue-eyed Bermuda Petrel


Grass
Bhutan Blue Poppy Takin Common Raven
Bolivia Kantuta and Llama Condor
Patuj
Brazil Tabebuia Jaguar Macaw
Alba
Bulgaria Rose Lion
Chile Copihue Huemul Condor
China Chinese Dragon Red Crowned Crane
Colombia Cattleya Andean Condor Andean Condor
Orchid
Cuba Mariposa Cuban Crocodile Cuban Trogon
Cyprus Cyclamen mouflon sheep

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Denmark Red clover Lion Mute Swan
Egypt Lotus Saladin's Eagle
England Rose, Tudor Lion, Bulldog European Robin
Rose
Finland Lily of the Brown Bear Whooper Swan
Valley
France Iris Gallic Rooster Gallic Rooster
Germany Cornflower White-tailed Eagle
Hungary Tulip Turul Saker Falcon
India Lotus Royal Bengal Peacock
Tiger
Indonesia Puspa Komodo Dragon Javan Hawk Eagle
Bangsa
Iraq Rose
Ireland Shamrock Irish Lapwing
Wolfhound, Red
Deer
Israel Cyclamen Hoopoe Hoopoe
Japan Cherry Pheasant, Koi Green Pheasant
Blossom
Jordan Black Iris Oryx Sinai Rosefinch
Malaysia Hibiscus Malayan Tiger Rhinoceros Hornbill
Mexico Dahlia Golden Eagle
Myanmar Padauk Tiger Burmese Peacock
Netherlands Tulip Lion
New Zealand Kowhai Kiwi
Norway Saxifrage Lion Goldcrest
Pakistan Jasmine Markhor Chukar
Philippines Jasminum Carabao Philippine Eagle
Sambac
Poland Corn Poppy White Eagle
Portugal Lavender Galo de Barcelos
Puerto Rico Flor de Coqui Puerto Rican Spindalis

50
Maga
Romania Dog rose Golden Eagle Great White Pelican
Russia Chamomile Bear Golden Bicephalic Eagle
Scotland Thistle Golden Eagle
Singapore Vanda Miss Lion Crimson Sunbird
Joaquim
South Africa King Protea Blue Crane
South Korea Hibiscus Korean Tiger Korean Magpie
Spain Carnation Bull Spanish Imperial Eagle
Sri Lanka Blue Lily Lion Jungle Fowl
Switzerland Edelweiss
Taiwan Plum Formosan Black Formosan blue magpie
Blossom Bear
Thailand Golden Thai Elephant
Shower
United States of Rose American Bison Bald Eagle
America
Vietnam Lotus Tiger, Water
Buffalo and
Dragon
Zimbabwe Flame Lily Sable Antelope African Fish Eagle

*First in India - MISC: General Awareness


First in India - MISC
First Wax statue of a Living Indian Mahatma Gandhi at Madame Tussaud's in 1939
First Chinese pilgrim to Visit India Fa-hien
First Exclusive internet magazine Bharat Samachar
First Miss India to participate in Miss Indrani Rehman
Universe
First President of Indian National W.C. Bannerjee, 1885
Congress
First Muslim President of the Indian Badruddin Tayyabji
National Congress
First Judge in International Court of Dr. Nagender Singh
Justice
First Graduate in Medicine Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chukerbutty

51
India's First University Nalanda University

India's First Open University Andhra Pradesh Open University


India's First Lok Sabha Member to be P.V.Narasimha Rao
elected with a record maximum
number of votes
First Indian to reach Antarctica Lt. Ram Charan
First British to Visit India Hawkins
First Test tube baby of India Indira (Baby Harsha)
First Post Office Opened in India Kolkata(1727)
Indian to swim across the English Mihir Sen, 1958.
Channel
Woman to swim across the English Arati Saha, 1959
Channel
Formula One racer Narain Karthikeyan
Formula One team Force India F1
A1 GP race victory Narain Karthikeyan, Zhuhai, China, 2007
Person to equal world record Limba Ram, 1992
in Archery
Person to walk across the Sucheta Kadethankar
Mongolian Gobi Desert
first Indian to win a Gold Medal for Shiva Keshavan (2011)
India in Winter sports at the Asia Cup
OLYMPICS
first Indian to win back to back Sushil Kumar (wrestler) is the
Olympic medals
First Olympic team medal Gold in Field Hockey, Amsterdam,
First Individual medal (in British Two Silver medals by Norman Pritchard
India)
First Individual medal in Olympics Bronze by K. D. Jadhav for Wrestling
First Medal in Tennis(Olympics) Leander Paes at the 1996 Summer Olympics in
Atlanta.
First Individual medal by a Bronze by Karnam
woman(Olympics) Malleswari for weightlifting 54 kg class.
First Individual Gold Abhinav Bindra in the 10 m Air Rifle event.
medal(Olympics)
First Individual Silver medal Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore in the Men's Double
(Independent India)(Olympics) Trap event.
First Medal in Boxing(Olympics) Vijender Kumar

52
First Medal in Badminton(Olympics) Saina Nehwal, winning a Bronze in the London
Olympics 2012
First Medal in wrestling(Olympics) Sushil Kumar, winning a Bronze in the Beijing
Olympics 2008
CHESS
First Chess Grandmaster Male - Vishwanathan Anand, 1988.
First female Chess Grandmaster Koneru Humpy
TENNIS
Grand Slam title Mahesh Bhupathi(partnering with Japanese Rika
Hiraki)
Woman to win a match in a Grand Nirupama Vaidyanathan
Slam event
Woman to reach 4th round (highest as Sania Mirza.
of 2009) of a Grand Slam singles
event
Woman to win a Grand Slam title Sania Mirza (partnering with Mahesh Bhupathi).
Grand Slam junior title Ramanathan Krishnan in the Singles category.
Grand Slam junior title by a woman Sania Mirza (partnering with Russian Alisa
Kleybanova).
CRICKET
First Cricket Club in India Calcutta cricket club(1792)
First test match played in India India v/s England in Eden Gardens,(Calcutta)
First Cricket Stadium Eden Gardens in Kolkata
First Test Victory Against England At Madras
Cricket tournament The Bombay Triangular, later became
the Bombay Quadrangular (19121936)
Test match Against England at Lord's, 25 June 1932
Captain in Tests C. K. Nayudu for the 1932 tour of England.
ODI captain Ajit Wadekar.
Cricketer to score a century in a Test Lala Amarnath, 118 against England
match
First Indian to score the highest runs Sourav Ganguly 183 runs
in a World Cup
Cricketer to score a double century in Polly Umrigar, 223
a Test match
Cricketer to score a triple century in a Virender Sehwag, 309
Test match
Indian to score an ODI century Kapil Dev, 175* against Zimbabwe
Indian to score an ODI double century Sachin Tendulkar

53
Hat-trick in an ODI Chetan Sharma against New Zealand in 1987.
First World Cup Runners up captain Sourav Ganguly (2003)
World Cup 1983 World Cup
Batsman to complete 10,000 runs Sunil Gavaskar
in Tests
Batsman to complete 10,000 runs Sachin Tendulkar
in ODIs
Winner of the first T20 World Cup India (in 2007).
Cricketer to score 100 centuries in Sachin Tendulkar
Test and ODIs combined
First bowler to take all 10 wickets in Anil Kumble (against Pakistan)
an innings
First batsman to score 50 centuries in Sachin Tendulkar
Test Cricket
First woman to score a double Mithali Raj (214*)
hundred in Test cricket
Six sixes in an Over Yuvraj Singh
First Nation to win a World Cup India (ICC 2011 Cricket World Cup)
Finale on its home ground
District to achieve 100% literacy rate Ernakulam district, Kerala
City/town to achieve 100% literacy Kottayam, Kerala
rate
District to achieve 100% literacy rate Pathanamthitta district, Kerala
and lowest population growth rate
District to be polio-free Pathanamthitta district, Kerala
District to achieve tobacco free Kottayam district, Kerala
District to become India's 'total Palakkad, Kerala
electrified district'
City to have an e-court Ahmedabad
First and the only Indian (Metro) rail Kolkata Metro
under Indian Railways
First Passenger Train between Mumbai and Thane
First suburban railway line Mumbai Suburban Railway
First Motorcar Mr Forster of Crompton Greaves
First Indians to own a motor car Jamshedji Tata and Rustom Cama
First competitive event Delhi - Bombay trials in 1905
First manufacture of motor cars Hindustan Motors
First fully indegenous passenger car Tata Indica
developed in India

54
First expressway Mumbai - Pune Expressway in 2000,
First airplane in India Maharaja of Patiala, 1910
The first Indian Air Chief Marshal S. Mukherjee
First Post Office Opened in India Kolkata(1727)
Wax statue of a living Indian Mahatma Gandhi at Madame Tussaud's in 1939.
Newspaper Hicky's Bengal Gazette started in 1780.
Exclusive Internet magazine Bharat Samachar
Miss India to participate in Miss Indrani Rahman
Universe
The first record holder in the field of Shripad Vaidya[
development of eco-innovation
First Hydroelectric Plant On the Ganganachukki waterfall of the
Sivasamudram Falls, Karnataka, built in 1902
First City to have electricity Banglore, in 1906
First Man in Space Rakesh Sharma aboard Salyut 7, on April 03, 1984.
First Scientific Expedition to 1981
Antarctica
First Nuclear Reactor Tarapur, Maharashtra
First Genetically Modified Food Bt. Egg Plant Hybrid
Product in India
First Satellite Aryabhatta, launched on April 19, 1975
First Satellite dedicated exclusively EDUSET
for educational services
First Successfully Indigenous Launch SLV-3
Vehicle

*20- Major Lakes of the World


Definition of Lakes:
i. A depression on the surface of the earth, where water gets collected is known as a lake.
ii. Lakes of greater size are called the seas-Examples the Caspian, the Dead and the Aral seas.
Types of Lakes:
Glacier lakes and tectonic lakes are the most common types of lakes. There are several other things that
can create lakes too.
Volcanic lakes are formed through many different kinds of volcanic activity. One such way is the natural
formation of crater basins. Volcanic craters are formed when a volcano becomes extinct. These basins
are distinguishable by their very clear waters and dams created by lava.
Landslides, such as a rock or mud slide can create a dam that blocks rivers or streams. The water that
collects there forms a lake. These lakes often disappear in short periods of time, but there are instances
in which the lake remains for a long time.

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A solution lake is distinguished by significant deposits of limestone being found where bubbling water
creates holes. This particular lake type is found a lot in the Florida area.
A plunge pool is a lake that is created by waterfalls eroding the ground at the bottom, creating deep
pools for water to stand. This particular type of lake often occurs with glacier activity that has changes
the course of the water flow. They are found, generally, in the northern parts of the United States, such
as Washington and New York They are somewhat rare to find.
An oxbow lake is a lake that is created when rivers or streams happen to move across low parts of land.
They also form when the river or stream has altered its course, and there is a previous channel left
behind. An oxbow lake will often form within the previous channel. These are commonly found along
the Mississippi River.
Beaver-made lakes are those lakes that are created when beavers build their dams. Water flows into the
area and remains there as long as the dam stays in place and stays strong.
Human beings also create lakes by building dams. Lake Mead is a human made lake.

Rank Name of the Lake Area


1 Caspian Sea, Asia and Europe 3,71,000
2 Superior, North America 82,103
3 Victoria, Africa 69,484
4 Huron, North America 59,570
5 Michgan (U.S.A.), North America 57,760
6 Tanganyika, Africa 32,900
7 Baikal, Asia 31,499
8 Great Bear, North America 31,328
9 Nayasa (Malawi), Africa 28,749
10 Great Slave, North America 28,568
11 Aral Sea, Asia 28,500
12 Erie, North America 25,670
13 Winnipeg, North America 24,387
14 Ontario, North America 18,960
15 Ladoga, (Russia) Europe 17,703
16 Balkash, Asia 17,275
17 Chad, Africa 16,300
18 Maracaibo, South America 13,512

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19 Onega, (Russia), Europe 9,700
20 Eyre, Australia 8,900
Caspian: A landlocked salt lake closed by Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Iran. It is
the world's largest body of inland water with an area of 371,000 sq km. Its northern coast lies 28 m below
sea level.
Superior: It is one of the five great lakes of North America. Superior is the largest fresh water lake in the
world. Its area is 82,103 sq km. It is shared by Canada and USA.
Victoria: It is the largest lake in Africa and the third largest in the world. Its area is 69,484 sq km It is
surrounded by Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya.
Huron: It is the second largest of the five Great Lakes of North America and the fourth largest in the
world. Its area is 59,570 sq km.
Michigan: With an area of 57,760 sq km, it is the fifth largest lake in the world. It is linked to Lake
Huron by the Strait of Mackinac.
Tanganyika: Surrounded by Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia and Burundi, Tanganyika is a lake of east Africa.
Its total area is 32,900 sq km
Baikal: Lying in Siberia, it is the deepest lake in the world. Its area is 31,499 sq km. and depth 1743 m.
Great Bear: It is a great lake in the northwest territory of Canada. It is the largest lake in Canada. Its area
is 31,328 sq km. It drains into the Mackenzie river via the Great Bear River.
Nayasa (Malawi Lake): Surrounded by Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique, it is one of the deepest lakes
of south-east Africa. Its area is about 28,749 sq km.
Great Slave: It lies in the north-western territory of Canada. It is the deepest lake (615 m) in North
America. Named after the slave Indians who used to live on its shores, it is the tenth largest lake in the
world.
Aral Sea: Surrounded in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, Aral sea is an important lake of Central Asia. Its
area is about 28,500 sq km. The diversion for irrigation flowing into Aral Sea led to water level falling by
13 m and the area of the sea being reduced to two-thirds of its original size.
Erie : It is the fourth largest and shallowest of the five Great Lakes of North America. Its total area is
about 25,670 sq km.
Winnipeg: Having an area of 24,387 sq km, it is the third largest lake in Canada.
Ontario: It is the smallest and most easterly of the Great Lakes of North America, lying on the border
between Ontario in Canada and New York State.
Ladoga: It is a large lake in north-west Russia, north-east of St. Petersburg, near the border with Finland.
It is the largest lake in Europe with an area of 17,703 sq km.
Balkash: It is shallow salt lake with no outlet in Kazakhstan.

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*16-Major Trenches of the World & Their Importance
What is a Trench?
Trench: very deep, elongated cavity bordering a continent or an island arc; it forms when one tectonic
plate slides beneath another. Ridge: underwater mountain range that criss-crosses the oceans and is
formed by rising magma in a zone where two plates are moving apart.
Importance of Oceanic Trenches:

The study of trenches also gives researchers insight into the novel and diverse adaptations of
deep-sea organisms to their surroundings that may hold the key to biological and biomedical advances.
Much of the worlds seismic activity, for example, takes place in subduction zones.
Recent research has also revealed unexpectedly large amounts of carbon matter accumulating in
trenches, which may suggest that these regions play a significant role in Earths climate.
Helps in better understanding of earthquakes and geophysical processes, revise how scientists
understand the global carbon cycle, provide avenues for biomedical research, and potentially contribute
new insights into the evolution of life on earth.
Name Deepest Ocean
point (km)
1 Mariana Trench 11.0 km Pacific Ocean (near Japan)
2 Philippine Trench 10.4 km Pacific Ocean (near the Philippine islands)
3 Bonin Trench 9.99 km Pacific Ocean (near Japan)
4 New Britain Trench 9.94 km Pacific Ocean (near New Guinea)
5 Kuril Trench 9.75 km Pacific Ocean (near Russia)

1.Mid-Indian Ridge: Mountain range in the middle of the Indian Ocean that separates the African and
ustralian-Indian plates. Ridge about 7,000 mi long, located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean; some of
its mountains reach the surface, forming islands such as Iceland.
2.Southwest Indian Ridge: Ridge separating the African and Antarctic plates; it joins the Mid-Indian
and Southeast Indian ridges off the coast of Madagascar.
3.Puerto Rico Trench: Trench located off the coast of Puerto Rico, on the boundary between the South
American and Caribbean plates; it features the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean (27,493 feet).
4.Peru-Chile Trench: Trench (26,460 feet) bordering South America; the worlds longest trench (3,700
mi), it is located on the boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate.
5.Pacific-Antarctic Ridge : Mountain range separating the Pacific and Antarctic plates; it joins the
eastern Pacific Ridge off the coast of South America.
6.East Pacific Ridge: Ridge that marks the boundary between the Pacific and Cocos Islands plates to the
north, and the Pacific and Nazca plates to the south.

58
7.Aleutian Trench: Trench (25,600 feet) extending from Alaska to the Kamchatka Peninsula; it results
from the Pacific Plate sliding beneath the North American Plate.
8.North America: Its area (9.3 million mi2) represents about 16% of the worlds land; the Central
American isthmus is an extension of North America.
9.Ryukyu Trench: Trench (24,629 feet) located near the Ryukyu Islands; it marks the boundary between
the Philippine Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
10.Japan Trench : Trench (27,929 feet) located east of Japan, on the boundary between the Pacific Plate
and the Eurasian Plate; this zone is marked by intense seismic activity.
11.Kuril Trench: Trench (34,587 feet) located northeast of Japan; it results from the Pacific Plate sliding
beneath the Eurasian Plate.
12.Mariana Trench : Cavity located near the Mariana Islands, where the Pacific Plate and the Philippine
Plate converge; it is the worlds deepest trench (about 36,000 feet).
13.Philippine Trench: Trench bordering the eastern Philippines, reaching depths of 34,578 feet; it results
from the Philippine Plate sinking beneath the Eurasian Plate.
14.Kermadec-Tonga Trench : Cavity located north of New Zealand, where the Pacific Plate meets the
Australian-Indian Plate; it reaches depths of 35,702 feet.
15.Southeast Indian Ridge: Ridge separating the Antarctic Plate from the Australian-Indian Plate; its
topography is more regular than the topography of the Southwest Indian and Mid-Indian ridges.
16.Java Trench : Trench located south of Indonesia, between the Australian-Indian and the Eurasian
Plates; it is the deepest point in the Indian Ocean (24,440 ft).

*Volcanoes of the World - Continent Wise


VOLCANOES
Volcano is an opening or vent through which magma, molten rock, ash, and volatile erupt on to the
Earth's surface. It is conduit or pipe which rises from below the crust and vents to surface of the Earth.
Volcanoes tend to be conical in shape but can have a variety of forms, depending on the nature of the
erupted material (particularly its viscosity), the character of recent eruptive activity, and the extent of
post-erupted modification by erosion. Most of the volcanoes are concentrated at convergent and
divergent plate boundaries but others, located in the interior of plates, are associated with hot spots.

TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION

1. Icelandic: Fissure eruption; releasing free flowing (fluidal) basaltic magma; quiet, gas-poor, great
volumes of lava issued; flowing as sheets over large areas to build up plateaux (Columbia-USA, the Lava
Plateau of India, etc).

59
2. Hawaiian: Fissure, caldera, and pit crater eruption; mobile lavas with some gas; quiet to moderately
active eruptions; occasional rapid emission of gas charged lava; produces fire fountains; only minor
amount of ash; builds up lava domes.
3. Stambolian: Strato cone (summit craters); moderate; rhythmic to nearly continuous explosions;
resulting from spasmodic gas escape; clots of lava ejected; producing bombs and scoria; periodic more
intense activity with outpourings of lava; light-coloured clouds (mostly steam); each upward only to
moderate height.
4. Vulcanian: Stratocone (central vent); associated lavas more viscous; lavas crust over in vent between
eruptions; allowing gas build-up below surface; eruption increase in violence over longer periods of
quiet until lava crust is broken up; clearing vent; ejecting bombs, pumice, and ash; lava flows from top of
the flank after main explosive eruption; dark ash-laden clouds, convulated, cauliflower-shaped, rises to
moderate heights more or less vertically, depositing tephra along flanks of volcano.
5. Vesuvian: More paroxysmal than strambolian or vulcanian types; extremely violent explosive of gas-
charged magma from stratocone vent; eruption occurs after long interval of quiescence or mild activity;
vent tends to be emptied to considerable depth; lava ejects in explosive spray (glow above vent), with
repeated clouds (cauliflower) that each great heights and deposits tephra.
6. Pilian: More violent form of vesuvian eruption; last major phase is uprush of gas that carries clouds
rapidly upward in vertical column for miles; narrow at base but expands outward at upper elevations;
clouds generally low in taphra.
7. Pelean: Results from high-viscosity lavas, delayed explosiveness; conduit to strato volcano usually
blocked by dome or plug; gas (some lava) escapes from lateral (flank) openings or by destruction or
uplift of plug; gas, ash, and blocks move downslope in one or more blasts as nuee-ardentes of glowing
avalanches, producing directed deposits.
8. Katmaian: Variant of pelean eruption characterised by massive outpourings of fluidised ash flows;
accompanied by widespread explosive tephra; ignimbrites are common end products; also hot springs
and fumaroles.

CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES: Volcanoes may be classified on the basis ofmaterial erupted and the
periodicity.
Material Erupted
(i) Basalt Cone: Basalt cones are rare. They are likely to be low rather than high cones because of
the fluidity of basaltic lava. The Rangitoto (New Zealand) and Skjaldbreit (Iceland) are the most suitable
examples of basalt cone volcanoes.
(ii) Basalt Dome: The Hawaiian volcanoes are an excellent example of basalt dome volcanoes. Mt.
Etna and several volcanoes of Iceland are included in this category.

60
(iii) Ash and Cinder Cones: Ash and cinder cones are built where eruptions are explosive type with a
predominance of pyroclastic material. Growth of an ash or cinder cone begins around a crater. They may
be a few hunder metres in height.
(iv) Composite or Strato Cone: The strato volcanoes are characterised by alternating sheets of lava
and pyroclastic material. Its structure attests to alternating periods of explosive and quiet eruptions.
Lava intruded into fissures, solidifies to form dykes if injected between layers of fragmental ejecta it
forms sills. Most of the largest volcanoes of the world fall in this category. The Fujiyama of Japan,
Vesuvius of Italy, Popocateptl of Mexico, Cotopaxi and Chimbrazo of Equador, and Mayon of Philippines
are some of the good examples of composite or strato volcanoes.
Periodicity:
(i) Active Volcanoes: Volcanoes which constantly eject lava, gases, ashes, cinder, pumice, etc. are
known as active volcanoes (Figure 1.24). There are about 600 active volcanoes in the world, most of
them being in the Pacific Ocean around the "ring of fire". Mt. St. Helens (USA), Stamboli and Mt. Etna
(Mediterranean Sea), and Pinatubo (Philippines) are some of the examples of active volcanoes. The
Stramboli volcano emits so much fire that it has been termed as the Lighthouse of the Mediterranean
Sea.
(ii) Dormant Volcanoes: A volcano which, though not extinct, has not been known to erupt within
the historic period. The Kilimanjaro volcano is one of the best examples of a dormant volcano.
(iii) Extinct Volcano: A volcano that functioned in the distant geological past and the remains of
which occur in an area where there is no longer any active vulcanicity is known as an extinct volcano.

Distribution of Volcanoes in the World


About 15% of worlds active volcanoes are found along the constructive or divergent plate margins,
whereas 80% volcanoes are associated with the destructive or convergent plate boundaries.
1.The Circum-Pacific belt or the Ring of Fire. It extends across the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kurile Islands,
the Islands of Japan, Philippines, New Guinea, New Zealand and the Soloman Islands. It also passes
through the Antarctica and the western coast of America.
2.The Mid-Continent belt includes volcanoes of Alpine mountain chain, the Mediterranean Sea and the
fault zone of eastern Africa. E.g. Stromboli, Vesuvius, Etna, Kilimanjaro, etc.
3.The Mid-Atlantic belt in which the volcanoes are fissure eruption type. E.g. Iceland, Canary Islands,
Cape Verde, Azores, etc.
Ring of Fire & Volcanoes:

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The large series of volcanoes (some active) encircling thePacific Ocean are referred to as being part of
the Ring of Fire, and notorious for frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
The Ring of Fire, coinciding with the edges of one of the world's main tectonic plates, (the Pacific Plate)
contains over 450 volcanoes and is home to approximately 75% of the world's active volcanoes.
Nearly 90% of the world's earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire; most recently, the devasting quakes
in Chile, Japan and New Zealand.

Volcanoes and Earthquakes of note:


1. Christchurch Earthquake, New Zealand
2. Mount Saint Helens, Washington, USA
3. Mount Pinatubo, Philippines
4. Mt. Fuji, Japan
5. Paricutin Volcano, Mexico
6. Santiago Earthquake, Chile
7. Sendai Earthquake, Japan
Volcanoes in India: Barren Island, one of the most easterly of the Andaman Islands, is the only
confirmed active volcano in India. The island along with the rest of the Andaman's is the Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, and lies some 135 kms northeast of the territory's capital, Port Blair. The first recorded
eruptions of the volcano dates back to 1787. Since then, the volcano has erupted more than six times.

Name Elevation(mtrs) Last eruption Type

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Barren Island 354 2013 Stratovolcano

Baratang 28 2005 Mud volcano

Narcondam 710 holocene Stratovolcano

Deccan Traps 65 Mil. years

Important Points on Volcanoes:


1. Tamu Massif is largest volcano on the earth lies in Pacific Ocean, is a recent discovery in
2013.
2. South America has the most volcanoes.
3. The most active volcanoes, however are located in Asia. This is because of the tectonic
plates activity.
4. Australia is the only continent without any active volcanoes. However, there is one
active volcano on Australian territory, that being Big Ben on McDonald Island in the sub-
Antarctic territory of Heard & McDonald Island.
Active Volcanoes of the World Continent Wise:
Africa
Kilimanjaro in Tanzania is Africa's tallest peak at 5895 m (19,340 ft). It has a series of concentric
summit craters apparently less than 10,000 years old and may have last erupted less than 2000 years
ago. The name Kilimanjaro means "shining mountain"
Ol Doinyo Lengai ("Mountain of God" in the Masai tongue), in Tanzania, is the only volcano on
Earth that erupts natrocarbonatite lava.
Mount Cameroon The only volcano outside of Europe to have records of an eruption before the
Common Era in 5 BC. It remains active today, with its most recent eruption in 2000.
Asia
Indonesia - With 167 known active volcanoes, Indonesia is the world's most volcanic country by far.
Mount Semuru
Mount Bromo in East Java is known for its unreal scenery, especially with Mount Semeru,
Indonesia's third highest active volcano nearby.
Krakatoa in West Java famously exploded so violently in 1883 that the sound was heard 5,000
km away and global temperatures dipped by over a degree.
Mount Batur in Bali is a very accessible active volcano which takes just 2 hours to climb.

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Mount Merapi is perhaps Indonesia's single most active volcano (no mean feat). It looms large
over the major cities of Yogyakarta and Solo, and the very popular temples of Borobudur and
Prambanan.
Mount Rinjani in Lombok is Indonesia's second highest volcano with a stunning crater lake. For
much of 2009 the summit of the mountain was closed to the public due to eruptive activity.
Mount Tambora in Sumbawa is one for the truly adventurous. Only about 50 visitors a year
make it to this very remote volcano. In 1814 Tambora was 4,200 metres high. It erupted with such force
the following year that 1,400 metres was lost from its top.
Mount Aso on the island of Kyushu in Japan, is one of the largest active volcanoes in the world
with the largest caldera.
Mount Fuji in central Japan near Tokyo, is Japan's highest and most beautiful volcano. It is also
the most climbed mountain in the world because so many people climb it to view the sunrise from its
summit crater.
Mayon Volcano, near Legazpi City in the Philippines, described as the world's most perfect
volcano cone. Mayons last fatal eruption was in 1993.
Europe
El Teide in Tenerife, is the highest active volcano in the Canary Islands at 3715 m (12,188 ft). A
flank vent at El Teide was observed erupting by Christopher Columbus and his crew in 1492.
Vesuvius near Naples in Italy is an active (but presently "dormant") volcano. It has not been
smoking since it last erupted in 1944, but it is still very closely monitored because of its seriously
hazardous proximity to Naples, which is southern Italy's largest city.
Stromboli in the Aeolian Islands of Italy and Mount Etna in Sicily, Italy are two of Italy's most
active volcanoes. At 3350 m (10,991 ft), Etna is Europe's highest volcano. Stromboli has been in near
continuous activity since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks and has been billed as the "Lighthouse
of the Mediterranean".
Nisyros in the Greek Dodecanese islands is mildly active with smoking fumaroles. It is possible to
walk into the crater floor for a closer look.
Santorini in the Aegean Sea, is probably Greece's most famous volcano because of its eruption
that destroyed the Minoan civilization over 3,600 years ago. It is still active, for it last erupted in 1950
out of Nea Kameni ("New Burnt" in Greek), an island made up of lava flows in the middle of the caldera
bay.
North America and Caribbean

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Mount St. Helens, in Washington State, USA, is famous for its May 18, 1980 eruption. Since late
2004, it has been erupting once again, but not nearly as violently - this time, a new lava dome is slowly
being extruded in its crater.
Popocatepetl, near Mexico City, often has a volcanic plume above its crater which is 5,450m
high. The name means "smoking mountain" in the native Nahuatl language.
Soufriere Hills volcano on Montserrat, previously considered dormant, began erupting again in
1995, forcing the closure of the southern half of the island (including its capital and airport in 1997). It is
still active, though mostly a nuisance seeping lava and spewing ash into the air.
South and Central America
Cotopaxi in Ecuador, often misquoted as being the highest volcano in the world ( despite its
elevation of 5911 m (19, 393 ft), it does not even make the top ten list of highest active volcanoes - see
this list here), is still one of South America's most spectacular volcanoes.
Arenal in Costa Rica can be viewed lighting up the night sky with its highly frequent eruptions.
Volcan Masaya in Nicaragua, near Managua.
Volcan Santa Maria and Volcan Santiaguito in Guatemala, near Quetzaltenango.
Volcan de Fuego and Volcan Pacaya in Guatemala, near Antigua Guatemala.
Volcan Atitlan, Volcan San Pedro and Volcan Toliman in Guatemala, on the southern shores of
Lake Atitln.
Volcan Lascar in the Atacama Region of northern Chile.
Oceania
Hawaii
Kilauea in the Big Island of Hawaii, has been erupting continuously out of its flank vent, known
as Pu'u O'o ("Hill of the O'o bird" in the native Hawaiian language) since 1983.
Mauna Loa, also in Hawaii, is the state's highest historically active volcano and is topped by the
Moku'aweoeo Caldera. It is also the largest volcano by volume in the world. Don't be fooled by its gentle
slopes - with its highest point at 4170m/13,683 ft), the altitude can be hard on inexperienced hikers and
its summit is often covered in snow during the winter.
Mauna Kea is the highest volcano in Hawaii at 4205 m (13,796 ft), and is pockmarked with
cinder cones. Its high elevation is also a magnet for astronomers with their giant telescope facilities -
and even skiers.
Haleakal ("House of the sun" in Hawaiian), is the tallest volcano on the island of Maui, and is
renowned for its erosional crater and the cinder cones nestled inside.

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New Zealand
Mount Ruapehu, Mount Ngauruhoe and Mount Tongariro in New Zealand's Tongariro National
Park. Ruapehu, New Zealand's highest volcano, has a crater lake that forms and fills when the volcano is
not erupting.
White Island, also in New Zealand, is the most active volcano in that country and is a volcanic
island in the Bay of Plenty southeast of Auckland. Organized tours are operated out to this volcano.

Papua New Guinea


Mount Tavurvur is a very active volcano right next to the city of Rabaul on the island of New
Britain.

*Mountains of the World - Continent Wise


Top-20 Mountains of the World - Decreasing Order
Mountain Height Country Continent
Everest 8848 Nepal/Tibet Asia
K-2/Mount Godwin Austen 8611 Pakistan Asia
Kangchenjunga 8586 Nepal/India Asia
Lhotse 8511 Nepal Asia
Makalu 8463 Nepal/Tibet Asia

Cho Oyu 8201 Nepal/Tibet Asia


Dhaulagiri 8167 Nepal Asia
Manaslu 8163 Nepal Asia
Nanga Parbat 8125 Pakistan Asia
Annapurna 8091 Nepal Asia
Gasherbrum I 8068 Pakistan Asia
Broad Peak 8047 Pakistan Asia
Gasherbrum II 8035 Pakistan Asia
Xixabangma Feng 8012 China/Nepal Asia
(Gosainthan)
Distaghil Sar 7885 Pakistan Asia
Kunyang Chhist 7852 Pakistan Asia
Nanda Devi 7816 India Asia
Aling Kangri 7815 Tibet Asia

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Rakaposhi 7788 Pakistan Asia
Batura 7785 Pakistan Asia
Namjagbarwa Feng 7756 Tibet Asia
Kamet 7756 India Asia

Mountains of the World - Continent Wise - Highest Mountains


Mountain Height Country Continent
Kilimanjaro 5895 Tanzania Africa
Batian Peak (Mt Kenya) 5201 Kenya Africa

Margherita Peak 5119 Zaire/Uganda Africa


Mt Baker 4844 Zaire/Uganda Africa
Mt Emin 4792 Zaire/Uganda Africa
Mt Gessi 4717 Zaire/Uganda Africa
Mt Savoia 4627 Zaire/Uganda Africa
Meru 4565 Tanzania Africa
Karisimbi 4507 Rwanda/Zaire Africa

Mountain Height Country Continent


Everest 8848 Nepal/Tibet Asia
K-2/Mount Godwin Austen 8611 Pakistan Asia
Kangchenjunga 8586 Nepal/India Asia
Lhotse 8511 Nepal Asia
Makalu 8463 Nepal/Tibet Asia
Cho Oyu 8201 Nepal/Tibet Asia
Dhaulagiri 8167 Nepal Asia
Manaslu 8163 Nepal Asia
Nanga Parbat 8125 Pakistan Asia
Annapurna 8091 Nepal Asia

Mountain Height Country Continent


Elbrus 5633 Russia Europe
Rustaveli 5201 Georgia Europe
Dykh-Tau 5198 Georgia Europe
Kazbek 5047 Georgia Europe
Monte Bianco 4807 France/Italy Europe
Monte Rosa 4634 Italy/Switzerland Europe
Dom 4545 Switzerland/Italy Europe

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Weisshorn 4505 Switzerland Europe
Cervino (Matterhorn) 4478 Italy/Switzerland Europe

Mountain Height Country Continent


McKinley 6194 Alaska North America
Logan 5951 Canada North America
Citlaltepetl (el Pico de Orizaba) 5754 Mexico North America

Popocatepetl 5452 Mexico North America


Foraker 5303 Alaska North America
Ixaccihuatl 5286 Mexico North America
Lucania 5228 Canada North America
Steele 5074 Canada North America
Mt Blackburn 5037 Alaska North America
Mt Bona 5006 Alaska North America

Mountain Height Country Continent


Naga Pulu 4862 Indonesia Oceania/Australia
Giluwe 4368 Papua New Guinea Oceania/Australia

Kinabalu 4094 Malaysia Oceania/Australia


Mt Victoria 4038 Papua New Guinea Oceania/Australia

Kerintji 3809 Indonesia Oceania/Australia


Mt Hagen 3778 Papua New Guinea Oceania/Australia

Cook 3764 New Zealand Oceania/Australia


Rinjani 3727 Indonesia Oceania/Australia
Semeru 3677 Indonesia Oceania/Australia
Puncak Jaya 503 Indonesia/ New Guinea Oceania/Australia

Mt Wilhelm 451 Papua New Guinea Oceania/Australia

Mountain Height Country Continent


Aconcagua 6962 Argentina South America
Bonete 6872 Argentina South America
Huascaran 6768 Peru South America
Llullaillaco 6723 Argentina/Chile South America
Yerupaja 6617 Peru South America
Sajama 6542 Bolivia South America

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Illimani 6439 Bolivia South America
Ancohuma 6427 Bolivia South America
Huantsan 6395 Peru South America
Huandoy 6395 Peru South America

Mountain Height Country Continent


Kirkpatrick 4528 Antarctica The Poles
Mt Erebus 3794 Antarctica The Poles
Vinson Massif 514 Antarctica The Poles

All Mountains of the World - Country Wise


Mountain Height Country Continent
Gunnbjorn Fjeld 3694 Denmark/Greenland Europe
Cotopaxi 5896 Ecuador South America
Antisana 5753 Ecuador South America
El Altar (Obispo) 5465 Ecuador South America
Iliniza Sur 5305 Ecuador South America
Iliniza Norte 5116 Ecuador South America
Tungurahua 5087 Ecuador South America
Chimborazo 631 Ecuador South America
Cayambe 584 Ecuador South America
Sangay 523 Ecuador South America
Waynobar 4472 Ethiopia Africa
Buahit 4437 Ethiopia Africa
Abba Yared 4416 Ethiopia Africa
Mischigu 4352 Ethiopia Africa
Ras Dashen 462 Ethiopia Africa
Schiwana 412 Ethiopia Africa
Yasus 35 Ethiopia Africa
Pic Lori 4102 France Europe
La Meije 3983 France Europe
Mont Pelvoux 3946 France Europe
La Grande Casse 3855 France Europe
Mont Pourri 3779 France Europe
Charbonnel 3752 France Europe
Grande Sassiere 3751 France Europe
La Dent Parrachee 3697 France Europe
Les Bans 3669 France Europe
La Grand Motte 3653 France Europe

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Albaron 3637 France Europe
Ronce 3612 France Europe
Peclet 3562 France Europe
Polset 3534 France Europe
Les Aiguilles D'Arves 351 France Europe
Monte Bianco 4807 France/Italy Europe
Tsanteleina 3605 France/Italy Europe
Rustaveli 5201 Georgia Europe
Dykh-Tau 5198 Georgia Europe
Kazbek 5047 Georgia Europe
Ushba 471 Georgia Europe
Acatenango 3976 Guatemala North America
Mt Santa Maria 3789 Guatemala North America
Fuego 3763 Guatemala North America
Atitlan 3537 Guatemala North America
Tajumulco 422 Guatemala North America
Mauna Kea 4205 Hawaii North America
Mauna Loa 417 Hawaii North America
Borah Peak 3858 Idaho North America
Diamond Peak 3719 Idaho North America
Hyndman Peak 3682 Idaho North America
Castle Peak 3602 Idaho North America
Mt Bell 354 Idaho North America
Nanda Devi 7816 India Asia
Kamet 7756 India Asia
Nun Kun 7135 India Asia
Jaonli 6632 India Asia
Bremeh 6575 India Asia
Stok Kangri 6137 India Asia
Gangotri - I 66 India Asia
Naga Pulu 4862 Indonesia Oceania/Australia
Kerintji 3809 Indonesia Oceania/Australia
Rinjani 3727 Indonesia Oceania/Australia
Semeru 3677 Indonesia Oceania/Australia
Trikora 4751 Indonesia/ New Guinea Asia
Mandala 4701 Indonesia/ New Guinea Asia
Puncak Jaya 503 Indonesia/ New Guinea Oceania/Australia
Damavand 5671 Iran Asia
Sabalon Kuh 4821 Iran Asia
Takht-e-Solaiman 4659 Iran Asia

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Zardeh 4548 Iran Asia
Haftkhan 4537 Iran Asia
Chaloun 4516 Iran Asia
Siah Kamaan 4504 Iran Asia
Shanehkouh 4465 Iran Asia
Kalahoo 4412 Iran Asia
Menareh 4378 Iran Asia
Kholeno 4375 Iran Asia
Azadkuh 4375 Iran Asia
Paloun Gardan 4375 Iran Asia
Lalezaar 4351 Iran Asia
Borj 4325 Iran Asia
Dokhaharaan 4318 Iran Asia
HarzehKouh 4265 Iran Asia
Lashgarak 4256 Iran Asia
Kherschal 4253 Iran Asia
Mitionchal 4253 Iran Asia
Kamankouh 4234 Iran Asia
Zard Kouh 4221 Iran Asia
Siounza 4208 Iran Asia
Sarkharsang 4203 Iran Asia
Yakhchal 4194 Iran Asia
Sarakchal 4156 Iran Asia
Naz o Kahar 4108 Iran Asia
Narges 4103 Iran Asia
Kahno 4062 Iran Asia
Taftan 4042 Iran Asia
Qurma 4018 Iran Asia
Tezerjan 3980 Iran Asia
Tochal 3965 Iran Asia
Alvand 3746 Iran Asia
Sahand 3712 Iran Asia
Alum Kuh 484 Iran Asia
Shakhak 475 Iran Asia
Khersan 471 Iran Asia
Marjinkesh 458 Iran Asia
Dena 445 Iran Asia
Hazar 442 Iran Asia
Gardounkouh 435 Iran Asia
Nazer 435 Iran Asia

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Ghareh Dagh 425 Iran Asia
DoBerar 425 Iran Asia
Siyalan 425 Iran Asia
Divchal 422 Iran Asia
Kooloon Bastak 421 Iran Asia
Oshtoran Kuh 415 Iran Asia
Kharsoun 404 Iran Asia
Siah Sang 46 Iran Asia
Rostamnisht 45 Iran Asia
Siahgug 45 Iran Asia
Kal 41 Iran Asia
Pasandkouh 4 Iran Asia
Gran Paradiso 4061 Italy Europe
Grivola 3969 Italy Europe
Ortler 3902 Italy Europe
Konigs 3859 Italy Europe
Monviso 3841 Italy Europe
Zufall 3764 Italy Europe
Cliarforon 3642 Italy Europe
Presanella 3556 Italy Europe
Adamello Peak 3554 Italy Europe
Vertain Spitze 3544 Italy Europe
Vioz 364 Italy Europe
Jorasses 4208 Italy/France Europe
Geant 4013 Italy/France Europe
Peutery 3772 Italy/France Europe
Dolent 382 Italy/France Europe
Monte Rosa 4634 Italy/Switzerland Europe
Cervino (Matterhorn) 4478 Italy/Switzerland Europe
Fuji San 3776 Japan Asia
Batian Peak (Mt Kenya) 5201 Kenya Africa
Ol Doinyo Lesatima 4001 Kenya Africa
Nelion 519 Kenya Africa
Kirinyaga 52 Kenya Africa
Elgon 4321 Kenya/Uganda Africa
Khan Tengri 6995 Kyrgyzstan Asia
Kinabalu 4094 Malaysia Oceania/Australia
Citlaltepetl (el Pico de 5754 Mexico North America
Orizaba)
Popocatepetl 5452 Mexico North America

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Ixaccihuatl 5286 Mexico North America
Nevado de Toluca 4564 Mexico North America
La Malinche 4461 Mexico North America
Tliltepetl 4453 Mexico North America
Tlaloc 4158 Mexico North America
Teyotl 466 Mexico North America
Tzapotepetl 445 Mexico North America
Cofre de Perote 425 Mexico North America
Chichimeco 422 Mexico North America
Volcan de Colima 382 Mexico North America
Granite Peak 3902 Montana North America
Toubkal 4165 Morocco Africa
Lhotse 8511 Nepal Asia
Dhaulagiri 8167 Nepal Asia
Manaslu 8163 Nepal Asia
Annapurna 8091 Nepal Asia
Langtang Lirung 7245 Nepal Asia
Jugal Himal 7083 Nepal Asia
Kinjiroba 7045 Nepal Asia
Langtang Himal 6979 Nepal Asia
(Kyungka Ri)
Ama Dablam 6856 Nepal Asia
East Ridge of Hiunchuli 6441 Nepal Asia
Ganesh Himal 715 Nepal Asia
Kangchenjunga 8586 Nepal/India Asia
Everest 8848 Nepal/Tibet Asia
Makalu 8463 Nepal/Tibet Asia
Cho Oyu 8201 Nepal/Tibet Asia
Wheeler Peak 3982 Nevada North America
Mt Moriah 3674 Nevada North America
Mt Charleston 3632 Nevada North America
North Schell 3623 Nevada North America
South Schell 3587 Nevada North America
Taft 3577 Nevada North America
Taiyabe Dome (Arc 359 Nevada North America
dome)
Currant Peak 351 Nevada North America
Mt Jefferson 36 Nevada North America
Wheeler Peak 4012 New Mexico North America
Trunchas Peak 3995 New Mexico North America
Mt Baldy 3792 New Mexico North America

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Jicarita Peak 3733 New Mexico North America
Cook 3764 New Zealand Oceania/Australia
K-2/Mount Godwin 8611 Pakistan Asia
Austen
Nanga Parbat 8125 Pakistan Asia
Gasherbrum I 8068 Pakistan Asia
Broad Peak 8047 Pakistan Asia
Gasherbrum II 8035 Pakistan Asia
Distaghil Sar 7885 Pakistan Asia
Kunyang Chhist 7852 Pakistan Asia
Rakaposhi 7788 Pakistan Asia
Batura 7785 Pakistan Asia
Saltoro Kangri 7742 Pakistan Asia
Chogolisa 7654 Pakistan Asia
Shispar 7619 Pakistan Asia
Haramosh 7406 Pakistan Asia
Ultar 7398 Pakistan Asia
Malubiting 7291 Pakistan Asia
Ogre (Baintha Brak) 7285 Pakistan Asia
Minipin 7273 Pakistan Asia
Kampire Dior 7142 Pakistan Asia
Koyo Zom 6872 Pakistan Asia
Ghul Laast 6665 Pakistan Asia
Masherbrum 782 Pakistan Asia
Trivor 772 Pakistan Asia
Tirich Mir 769 Pakistan Asia
Giluwe 4368 Papua New Guinea Oceania/Australia
Mt Victoria 4038 Papua New Guinea Oceania/Australia
Mt Hagen 3778 Papua New Guinea Oceania/Australia
Mt Wilhelm 451 Papua New Guinea Oceania/Australia
Huascaran 6768 Peru South America
Yerupaja 6617 Peru South America
Huantsan 6395 Peru South America
Huandoy 6395 Peru South America
Ausangate 6372 Peru South America
Chinchey (Rurichichay) 6309 Peru South America
Salcantay 6271 Peru South America
Ranrapallca 6162 Peru South America
Solimani 6093 Peru South America
Chachani 6057 Peru South America

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AlpaMayo 5947 Peru South America
Ticlla 5897 Peru South America
El Misti 5822 Peru South America
Champara 5795 Peru South America
Urusa 5735 Peru South America
Cashan 5723 Peru South America
Cayesh 5721 Peru South America
Santa Rosa 5706 Peru South America
Murrorajo 5688 Peru South America
Jallacata 5557 Peru South America
Surihuiri 5556 Peru South America
Yana Cuchilla 5472 Peru South America
Chinchina 5463 Peru South America
Cerro Quenamari 5294 Peru South America
San Julian 5275 Peru South America
Ampato 636 Peru South America
Pumasillo 607 Peru South America
Huaycay Huilque 575 Peru South America
Tunshu 573 Peru South America
Raujunte 565 Peru South America
Cerro Burro 545 Peru South America
Cunurana 542 Peru South America
Aricoma 535 Peru South America
Coropuna 64 Peru South America
Chaupi Orco 61 Peru South America
Elbrus 5633 Russia Europe
Mt Belukha 4506 Russia Asia
Ostri Tolbachik 3682 Russia Europe
Klyuchevskaya 475 Russia Europe
Krestovski 403 Russia Europe
Ushkovski 393 Russia Europe
Karisimbi 4507 Rwanda/Zaire Africa
Mikeno 4437 Rwanda/Zaire Africa
Muhavura 4127 Rwanda/Zaire Africa
Visoke 3711 Rwanda/Zaire Africa
Sabinyo 3634 Rwanda/Zaire Africa
Weisshorn 4505 Switzerland Europe
Finsteraarhorn 4274 Switzerland Europe
Aletschhorn 4195 Switzerland Europe
Jungfrau 4105 Switzerland Europe

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Mnch 4099 Switzerland Europe
Schreckhorn 4078 Switzerland Europe
Weissmies 4023 Switzerland Europe
Fletschhorn 3996 Switzerland Europe
Bietschhorn 3934 Switzerland Europe
Palu 3908 Switzerland Europe
Wetterhorn 3701 Switzerland Europe
Blumlisalp 3664 Switzerland Europe
Tdi 3614 Switzerland Europe
Gallenstock 3583 Switzerland Europe
Leone 3553 Switzerland Europe
Sustenhorn 3503 Switzerland Europe
Lagginhorn 401 Switzerland Europe
Eiger 397 Switzerland Europe
Dammastock 363 Switzerland Europe
Dom 4545 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Dente Blanche 4357 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Nadelhorn 4327 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Grand Combin 4314 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Lenspitze 4294 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Dent d'Herens 4171 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Breithorn 4159 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Ober-Gabelhorn 4063 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Pik Bernina 4049 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Mont Collon 3667 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Roseg 392 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Mont Blanc de Cheilon 387 Switzerland/Italy Europe
Yu Shan (Jade 3952 Taiwan Asia
Mountain)
Hsuih Shan 3884 Taiwan Asia
Jong Yong Gien Shan 3703 Taiwan Asia
Chida Shan 3605 Taiwan Asia
Lam Whoa Shan 374 Taiwan Asia
Qullai Ismaili Somoni/ 7495 Tajikistan Asia
Qullai Kommunizma
Pik Lenina 7134 Tajikistan Asia
Pik Korzhenevskoj 7105 Tajikistan Asia
Kilimanjaro 5895 Tanzania Africa
Meru 4565 Tanzania Africa
Aling Kangri 7815 Tibet Asia

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Namjagbarwa Feng 7756 Tibet Asia
Baruntse 7129 Tibet Asia
Mt Kailash 6714 Tibet Asia
Kamet 7756 Tibet/India Asia
Mt Ararat (Buyukagri 5165 Turkey Asia
Dagi)
Suphan Dagi 4434 Turkey Europe
Gelyasm (Resko) 4136 Turkey Europe
Buzul (Suppadurek) 4116 Turkey Europe
Kackar Dagi 3932 Turkey Europe
Seytan Bogazi 3917 Turkey Europe
Demirkazik 3756 Turkey Europe
Sabinyo 3669 Uganda/Rwanda/Zaire Africa
Stanley 511 Uganda/Zaire Africa
Kings Peak 4124 Utah North America
Mt Gilbert 4098 Utah North America
Mt Emmons 4097 Utah North America
Wilson Peaks 3979 Utah North America
Mt Peal 3878 Utah North America
Mt Waas 3759 Utah North America
Mt Delano 3711 Utah North America
Ibapah Peak 3684 Utah North America
Mt Nebo 3637 Utah North America
Mt Timpanogos 3582 Utah North America
Mt Loveina 403 Utah North America
Pico Bolivar 5007 Venezuela South America
Pico Espejoe 4765 Venezuela South America
Mt Rainier 4393 Washington North America
Mt Adams 3758 Washington North America
Gannett Peak 4208 Wyoming North America
Grand Teton 4197 Wyoming North America
Wind River Peak 4085 Wyoming North America
Cloud Peak 4017 Wyoming North America
Francs Peak 4006 Wyoming North America
Mt Owens 3946 Wyoming North America
Trout Peak 3733 Wyoming North America
Fortress Peak 3681 Wyoming North America
Jabal Hadur 376 Yemen Asia
Margherita Peak 5119 Zaire/Uganda Africa
Mt Baker 4844 Zaire/Uganda Africa

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Mt Emin 4792 Zaire/Uganda Africa
Mt Gessi 4717 Zaire/Uganda Africa
Mt Savoia 4627 Zaire/Uganda Africa
Portal Peaks 4391 Zaire/Uganda Africa
Mt Speke 489 Zaire/Uganda Africa

*Major Straits of the world with Map


Q) What is a Strait?
A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger, navigable
bodies of water. It most commonly refers to a channel of water that lies between two land masses, but
it may also refer to a navigable channel through a body of water that is otherwise not navigable, for
example because it is too shallow, or because it contains an unnavigable reef or archipelago.
Name Joins Location
Bab-el-Mandeb Red Sea & Gulf of Aden Yemen-Djibouti
Strait
Bass strait Tasman Sea & South Sea Australia
Bering Strait Bering Sea & Chuksi Sea Alaska-Russia
Bonne-Fasio Strait Mediterranean Sea Corsika-Sardinia
Bosporous Strait Black Sea and Marmara Sea Turkey

Cook Strait South Pacific Ocean New Zealand (N & S islands)


Dardenleez Strait Marmara Sea and Aegean Sea Turkey
Davis strait Baffin Bay & Atlantic Ocean Greenland-Canada
Denmark strait North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean Greenland-Iceland
Dover strait English Channel & North Sea England-France
Florida Strait Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean USA-Cuba
Gibraltar Strait Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean Spain-Morocco
Hormuz strait Gulf of Persia & Gulf of Oman Oman-Iran
Hudson strait Gulf of Hudson & Atlantic Ocean Canada
Magellan strait Pacific and South Atlantic Ocean Chile
Makkassar Strait Java Sea & Celebeze Sea Indonesia
Malacca Strait Andaman Sea & South China Sea Indonesia - Malaysia
Mesina Strait Mediterranean Sea Italy-Sicily
Mozambique Strait Indian Ocean Mozambique - Malagasy
North Channel Irish Sea & Atlantic Ocean Ireland-England
Otranto Strait Adriatic Sea & Ionian Sea Italy-Albania

78
Palk Strait Palk Bay & Bay of Bengal India-Sri Lanka
Sunda Strait Java Sea & Indian Ocean Indonesia
Tatar Strait Japan Sea & Okhotsk Sea Russia (E Russia-Sakhalin Island)
Taurus Strait Arafura Sea & Gulf of Papua Papua New Guinea - Australia
Tsungaru Strait Japan Sea and Pacific Ocean Japan (Hokkaido-Honshu island)
Yucatan Strait Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea Mexico-Cuba

*Solar System and Planets


Solar system and planets Wiki. The solar system consists of the Sun and 8 planets revolving around it in
different orbits.

SUN

Age: About 5 Billion years

Distance: 149.8 Million Kms

Diameter: 1,38,400 Kms.

Photosphere temperature : 5,770 K

Core temperature: 150,000,000 K

Absolute visual magnitude: 4.75

Rotation (as seen from the earth at the equator): 25.38 days

Rotation (near the poles): 33 days

The sun consists of 71% of Hydrogen, 26.5% Helium and 2.5% of other elements.
The rays of the Sun take about 8 minutes to reach the earth.
The Sun resides in one of the Milky Way's outer spiral arms, known as the OrionCygnus Arm or
Local Spur.
Next closest star is the triple star system Alpha Centauri(A, B and C), which is about 4.4 light
years away.
The stars next closest to the Sun are the red dwarfs Barnard's Star (at 5.9 light years), Wolf
359 (7.8 light years), and Lalande 21185 (8.3 light years). The largest star within ten light years is Sirius.

What is Galactic Year?

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The Sun lies between 25,000 and 28,000 light years from the Galactic Centre, and its speed within the
galaxy is about 220 kilometres per second (140 mi/s), so that it completes one revolution every 225250
million years. This revolution is known as the Solar System's galactic year.

What are the conditions to be satisfied for planet-hood status? Why Pluto was removed from Planet
list, which conditions it satisfied and where it failed?

1. A planet has to orbit the Sun. Pluto does that.

2. A planet needs enough gravity to pull itself into a sphere. Okay, spherical. Plutos is spherical.

3. A planet needs to have cleared out its orbit of other objects. Uh oh, Pluto hasnt done that.

For example, planet Earth accounts for a million times the rest of the material in its orbit, while Pluto is
just a fraction of the icy objects in its realm.

PLANETS

Comparison of planets based on size, radius, density, surface gravity:

Body Mean Volume Mass Density Surface


(109 km3) 1021 kg g/cm3
radius (Yg) gravity
(km) (m/s2)

Sun 696,000 1,412,000,000 1,989,100,000 1.409 274.0

Jupiter 69,911 1,431,280 1,898,600 1.33 24.79

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Saturn 58,232 827,130 568,460 0.70 10.445

Uranus 25,362 68,340 86,832 1.30 8.87

Neptune 24,622 62,540 102,430 1.76 11.15

Earth 6,371.0 1,083.21 5,973.6 5.515 9.78033

Venus 6,051.8 928.43 4,868.5 5.24 8.872


(w/o gas)

Mars 3,390.0 163.18 641.85 3.94 3.7

Mercury 2,439.7 60.83 330.2 5.43 3.7

Moon 1,737.1 21.958 73.5 3.3464 1.625

The inner Solar System is the traditional name for the region comprising the terrestrial planets and
asteroids. The four inner or terrestrial planets have dense, rocky compositions, few or no moons, and no
ring systems. They are composed largely of refractory minerals, such as the silicates, which form their
crusts and mantles, and metals such as iron and nickel, which form their cores. Three of the four inner
planets (Venus, Earth and Mars) have atmospheres substantial enough to generate weather; all have
impact craters and tectonic surface features such as rift valleys and volcanoes.

(1) MERCURY

It is the planet nearest to the earth and smallest one in solar system.
Mercury has no natural satellites
Average distance to the Sun : 57.6 Million Kms.
Diameter : 4,849.6 Kms.
Period of revolution : 88 days
Period of rotation : 58 days 15 hrs 30 mts. 34sec.
(2) VENUS

It is also known as the Morning Star or the Evening Star.


It is the brightest of all the planets. is close in size to Earth (0.815 Earth masses) and, like Earth, has a
thick silicate mantle around an iron core, a substantial atmosphere, and evidence of internal geological
activity.
Venus has no natural satellites.
It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 C (752F), most likely due to the amount of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
Diameter : 12,032 Kms.
Period of revolution : 225 days
Period of rotation : 243 days 14mts.

81
(3) EARTH

Surface Area : 510,100,500 Sq.Kms.


Polar radius : 6,357 Kms.
Land Surface : 148,950,800 (29.08%)
Water Surface : 361,149,700 (70.92%)
Equatorial circumference : 40,075 Kms.
Polar circumference : 40,008 Kms
Equatorial radius : 6,377 Kms.
Equatorial Diameter : 1,22,756 Kms.
Polar Diameter : 12,714 Kms.
Mean distance from the Sun : 14,95,97,900 Kms.
Period of revolution : 365 days 5 hours 48 mts. 45.51 Sec.
Period of rotation : 23 hrs. 56 mts. 4.091 Sec.
Escape Velocity from the earth : 11 Km per Sec. (minimum)
Some important Data about Earth:

The Earth is a sphere but it is not a perfect sphere. It is slightly flattened at the poles and
bulges at the equator. The circumference of the earth is approximately 25,000 miles (40,000 Kms).It
rotates on its axis once in every 24 hours, spinning from west to east. Besides spinning on its axis, it also
moves round the Sun, called the revolution.

Its orbit round the Sun is oval or ecliptical. The time taken to complete one revolution is approximately
365 days or one year. For convenience, one year is taken as 365 days and the shortfall of day
each year is made good in the Leap Year which consists of 366 days. The Earths axis inclined to the
plane of its orbit at an angle of 66 position in the course of its revolution about the Sun, and to the
inclination of its axis. The Equator is an imaginary line drawn round the Earth midway between the
Poles. There are two other lines, namely, Tropic of Cancer (23 N) and the Tropic of Capricon (23
S). The word tropic means, turning place. The inclination of the Earths axis together with its revolution
round the Sun is the cause of the varying length of day and night in different parts of the world.On
March 21 (Vernal Equinox) and September 23 (Autumnal Equinox) the Sun is over- head at the Equator.
On these dates, except at the Poles,

(a) days and nights are equal all over the world; and

(b) the Sun rises exactly due east and set exactly due west at all places on the Earths surface.

At the Equator itself days and nights are equal throughout the year.

Between March 21 and September 23, when the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun, the days are
longer than the nights throughout the Northern Hemisphere and there is continuous daylight at the

82
North Pole. Similar conditions are experienced in the Southern Hemisphere and the South Pole
between September 25 and March 21.

(4) MARS

Diameter : 6,755.2 Kms. is smaller than Earth and Venus (0.107 Earth masses).
Its surface, peppered with vast volcanoes such as Olympus Mons and rift valleys such as Valles
Marineris.
Its red colour comes from iron oxide (rust) in its soil.
Mars has two tiny natural satellites (Deimos and Phobos) thought to be captured asteroids
Distance from the Sun : 225.6 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 687 days
Period of rotation : 24 hrs 37 mts. 22.663 sec.

Outer planets of Solar System:

The four outer planets, or gas giants (sometimes called Jovian planets), collectively make up 99% of the
mass known to orbit the Sun

(5) JUPITER : This is the largest planet in the solar system.

Diameter : 141,968 Kms.


Distance from the Sun : 772.8 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 11.9 years
Period of rotation : 9 hrs 50 mts. 30 sec.
It is composed largely of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter's strong internal heat creates a number of semi-
permanent features in its atmosphere, such as cloud bands and the Great Red Spot.
Jupiter has 67 known satellites.
The four largest, Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa.
Ganymede, the largest satellite in the Solar System.

(6) SATURN : It was discovered by Galileo.


Diameter : 119,296 Kms.
Distance from the Sun : 1,417.6 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 29.5 years
Period of rotation : 10 hrs 14 mts.
least dense planet in the Solar System.
Saturn has 62 confirmed satellites; two
important moons are Titan and Enceladus.
Titan, the second-largest moon in the Solar
System.

83
(7) URANUS

Diameter : 52,096 Kms.


Distance from the Sun : 2,852.8 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 84 years
Period of rotation : 16 hrs 10 mts.
its axial tilt is over ninety degrees to the ecliptic.
Uranus has 27 known satellites, the largest ones being Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, and Miranda.
(8) NEPTUNE

Diameter : 49,000 Kms.


Distance from the Sun : 4,497 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 165 years
Period of rotation : 18 hrs 26 mts.
Neptune has 14 known satellites. The largest, Triton, is geologically active, with geysers of liquid
nitrogen

(9) PLUTO : It's not a planet anymore. But it is the coldest and smallest of all planets. It is also the most
distant one(while it was planet)
Diameter : 3,040 Kms.
Distance from the Sun : 5,865.6 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 248 years
Period of rotation : 6 days 9 hrs and 18 mts.
MOON : Monn is a dead planet. Moon is earth's satellite. Its period of rotation and Period of
Revolution are the same. i.e.29.5 days.

84
Some other Important Points:

The asteroid belt occupies the orbit between Mars and Jupiter
Ceres (2.77 AU) is the largest asteroid, a protoplanet, and a dwarf planet
Uranus and Neptune are called Ice Giants.
Saturn's ring system is easily observed from Earth.
Eris (68 AU average) is the largest known scattered disc object, and caused a debate about what
constitutes a planet.

What is Kuiper belt?

The Kuiper belt is a great ring of debris similar to the asteroid belt, but consisting mainly of objects
composed primarily of ice. It extends between 30 and 50 AU from the Sun. The Kuiper Belt is a disc-
shaped region of icy objects beyond the orbit of Neptune -- billions of kilometers from our sun. The
makeup of Kuiper Belt Objects is similar to the composition of comets a mixture of frozen water,
ammonia and various hydrocarbons, such as methane.

What are Centaurs?

The centaurs are icy comet-like bodies with a semi-major axis greater than Jupiter's (5.5 AU) and less
than Neptune's (30 AU). The first centaur discovered, 2060 Chiron, has also been classified as comet
(95P) because it develops a coma just as comets do when they approach the Sun.

What is comet, how is it different from Asteroid?

85
Comets have eccentric orbits so their distance from the Sun varies considerably. The nucleus of a comet
is composed of volatile material. When a comet is far from the sun, this material usually stays pristine
but when the comet comes closer to the sun, solar radiation and solar winds cause it to lose some
volatile compounds from its surface. This gives it a coma i.e. a nebulous appearance and a thin, transient
atmosphere, which differentiates it from asteroids.

Whats the difference between a comet, asteroid, meteoroid, meteor & meteorite?

Comet: A comet is a relatively small solar system body that orbits the Sun. When a comet enters the
inner Solar System, its proximity to the Sun causes its icy surface to sublimate and ionise, creating a
coma: a long tail of gas and dust often visible to the naked eye.

Asteroid: Asteroids are small solar system bodies that orbit the Sun. Made of rock and metal, they can
also contain organic compounds. Asteroids are similar to comets but do not have a visible coma (fuzzy
outline and tail) like comets do.

Meteoroid: A meteoroid is a small rock or particle of debris in our solar system. They range in size from
dust to around 10 metres in diameter (larger objects are usually referred to as asteroids).

Meteor: A meteoroid that burns up as it passes through the Earths atmosphere is known as a meteor. If
youve ever looked up at the sky at night and seen a streak of light or shooting star what you are
actually seeing is a meteor.

Meteorite: A meteoroid that survives falling through the Earths atmosphere and colliding with the
Earths surface is known as a meteorite.

What is Heliopause?

The region surrounding the solar system at which pressure from the outgoing solar wind equals the
pressure from the interstellar medium (made up mostly of hydrogen and helium), and the solar wind
can penetrate no further. It is considered to be the outer boundary of our solar system.

*Deserts - Definition - Types - Deserts in India


Deserts - Definition - Types - Deserts in India
Q) What is Desert?
Definition: A desert is a landscape or region that receives little precipitation. Deserts are defined as
areas with an average annual precipitation of less than 250 millimetres (10 in) per year, or as areas
where more water is lost by evapo-transpiration than falls as precipitation.

86
Deserts of India

Other definitions of Deserts


As per Koppen Climate Classification System, deserts are classed as BWh (hot desert) or BWk
(temperate desert).

As per Thornthwaite Climate Classification System, deserts would be classified as arid megathermal
climates.

Types of Deserts
- Hot Desert
- Cold Desert

Q) What are Cold deserts ?


Cold Deserts(also known as polar deserts) have similar features, except the main form of precipitation is
snow rather than rain. Antarctica is the world's largest cold desert.

Deserts in India
The Thar Desert also known as the Great Indian Desert is a large, arid region in the northwestern part of
the Indian subcontinent.

87
Thar Desert of India

1. Area of around 208,110 sqkm


2. World's ninth largest sub-tropical desert.
3. It lies mostly in Rajasthan, and extends into the southern portion of Haryana and Punjab and
into northern Gujarat.
4. In Pakistan, the desert covers eastern Sindh province and the southeastern portion of Pakistan's
Punjab province.
5. Adjoining to Thar is The Cholistan Desert adjoins the Thar Desert spreading into Pakistani
Punjab province.
6. In India the Thar desert extends from the Sutlej River, surrounded by the Aravalli Range on the
east, on the south by the salt marsh known as the Rann of Kutch (parts of which are sometimes
included in the Thar), and on the west by the Indus River.
7. Vegetation: large thorny steppe while in north is ill-defined.
8. Maximum area in Rajasthan.
9. Of the total desert in India, 61% falls in Rajasthan, 20% in Gujarat and 9% in Punjab/Haryana.
10. The Indian desert is said to be expanding at a rate of 1/2 km per year towards Punjab, Haryana,
Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Ladakh

1. The only cold desert in India, forms a part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir and is made up of
two administrative districts - Leh and Kargil.

88
2.
3. Ladakh Desert cold desert of India
4. total area of about 59,000 square kilometers
5. The summer temperature may rise to 30C while the winter temperature may go down to 40C.
6. Intensive sunlight, high evaporation rate, strong winds and fluctuating temperatures
characterize the general climate.
7. Lamaist Buddhist population as it was nominally present in tibet region of ladakh area but After
1531 it was invaded periodically by Muslims from Kashmir; it was annexed to Kashmir in the
mid-19th cent. With a population of 10,000 people, mainly Buddhist, some Argoos (Muslim
descendants of Yarkandi traders) and a small Christian community,
8. The area receives a total precipitation of 80 mm per year.

89
*Some Important Social Media, Website Crematorium Famous Person
& Portal Founders on Internet World Abhay Ghat - Morarji Desai
Portal Name Founder Name Ahmedabad
Google Larry Page & Sergey Brin Chaitya BR Abedkar - A Replica of the
Facebook Mark Zuckerberg Bhoomi/ Dadar Sanchi gate and Ashokan piller
Yahoo David Filo & Jerry Yang Chowpatty - at Chaity Bhoomi.
Twitter Jack Dorsey & Dick Costolo Mumbai

Internet Tim Berners Lee Ekta Sthal - Delhi Gaini Zail Singh, Chandra

Linkdin Reid Hoffman, Allen Blue & Shekhar

Koonstantin Guericke Karma Bhumi - Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma

Email Shiva Ayyadurai Delhi

Gtalk Richard Wah kan Kishan Ghat - Delhi Chaudhary Charan Singh

Whats up Laurel Kirtz Mahaprayan Ghat Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Hotmail Sabeer Bhatia


Raj Ghat - Delhi Mahatama Gandhi

Orkut Buyukkokten Samta Sthal - Delhi Jagjeevan Ram

Wikipedia Jimmy Wales Shakti Sthal - Delhi Indira Gandhi

You tube Steve Chen, Chad Hurley & Shanti Van - Delhi Jawahar Lal Nehru

JawedKarim Uday Bhoomi K. R. Narayanan

Rediffmail Ajit Balakrishnan Veer Bhumi Rajiv Gandhi

Nimbuzz Martin Smink & Evert Jaap Lugt Vijay Ghat Lal Bahadur Sastri

Myspace Chris Dewolfe & Tom Anderson *List of Indian musical instruments and
Ibibo Ashish Kashyap their famous players
Instruments Exponents
OLX Alec Oxenford & Fabrice Grinda
Flute Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Raghunath
Skype Niklas Zennstrom,Janus Friis & Reid Seth, Pannalal Ghosh, B.
Hoffman Kunjamani, N. Neela, Rajendra
Prasanna, Rajendra Kulkarni,
Opera Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner & Geir Prakash Saxena
lvarsoy Ghatam T.H. Vinayakaram

Mozilla Dave Hyatt & Blake Ross Guitar Vishwamohan Bhatt, Jatin
Mazumdar, Brij Bhushan Kabra,
Firefox
Sri Krishna Nalin, Keshav
Blogger Evan Willams Jalegaonkar
Harmonium Jnan Prakash Ghosh, Shri
*Crematorium's of famous Persons in Purushottam Walawalkar, Appa
India Jalgaonkar

1
Israj Alauddin Khan Anushka Shankar
Jal Tarang Himanshu Biswas, Jagdish Mohan,
Ghasiram Nirmal, Ram Swaroop Surbahar Imrat Khan, Anapurna Devi
Prabhakar
Mandolin U. Sriniwas, Khagen Dey, Nagen
Tabla Ustad Shafat Ahmed Khan, Sapan
Dey
Choudhry, Zakir Hussain, Latif
Mohan Veena Pt. Vishwa Mohan Bhatt
Khan, Allah Rakha Khan, Gudai
Mridang Thakur Bhikam Singh, Palghat Maharaj, Kishan Maharaj, Payaz
Raju, Dr. Jagdish Singh, T.K. Khan, Sukhbinder Singh
Moorthy, U.K. Sivaram, K.R. Mani Veena S. Balachandran, Badruddin
Nadaswaram Sheikh Chinna Maulana, Dagar, Kalyan Krishna Bhagavatar,
Rajaratna Pillai, Niru Swami Pillai, B. Doraiswami Iyengar Gopal
N. Krishna Krishna, Ashad Ali
Pakhawaj Ustad Rehman Khan, Gopal Das, Vichitra Veena Ahmed Raja khan, Abdul Aziz
Chhatrapati Singh, Ramakant Khan
Pathak, Arun Saiwal Violin Dr. N. Rajan, Vishnu Gobind (VG)
Piano V. Balsara Jog, L. Subramaniam, Sangitha
Rajan, Kunakkadi Baidyanathan,
Shishir Choudhry, Lagudi
Rudra Veena Ustad Sadiq Ali Khan, Zia
Jayaraman, R.P. Shastri, Suryadev
Moinuddin Dagar Asad Ali Khan
Pawar, Govind Swami Pillai, T.N.
Santoor Pt. Shiv Kumar Sharma, Tarun Krishnan
Bhattacharya, Bhajan Sopori
*Locations of Important Museums in
Sarangi Ustad Bendu Khan, Pt. India
RAmnarayanji, Aruna Kale,
Santosh Mishra, Indralal, Ashiq Ali Important Museums in India
Khan National Childrens New Delhi
Sarod Ustad Amjad Ali Khan, Ustad Ali Museum
Akbar Khan, Ustad Aluddin Khan, Calico Textile Museum Ahmadabad
Hafiz Khan, Zarin Daruwala,
Visvesvaraya Industrial Bangalore
Mukesh Sharma, Chandan Rai,
and Technological
Biswajit Roy Chaudhury, Sharan
Museum
Rani
Tippu Sulthan Museum Srirangapatna
Shehnai Ustad Bishmillah Khan, Daya
Shankar, Jagannath, Hari Sree Chithra Art Gallery Thiruvananthapuram
Singh,Shailesh Bhagwat, Ali Birla Industrial & Kolkata
Ahmed, Hussain Khan Technological Museum
Simphoni Zubin Mehta Birla Planetarium Kolkata
Nethaji Museum Kolkata
Sitar Pt. Ravi Shankar, Nikhil Banerjee,
Ustad Vilayat Khan, Shujaat Khan, National Gallery of New Delhi
Jaya Biswas, Debu Choudhary,
Modern Art
Nishaat Khan, Bande Hasan,
Indian Museum Kolkata
Shahid Parvej, Uma Shankar
Mishra, Buddhaditya Mukherjee, National Museum Kolkata

2
Salar-jung Museum Hyderabad etc.
Nehru Museum New Delhi
Archeological Museum New Delhi Billiards & Pull, Cue, Hit, Object ball, Break
Victoria Memorial Hall Kolkata Snooker shot, Scoring, Cushion billiards,
Rail Transport Museum New Delhi etc. , etc.
National Museum of New Delhi
Boxing Knock. out, Round, Ring
Natural History
Stoppage, Punch, Upper-cut,
Indian War Memorial New Delhi
Museum Kidney punch, Timing, Foot
Prince of Wales Museum Mumbai work, etc.

*List of Important Sport terms Chess Gambit, stalemate, move,


resign, checkmate, etc.
Sport Terms used in Sport
Cricket Hat-trick, maiden, follow-on,
Athletics Relay, Photofinish, Track, Lane,
declare, bowled, caught, run-
Hurdles, Shotput, Discuss Throw,
out, leg before wicket(LBW),
Hammar Throw, Triple Jump,
stumped, striker, slips, gully,
High Jump, Cross Country, etc.
short leg, silly, mid-on, point,
Badminton Drop, deuce, smash, double-
cover, mid-off, bouncer,
touch, clash, service, love,
beamer, googly, full toss, drive,
service-line, etc.
cut, pull, hook, flick, etc.
Base Ball Bunting, hole, pitcher, put-out,
Cycling Sprint, Time trial, Point race,
strike, etc.
Trackrace, etc.
Baseball Pinching, Home run, Base
Football Kick off, goal, corner-kick, throw-
runner, Throw, Perfect game,
in, penalty, offside, red card,
Strike, Put out, etc.
yellow card, foul, hat trick,
Billiards Cue, cannon, baulk, pot scratch,
dribble, pass, forward, defender,
long jenny, short jenny, frame,
half, goalkeeper, tie-breaker,
spider, short and long rest, in-
trapping, heading, etc.
off, etc.
Golf Course, links, tee, hole, caddie,
Boxing Round, knock-outs, countdown,
threesome, foursome, niblic,
flyweight, jab, uppercut, hook,
club, putt, iron, birdie, eagle,
punch, etc.
etc.
Gymnastics Parellel bar, Horizontal bar,
Bridge Contract bridge, duplicate
Floor exercise, Uneven bar, Push
bridge, tricks, suite , rubber,
up, Sit up. etc.
trump, grand slam, little slam,

3
Hockey Centre, defender, forward, half, Dance Form Origin
penalty-stroke, penalty corner, Sattriya Assam
push-in, free-hit, striking circle Kathak Uttar Pradesh
goal, goal-line, touch-line, goal Kathakali Kerala
keeper, off-side, foul, stick, Manipuri Manipur
carry, dribble, tiebreaker,
Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh
trapping, etc.
Mohiniyattam Kerala
Horse Race course, steeplechase, bets,
Odissi Orissa
Racing bookies, jockey, punter, etc.
Bharatanatyam Tamil Nadu
Judo Cocoa, Blue, white, Green belt,
*Grasslands of the World
etc.
Regions Grassland
Polo Mallet, bunker, chukker,
handicap, goal, sixty yarder, etc. Australia Dawns

Shooting Bag, bulls eye, marksmanship, South America (Argentina & Uruguay) Pampas

plug, skeet, etc. North America Prairies


Swimming Freestyle, Breast stroke, Back Africa and Australia Savannah
stroke, Butterfly, Lane, Pool,
South America Selvas
Crawl, etc.
Europe and Northern Asia Steppes
Table Smash, drop, deuce, spin , let,
Europe and Asia Taiga
Tennis service, etc.
South Africa Velds
Tennis smash, cross-court, passing
shot,backhand, forehand,slice, Venezuela (South America) Lianos

top-spin,serve, dropshot, lob, Hungary Pustaz


down-the-line, deuce, tie- New Zealand Cantebury
breaker, set, game, grand slam,
*Changed Names of Important Countries
ace, volley, etc.
Old Name Changed Name
Volleyball Blocking, doubling, heave,
Abyssinia Ethiopia
smash, point, serve, volley, etc.
Angora Ankara
Weight Snatch, Jerk, etc.
Lifting Basutoland Lesotho

Wrestling Free style, Hal Nelson, Point, Batavia Djakarta

Heave, etc. Burma Myanmar


Bechuanaland Botswana
*Different Dances which have Origin
from India British Guiana Guyana

4
Combodia Kampuchea Salisbury Harare
Cape Canaveral Cape Kennedy
Sam Thailand
Ceylon Sri Lanka
Christina Oslo South-West Africa Namibia
Thanganyika Zanzibar Tanzani
Congo Zaire
*Important International Institution &
Constantinople Istanbul their Headquarters
International Institution Head Quarters
Dacca Dhaka
United Nations New York, USA

Dutch East Indies Indonesia Organization (UNO)


United Nations Children's New York, USA
Dutch Guiana Surinam
Fund (UNICEF)

Formosa Taiwan United Nations Paris, France


Educational, Scientific and
Gold Coast Ghana
Cultural Organization

Holland The Netherlands (UNESCO)


United Nations Industrial Vienna, Austria
Development Organization

Japan Nippon (UNIDO)


World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland
Malaya Malaysia
(WHO)

Manchukuo Manchuri United Nations Fund for New York, USA


Population Activities
Mesopotamia Iraq (UNFPA)

Northern Rhodesia Zambia International Labour Geneva, Switzerland


Organization (ILO)
Nyasaland Malawi International Monetary Washington, D.C.,
Fund (IMF) United States
Peking ( China ) Beijing
World Trade Organization Geneva, Switzerland
Persia Iran (WTO)
International Court of The Hague,
Rangoon Yongon
Justice (World Court or ICJ) Netherlands
Rhodesia Zimbabwe International Atomic Vienna, Austria
Energy Agency (IAEA)

5
World Bank Washington, D.C., Ananas comosus Pineapple
United States Annona squamosa Custard Apple (Sitaphal)
International Committee of Geneva, Switzerland Anthocephalus indicus Kadamb
the Red Cross (ICRC)
International Maritime London, United Artocarpus integra Jack fruit
Organization (IMO) Kingdom Azadirachata indica Neem Tree
Universal Postal Union Bern, Switzerland Bambusa dendrocalmus Bamboo
(UPU) Bauhinia purpurea Mountain Ebony/Purple
Food and Agriculture Rome, Italy orchid tree (Kachnar)
Organization (FAO) Butea monosperma Flame of the forest
World Meteorological Geneva, Switzerland Kuntze (Palash)
Organization (WMO) Carica papaya Papaya
South Asian Association for Kathmandu, Nepal Cassia Fistula Linn Indian Labernum
Regional Cooperation Delonix regia Rafin Royal poinciana/Peacock
(SAARC) Flower (Gulmohar)
Amnesty International London, United Emblica officinalis Indian Gooseberry (Amla)
Kingdom
Ficus benghalensis Banyan
Transparency International Berlin, Germany
Ficus religiosa Linn. Peepal
(TI)
Grevillea robusta Silver Oak
World Intellectual Property Geneva, Switzerland
Jacaranda mimosaefolia Jacaranda (Nili Gulmohar)
Organization (WIPO)
Mangifera indica Mango Tree
International Renewable Abu Dhabi, United
Moringa oleifera Horse Radish/Drumstick
Energy Agency (IRENA) Arab Emirates
tree
Commonwealth of Nations London, United
Ocimum tenuiflorum Basil (Tulsi)
Kingdom
Peltophorum Copper Pod
International Organization Geneva, Switzerland
pterocarpum Becker
for Standardization (ISO)
Psidium guajava Guava
*Scientific Names of Common Plants Punica granatum Pomegranate
Scientific Names of Trees in India Tamarindus indica Tamarind tree

Erythrina Indica Indian Coral Tree Tectona grandis Linn. Teak

Acacia arabica Black catechu (Babhul)


Acacia catechu Black catechu
Achras sapota Chiku

6
*List of Edible Parts of Plant which we
Cabbage
eat
Swiss Chard
Most plants are made up of roots, stems, leaves,
flowers, buds and produce fruits containing seeds. Napa Cabbage
But Edible plant parts are part of plants that are Bok Choy
eaten by humans.
Kale
Part Plant Name
Collard Greens
Parsnips
Leek
Radishes
Beet Greens
Carrots
Artichoke
Beets
Broccoli
Daikon
Roots Flowers Cauliflower
Turnip
Calendula
Celeriac
Squash Blossoms
Rutabaga
Acorn Squash
Jicama
Bell Pepper
Eggplant
Asparagus
Cucumber
Sugarcane
Squash
Celery
Tomato
Rhubarb
Tomatillo
Hearts of
Zucchini
Palm
Sweet Corn
Bamboo
Stems Chili Pepper
Shoots Fruits
Melons
Broccoli
Orange
Stems
Tangerine Lime
Ginger
Lemon
Potato
Grapefruit
Taro
Berries
Nopales
Pears
Broccoli Rabe
Apples
Radicchio
Cherries
Leaves Turnip Greens
Peaches
Spinach
Seeds Sunflower Seeds
Lettuce

7
Beans Physical Ahmedabad
Pigeon Peas Research
Snow Pea Laboratory (PRL)
Snap Peas Indian Institute Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Kozhiko
Sugar Peas of Management de,
Peas Indore, Lucknow
Almonds Harish Chandra Allahabad
Walnuts Research
Pecans Institute (HRI)
Peanuts Indian Institute Allahabad
*Important Research Institutes in India of Information

Institute Location Technology

Central Leather Adyar, Chennai Institute of Rural Anand

Research Institute Management

State Institute of Agartala Central Sheep & Avikanagar

Public Wool Research

Administration and Institute

Rural Development Indian Institute Bangalore

National Institute of Agartala, Allahabad, Bhopal, Koz of Astrophysics

Technology hikode, Indian Institute Bangalore

Durgapur, Hamirpur, Jaipur, Jalan of Plantation

dhar, Management

Jamshedpur,Kurukshetra, Shillon Indian Institute Bangalore


g, of Science (IISc)
Nagpur, Patna, Raipur, Rourkela, Jawaharlal Bangalore
Silchar, Srinagar, Surat, Surathkal Nehru Centre
, for Advanced
Tiruchirappalli, Warangal, Yupia Scientific
Research (JNCAS
Kendriya Hindi Agra R)
Sansthan National Bangalore
National Ahmedabad Institute of
Institute of Mental Health &
Design NeuroSciences

8
National Bangalore Science
Tuberculosis Education and
Institute Research (NISER
Raman Research Bangalore )
Institute (RRI) National Chennai
Indian Statistical Bangalore, Kolkata, Delhi Institute Of
Institute Technical

Indian Bareilly Teachers

Veterinary Training and

Research Research

Institute Institute of Chennai

National Belgaum, Roorkee Mathematical

Institute of Sciences (IMSc)

Hydrology National Chennai

Central Institute Bhopal Institute of

of Agricultural Ocean

Engineering Technology

Indian Institute Bhopal Indian Institute Dehradun

of Forest of Petroleum

Management (II Indian Institute Dehradun


FM) of Remote

Indian Institute Bhopal Sensing (IIRS)

of Soil Sciences Directorate of Dehradun

Central Institute Bhubaneswar Forest

of Fresh Water Education (DFE)

Aquaculture Indira Gandhi Dehradun

Central Institute Bhubaneswar National Forest

of Plastics Academy (IGNFA

Engineering & )

Technology Indian Institute Dehradun, Shimla, Ranchi, Jorhat

Institute of Bhubaneswar of Forestry , Jabalpur, Jodhpur

Physics (IOP) Research and

National Bhubaneswar Education

Institute of National Delhi

9
Defence College Management
of India Institute of Food Gurgaon
National Delhi Security
Institute of Indian Institute Gwalior
Science of Information
Communication Technology &
and Information Management
Resources Indian Institute Gwalior
Indian School of Dhanbad of Tourism and
Mines Travel
National Power Faridabad Management
Training Lakshmibai Gwalior
Institute National
National Faridabad Institute of
Institute of Physical
Animal Welfare Education (LNIP
Institute for Gandhinagar E)
Plasma Indian Institute Gwalior
Research (IPR) of Information
National Goa Technology and
Institute of Management
Technology (NIT) Indian Institute Gwalior, Allahabad, Jabalpur, Kan
National Goa of Information chipuram[4]
Institute of Technology (IIIT)
Oceanography ( National Dairy Haringhata (West Bengal)
NIO) Research
National Goa Institute
Institute of Central Research Hyderabad
Water Sports Institute for
Indian Institute Goa Dryland
of Horticulture Agriculture
Research (IIBR) Indian Institute Hyderabad
Indian Institute Goa of Chemical
of Hotel Technology

10
National Hyderabad of
Academy of Fisheries, Nautic
Construction al and
National Hyderabad Engineering
Institute of Training
Agricultural Central Institute Kokrajhar
Extension of Technology
Management Kokrajhar (CIT)
National Hyderabad Bose Institute Kolkata
Institute of Rural Central Glass Kolkata
Development and Ceramic
National Jaipur Research
Institute of Institute (CGCRI)
Agriculture Indian Kolkata
Marketing Association for
Indira Gandhi Kalpakkam the Cultivation
Centre for of Science (IACS)
Atomic Indian Institute Kolkata
Research (IGCAR of Chemical
) Biology (IICB)
Harcourt Butler Kanpur Indian Institute Kolkata
Technological of Social Welfare
Institute and Business
Indian Institute Kanpur Management
of Pulses National Kolkata
Research Academy of
Indian Institute Kharagpur, Kanpur, Mumbai, Che Customs, Excise
of nnai, and
Technology (IIT) Delhi, Guwahati, Bhubaneswar, Narcotics (NACE
Roorkee, Ropar,Hyderabad, N)
Gandhinagar, Jodhpur, Patna, Ma National Kolkata
ndi, Institute
Indore, Varanasi Homeopathy
Central Institute Kochi Saha Institute of Kolkata

11
Nuclear Physics Institute of Hyderabad Guwahati Hajipur
S.N. Bose Kolkata Pharmaceutical Kolkata
National Centre Education and
for Basic Research
Sciences (SNBNC Central Institute Mumbai
BS) of Fisheries
Variable Energy Kolkata Education
Cyclotron Centre Centre for Mumbai
Indian Institute Kolkata, Pune, Mohali, Bhopal, T Excellence in
of Science hiruvananthpuram Basic Sciences
Education and International Mumbai
Research (IISER) Institute for
Indian Institute Kozhikode Population
of Spices Sciences (IIPS)
Research Indira Gandhi Mumbai
Birbal Sahni Lucknow Institute of
Institute of Development
Palaeobotany Research

Central Institute Lucknow International Mumbai


of Medicinal and Institute for
Aromatic Plants Population

Indian Institute Lucknow Sciences

of Sugarcane National Mumbai


Research Institute of

National Lucknow Construction

Botanical Management

Research and Research

Institute (NBRI) Tata Institute of Mumbai

Sanjay Gandhi Lucknow Social Sciences

Post Graduate Tata Institute of Mumbai, Hyderabad


Institute of Fundamental
Medical Research (TIFR)
Sciences Central Food Mysore
National Mohali Ahmedabad Raebareli Technological

12
Research Foreign Service New Delhi
Institute Institute
Central Institute Mysore Indian New Delhi
of Indian Agricultural
Languages Research
Central Institute Nagpur Institute (IARI)
for Cotton Indian Institute New Delhi
Research of Ecology and
National Civil Nagpur Environment
Defence College Indian Institute New Delhi
National Nagpur of Foreign
Environmental Trade (IIFT)
Engineering Indian Institute New Delhi
Research of Mass
Institute Communication
Aryabhatta Nainital (IIMC)
Research Institute for New Delhi
Institute of Studies in
Observational Industrial
Sciences Development
All India New Delhi Institute of New Delhi
Institute of Defence Studies
Medical and Analyses
Sciences (AIIMS) Institute of New Delhi
Central Institute New Delhi Economic
of Educational Growth
Technology Institute of New Delhi
Central Soil New Delhi Genomics and
Salinity Research Integrative
Institute Biology (IGIB)
Centre for New Delhi Institute of New Delhi
Cultural Secretarial
Resources and Training and
Training (CCRT) Management

13
Institute for New Delhi Electronics
Studies in Engineering
Industrial Research
Development Institute
Morarji Desai New Delhi Central Institute Pune
National of Road
Institute of Yoga Transport (CIRT)
National New Delhi Indian Institute Pune
Academy of of Tropical
Agricultural Meteorology
Sciences National Rajendranagar
National New Delhi Academy of
Institute of Agricultural
Disaster Research
Management Management
National New Delhi Central Institute Ranchi
Institute of of Psychiatry
Science Central Mine Ranchi
Communication Planning &
(NISCOM) Design Institute
National New Delhi Limited
Institute of Indian Lac Ranchi
Urban Affairs Research
National New Delhi Institute
Museum Sant longowal Sangrur
Institute institute of
V. V. Giri New Delhi Engineering and
National Labour technology(SLIE
Institute T)
Netaji Subhas Patiala College of Secunderabad
National Defence
Institute of Management
Sports (NSNIS) Sher-i-Kashmir Srinagar
Central Pilani Institute of

14
Medical Normal W.B.C count 5000-10000/cubic mm
Sciences Life span of W.B.C 3-4 days
Indian Diamond Surat D.L.C (Differential (a) Basophils-0.5-1%
Institute leucocyte count) (b) Eosinophils-1-3%
Central Institute Tamil Nadu (c) Monocytes-3-8%
of Brackish (d) Neutrophils-40-70%
Water (e) Lymphocytes-2-25%
Aquaculture Blood platelets count 2,00,000-4,00,000/cubic
Centre for Thiruvananthpuram mm
Development Haemoglobin (a) In male: 14-15.6 gm/100
Studies c.c of blood
Indian Institute Thiruvananthpuram (b) In female: 11-14
of Space Science gm/100 c.c of blood
and Hb content in body 500-700 gm
Technology (IIST Universal blood donor O Rh-ve
) Universal blood AB

*Some Interesting Facts of Human Body recipient

Facts of Human Body Blood clotting time 2-5 minutes

Length of alimentary Approximately 8 meters Average body weight 70 kg

canal Normal body 98.4.F or 37.C

BMR (Basal metabolic 1600 K.cal/day temperature

rate) Breathing rate 16-20 minutes

Number calls in body 75 trillion Dental formula adult:2123/2123=32

Longest bone Femur (thigh bone) child: 2120/2120=22 milk

Smallest bone Ear ossicle, stapes teeth

Weight of brain 1400 gms Number of cranial 12 pairs

Blood volume 6.8 litres (in 70 kg body) nerves

Normal B.P 120/80 mm Hg Number of spinal 31 pairs


nerves
Number of R.B.C (a) In male: 4.5-5.0
million/cubic mm Largest endocrine Thyroid

(b) In female: 4.0-4.5 gland

million/cubic mm Gestation period 9 months (253-266 days)

Life span of R.B.C 120 days Normal heart beat 72-75/ minutes

15
*Important Units of Measurement in
Largest gland Liver
Science
Largest muscles in the Gluteus maximus (Buttock
Unit Measures
body muscle)
Ampere Electric current
Largest smooth Uterus of pregnant women
Angstrom Wave-length and also lengths of
muscle
atomic dimensions
Smallest muscles in Stapedius
Bar Atmospheric pressure
the body
Becquerel Radioactivity
Largest artery Abdominal aorta
Bel Intensity of Sound
Largest vein Inferior venacava
Calorie Quantity of Heat
Largest W.B.C Monocyte
Candela Luminous intensity
Smallest W.B.C Lymphocyte
Candle power Illuminating power of source of
Greatest regeneration In liver
light
power
Celsius Temperature
Longest nerve Sciatic
(Centigrade)
Longest cell Neuron (nerve cell)
Coulomb Electric Charge
Menstrual cycle 28 days
Decibel Intensity of sound (1/10th of
Menopause age 45-50 years
Bel)
Minimum In brain cell
Dyne Force
regeneration power
Electron-volt Energy
Minimum distance for 25 cm
Erg Work or Energy
proper vision
Fahrenheit Temperature
Type of placenta Haemochorial
Farad Electric Capacitance
(Chorioallantoic)
Faraday Electric Charge
Pulse rate 72/minute
Fathom Depth of water
Volume of semen 2-4 ml/ejaculation
Foot Candle Brightness
Normal sperm count 200-350 million/ejaculation
Gauss Magnetic Induction
ESR (normal 4.10 min/hour
Henry Inductance
Erythrocyte
Hertz Frequency
sedimentation rate)
Horse-power Power
Thinnest skin Conjunctiva
Joule Work or Energy
pH of gastric juice 1.4
Kelvin Thermodynamic temperature
pH of urine 6.0
Kilogram Mass
pH of blood 7.35-7.45

16
Knot Speed of Ship and Aircraft Sutlej Sutudri (Ancient name); Zarodros
Lambert Brightness (Greek name)

Light Year Stellar Distance Brahmaputra Dihang; Tsangpo(Tibetan)

Lumen Luminous flux Luni Sagarmati

Maxwell Magnetic flux Gomati Goyal

Metre Length Yamuna Jamuna

Mole Amount of Substance *Folk Dances of Different Indian States


Nautical Mile Distance in Navigation State Names of the Folk Dances
Newton Force (metric)
Andhra Kuchipudi (Classical, Kuchipudi
Newton metre Work
Pradesh is the dance form started in
Oersted Magnetic Intensity
Andhra Pradesh in a village
Ohm Electrical Resistance
called Kuchipudi.),
Pascal Stress Ghantamardala, Ottam Thedal,
Poise Viscosity Mohiniattam, Kummi, Siddhi
Quintal Weight (metric) Madhuri, Chhadi. Kolattam or
Radian Plane Angle "the stick dance", is one of the
Second Time most popular dance narratives
Tesla Magnetic Flux Density in Andhra Pradesh.
Volt Electric Potential Andaman and The dance of the Nicobarese, is
Watt Power Nicobar Islands performed during the Ossuary

Weber Magnetic Flux Feast


Arunachal Bardo Chham, Mask dance, War
*Ancient, Sanskrit and Greek Names of
Indian Rivers Pradesh dance etc.

Present Day Alternate Name Assam Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja,


Name Maharas, Kaligopal, Bagurumba,

Indus Sindhu (Ancient name) Naga dance, Khel Gopal Tabal

Jhelum Vitasta (Ancient name); Chongli, Canoe, Jhumura

Hydaspes(Greek name) Hobjanai etc.

Chenab Asikini (Ancient name);


Chandrabhagha Bihar Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain,

Ravi Parusni (Ancient name); Airavati Panwariya, Sama-Chakwa,


Bidesia, Jatra, etc.
Beas Vipasa (Ancient name);
Hyphasis(Greek name)

17
Chhattisgarh Goudi, Karma, Jhumar, Dagla, Nagaland Chong, Khaiva, Lim, Nuralim,
Pali, Tapali, Navrani, Diwari, etc.
Mundari. Orissa Odissi (Classical), Rakhal, Nat
Goa Mandi, Jhagor, Khol, Dakni, etc. Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc.
Punjab Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman
Gujarat Garba, Dandiya Ras, Tippani
etc.
Juriun, Bhavai, etc.
Rajasthan Ghumar, Chakri, Ganagor,
Haryana Jhumar, Phag Dance, Daph,
Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini,
Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor,
Ghapal, Panihari, Ginad etc.
Gagor etc.
Tamil Nadu Bharatnatyam, Kumi, Kolattam,
Himachal Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman,
Kavadi
Pradesh Chhapeli, Mahasu, Nati, Dangi,
Uttar Pradesh Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora,
Chamba, Thali, Jhainta, Daf,
Chappeli, Jaita.
Stick dance etc.
Uttarakhand Gadhwali, Kumayuni, Kajari,
Jammu & Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi
Jhora, Raslila, Chappeli
Kashmir Nach, Dumhal is a dance
West Bengal Kathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra,
performed by the men folk of
Baul, Marasia, Mahal, Keertan,
the Wattal tribe of Kashmir on
etc.
specific occasions.
Lakshadweep Lava is the colorful dance of the
Jharkhand Chhau, Sarahul, Jat-Jatin,
Minicoy Island of Lakshadweep
Karma, Danga, Bidesia, Sohrai.
in which dancers wear multi-
Karnataka Yakshagan, Huttari, Suggi,
hued costumes, a headgear and
Kunitha, Karga, Lambi etc.
carries a special drum. The
Kerala Kathakali (Classical), Rakhal, Nat
dance movements are prolific
Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc.
and profuse and are in rhythm
Maharashtra Lavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim,
with the drum beats and vocal
Gafa, Dahikala Dasavtar or
accompaniment.
Bohada, Tamasha, Mauni,
Puducherry Garadi: The famous dance of
Powara, Gouricha etc.
Puducherry is believed to have a
Manipur Manipuri (Classical), Rakhal, Nat
purely mythological origin. As
Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat, etc.
the legend goes, when Rama -
Meghalaya Laho, Baagla, etc.
the epic hero of Ramayana
Mizoram Khanatm, Pakhupila, Cherokan defeated Ravana then the
etc. vanars (monkeys) performed

18
this dance to celebrate his Japan Kyodo
victory. Jordan Petra

Kenya Irin

Khattar Al Jaseera

Malaysia Bernama
Sikkim Malaysia Malaysian National News Agency
Singhi Chham
(MNNA)
*Important News Agencies of the World
Pakistan Pakistan Press International (P.P.I)
Country Names of News Agencies
and Associated Press of Pakistan
Names
(APP)
Australia Australian Associated Press (AAP)
Palestine WAFA
Britain Reutors
Russia Telegraph Agency of the Sovereign
China Xin Hua
States (TASS)
Croatia Hina
Russia Novosti
Denmark Ritzavuz Bureau
South Sapa
Egypt Middle East News Agency (MENA) Africa

France Agence France-Presse (AFP) South Yon Hap

Germany Deutsche Presse Agentur (D.P.A.) Korea


Spain Ansa

Hongkong Nafen Turkey Anadolu

India United News of India Turkey Ihlas

India Press Trust of India (PTI) United Reuters

India Samachar Bharti Kingdom


United Associated Press
India Univarta
States
Indonesia Antara

Iran Islamic Republic news Agency


(IRNA)
Iran Fars News Agency

Israel Associated Israel Press (AIP)

Italy Agenzia Nazionale Stampa


Associate (ANSA)

19
*Important Awards & their Area of
given annually on Aug.31,
Presentation
for outstanding
Important Awards & their Area of
contribution to public
Presentation
service, community
NOBEL PRIZE It is the most coveted
leader ship, journalism,
international award of the
literature and creative
world .It was instituted by
arts and international
the inventor of
understanding. They are
dynamite,Alfred Bernard
often regarded as the
Nobel(1833 - 96).The
Nobel Prize of Asia.
award is given on
Dec.10,which is the death
BOOKER PRIZE It is the highest literary
anniversary of its
award given to the
founder.Nobel Prize is
authors of British, Irish
given every year to those
and Commonwealth
eminent persons who
countries. It was
have made pioneering
instituted in 1968 by the
achievements in the field
Booker Company and the
of Physics, Chemistry
British Publishers
Medicine,Peace,Literature
Association along the
and Economics.
lines of Pulitzer Prize of
PULITZER PRIZE It was instituted in 1970
US. Booker Prize has been
and named after the US
renamed as Man Booker
Publisher Joseph
Prize.
Pulitzer.It is conferred
JAWAHARLAL It was instituted in 1965
annually in the USA for
NEHRU AWARD by the Government of
accomplishments in
FOR India. It is annually to
journalism,literature and
INTERNATIONAL persons for outstanding
musics.
UNDERSTANDING contributions to the
MAGSAYSAY They were instituted in
promotion of
AWARDS 1957 and named after
international
Ramon Magsaysay, the
understanding and
late President of
goodwill among the
Philippines, who died in
people of the world.
an air crash. This award is

20
OSCAR AWARDS These awards were PADMA is the second highest
instituted in 1929 and VIBHUSHAN civilian award for
conferred annually by the distinguished services in
Academy of Motion any field including
Pictures in USA. These are Government service.
considered the most PADMA are the other important
prestigious awards in the BHUSHAN and civilian awards.
cinema field. The first PADMA SHREE
Indian to get an Oscar BHARTIYAR It was instituted in 1965
was Bhanu Athaiya for the JNANPEETH and is given for
movie Gandhi.Satyajit Ray AWARDS distinguished works in
was the Indian who was any recognised language
awarded Oscar for life by a scholar.
time achievements in SAHITYA It was instituted in 1955
cinema in 1992. AKADEMY and is given for any
MAHATMA It was instituted in 1995 AWARDS exclusive writing in any of
GANDHI PEACE by the Government of the 22 languages
PRIZE India.It is presented for including English
international peace on literature during last 5
the lines of Nobel Prize. years.
INDIRA GANDHI It is presented by Indira MURTIDEVI It was constituted in1948
AWARD FOR Gandhi Memorial Fund AWARD and is given in any Indian
INTERNATIONAL for specialised language or in English
PEACE, contribution in the field of literature ,for
DISARMAMENT international distinguished contribution
AND disarmament and to Indian values.
DEVELOPMENT development SARASWATI It was instituted in 1991
BHARAT RATNA It is the highest civilian SAMMAN by the K.K Birla
award of India. It is Foundation and is given
presented by the for any distinguished
Government of India.It literary work made during
was instituted in 1954 last 10 years in any of the
and the first recepient Indian languages .
was Dr.Radhakrishnan.

21
VYAS SAMMAN It was instituted in 1992 Param Vir Chakra - It is India's highest
by the K.K. Birla award for bravery.
Foundation for Mahavir Chakra -It is the second highest
outstanding contribution gallantry award.
to Hindi literature. Vir Chakra - It is the third highest
SHANTI SWARUP These awards are given to gallantry award.
BHATNAGER the Indian scientists for Ashok Chakra - It is the highest peace -
AWARDS their exceptional time gallantry award.
performans
*Official Books of Different Countries
R.D.BIRLA These awars are given in
Official Books of Different Countries
AWARD the field of medical
White paper Official Reports of India; Short
sciences.
pamphlet giving authoritative account
DHANVANTRI These awards are given
of the facts issued by the Indian
AWARD for the extra ordinary
Government stating its views on a
performance in medical
particular issue for the knowledge of
sciences
general public.
ARJUNA These were instituted in Yellow Book Official Book of France
AWARDS 1961 and given by Sports Green Book Official Publication of Italy and France
Ministry,Government of Grey Book Official Reports of Japan and Belgium
India.These are given for Blue Book Any Official Report of British
the special achievements Government
in different types of White Book Official publication of China, Germany
sports. and Portugal
DRONACHARYA These were instituted in
*Parliament Names of Different
AWARDS 1985 and given by Sports Countries in the World
Ministry ,Government of Country Parliament
India. These are given to
Afghanistan Shora
sports coaches.
Albania Peoples Assembly
RAJIV GANDHI It was instituted in 1962 Algeria National Peoples Assembly
KHEL RATNA and is presented for Andorra General Council
commendable display by Angola National Peoples Assembly
the players. Argentina National Congress
GALLANTRY Australia Federal Parliament
AWARDS Austria National Assembly

22
Azerbaijan Melli Majlis Bundesrat (Upper House)
Great Britain Parliament
Bahamas General Assembly Greece Chamber Of Deputies
Bahrain Consultative Council Guyana National Assembly
Bangladesh Jatia Parliament Hungary National Assembly
Belize National Assembly Iceland Althing
Bhutan Tsogdu India Sansad
Bolivia National Congress Indonesia Peoples Consultative Assembly
Botswana National Assembly Iran Majlis
Brazil National Congress Iraq National Assembly
Britain Parliment (House Of Commons Ireland Oireachtas
And House Of Lords) Israel The Knesset
Brunei National Assembly Italy Chamber Of Deputies And Senate
Bulgaria Narodno Subranie Japan Diet
Cambodia National Assembly Jordan National Assembly
Canada Parliament Korea(North) Supreme Peoples Assembly
China National Peoples Assembly Korea(South) National Assembly
Colombia Congress Kuwait National Assembly
Comoros Legislative Council And Senate Labanon National Assembly
Congo Rep. Of National Legislative Laos Peoples Supreme Assembly
Democratic Council Lativa Saeima
Costa Rice Legislative Council And Senate Lesotho National Assembly And Senate
Crotia Sabor Libya General Peoples Congress
Cuba National Assembly Of Peoples Lithuania Seimas
Power Luxembourg Chamber Of Deputies
Denmark Folketing Madagascar National Peoples Assembly
East Timor Constituent Assembly Magnolia Khural
Ecuador National Congress Malaysia Majilis
Egypt Peoples Assembly Maldives Majilis
El Salvador Legislative Assembly Mongolia Great Peoples Khural
Ethiopia Federal Council And House Of Montenegro Federal Assembly
Representative Mozambique Peoples Assembly
Fiji Islands Senate & House Of Myanmar Pyithu Hluttaw
Representative
Nepal Rashtriya Panchayat
Finland Eduskusta (Parliament)
Netherlands States General (Staten-General)
France National Assembly
New Zealand Parliament (House Of
Germany Bundestag (Lower House) And Representative)

23
Norway Storting Guyana British Guiana
Guinea-Bissau Portuguese Guinea
Oman Monarchy
Ho Chi Minh Saigon
Pakistan National Assembly & Senate City
Papua New National Parliament Indonesia Dutch East Indies
Guinea Iran Persia
Paraguay Senate & Chamber Of Deputies Iraq Mesopotamia
Istanbul Constantinople
Philippines The Congress
Japan Nippon
Poland Sejm
Lesotho Basutoland
Romania Great National Assembly Libya Tripolitania and Cyrenaica
Russia Duma & Federal Council Malawi Nyasaland
Saudi Arabia Majlis Al Shura Malaysia Malaya
Moldova Moldavia
South Africa Parliament
Mali Sudanese Republic
Spain Crotes Manchuri Manchukuo
Taiwan Yuan Myanmar Burma
Turkey Grand National Assembly Namibia South-West Africa
USA Congress Netherlands Holland
New Zealand Dominion of New Zealand
Uzbekistan Oliy Majlis
Oslo Christina
Vietnam National Assembly Philippines Shri Vijaya
Zambia National Assembly Saint Kitts and Saint Kitts-Nevis- Anguilla
Nevis
*New & Old Names of Different
Sri Lanka Ceylon
Countries in the World
Surinam Dutch Guiana
New Names Old Names
Taiwan Formosa
Algeria Numidia
Tanzania Tanganyika and Zanzibar,
Ankara Angora
German East Africa
Australia New Holland
Thailand Siam
Bangladesh East Pakistan, East Bengal
Vietnam French Indochina
Beijing Peking
Yangon Rangoon
Belarus Byelorussia
Zambia Northern Rhodesia
Botswana Bechuanaland
Zimbabwe Southern Rhodesia
Burkina Faso Upper Volta
Cambodia Kampuchea *Oceans & Seas of World- By Size and
Congo Zaire Depths
OCEANS OF THE WORLD
Czech Republic Bohemia 1) Pacific 155,557,000 sq km
Dhaka Dacca
2) Atlantic 76,762,000 sq km
Djakarta Batavia
3) Indian 68,556,000 sq km
Djibouti Obock Territory
Ethiopia Abyssinia 4) Southern 20,327,000 sq km
French Gaul 5) Arctic 14,056,000 sq km
Ghana Gold Coast

24
OCEAN'S GREATEST DEPTHS 2 Luxor, Egypt 0.03"
Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean 35,827 ft 3 Arica Desert, Chile 0.04"
1) 4 Ica, Peru 0.1"
2) Puerto Rico Trench, Atlantic Ocean 30,246 ft 5 Antofagasta, Chile 0.2"
3) Java Trench, Indian Ocean 24,460 ft 6 El Minya, Egypt 0.2"
4) Arctic Basin, Arctic Ocean 18,456 ft 7 Asyut, Egypt 0.2"

DEEPEST OCEANS AND SEAS WETTEST INHABITED PLACES


1) Pacific Ocean 35,827 ft (10,924 m) (Rain fall in inches per year)
2) Atlantic Ocean 30,246 ft (9,219 m) 1 Buenaventira, Colombia 267"
3) Indian Ocean 24,460 ft (7,455 m) 2 Monrovia, Liberia 202"
4) Caribbean Sea 22,788 ft (6,946 m) 3 Pagp Pago, American Samoa 198"
5) Arctic Ocean 18,456 ft (5,625 m) 4 Moulein, Burma (Myanmar 192"
6) South China Sea 16,456 ft (5,016 m) 5 Lae, Papua New Guinea 183"
7) Bering Sea 15,659 ft (4,773 m) 6 Baguio, Philippines180"
8) Mediterranean Sea 15,197 ft (4,632 m) 7 Sylhet, Bangladesh 178"
9) Gulf of Mexico 12,425 ft (3,787 m)
Hottest, Coldest, Driest, Wettest
10) Japan Sea 12,276 ft (3,742 m)
1 Hottest Place Dalol, Denakil
Depression, Ethiopia, annual average
MAJOR SEAS temperature (93.2F, 34C)
1) South China 2,974,600 sq km
2 Coldest Place Plateau Station,
2) Caribbean 2,515,900 sq km Antarctica, annual average
3) Mediterranean 2,510,000 sq km temperature (-56.7C)
3 Wettest Place Mawsynram, Assam,
4) Bering 2,261,100 sq km India, annual average rainfall (11,873
5) Gulf of Mexico 1,507,600 sq km mm, 467.4")
4 Driest Place Atacama Desert, Chile,
6) Arabian Sea 1,498,320 sq km
imperceptible rainfall on a yearly
7) Sea of Okhotsk 1,392,100 sq km
8) Sea of Japan (East Sea) 1,012,900 sq km *Major Lakes of World- By Size & By
9) Hudson Bay 730,100 sq km Depth
10) East China 664,600 sq km MAJOR LAKES (by size)
11) Andaman 564,900 sq km 1) Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe 371,000 sq km
12) Black 507,900 sq km 2) Superior, North America 82,100 sq km
13) Red 453,000 sq km 3) Victoria, Africa 69,500 sq km
4) Huron, North America 59,600 sq km
*Driest and Wettest Inhabited Places in
the world 5) Michigan, North America 57,800 sq km

DRIEST INHABITED PLACES 6) Tanganyika, Africa 32,900 sq km

(Rain fall in inches per year) 7) Baikal, Asia 31,500 sq km


8) Great Bear, North America 31,300 sq km
1 Aswan, Egypt 0.02"

25
9) Malawi, Africa 28,900 sq km 10. Gibson, Australia 60,000 sq. miles
10) Great Slave, Canada 28,568 sq km 11. Simpson, Australia 56,000 sq. miles
11) Erie, North America 25,667 sq km 12. Mohave, S,W, USA 25,000 sq. miles
12) Winnipeg, Canada 24,387 sq km
13) Ontario, North America 19,529 sq km Cool Coastal Deserts of the World
14) Balkhash, Kazakhstan 18,300 sq km 1. Atacama, Chile SA 54,000 sq. miles
2. Namib, S.W. Africa 31,000 sq. miles
DEEPEST LAKES (by greatest depth)
1) Baikal, Russian Fed. 5,315 ft Cold Winter Deserts of the World
2) Tanganyika, Africa 4,800 ft 1. Gobi, China, Mongolia 500,000 sq. miles
3) Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe 3,363 ft 2. Patagonian, Argentina 260,000 sq. miles
4) Malawi or Nyasa, Africa 2,317 ft 3. Great Basin, S.W. USA 190,000 sq. miles
5) Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan 2,303 ft 4. Karakum, Turkmenistan 135,000 sq. miles
5. Colorado Plateau, USA 130,000 sq. miles
*Ranks of Different Languages in the
World 6. Kyzyl Kum, West Asia 115,000 sq. miles
LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD 7. Taklamakan, China 105,000 sq. miles

1 Chinese Mandarin 1 billion + 8. Dasht-e Kavir, Iran 30,000 sq. miles


2 English 512 million
3 Hindi 501 million Polar Deserts of the World

4 Spanish 399 million 1. Antarctic 5,339,000 sq. miles

5 Russian 285 million 2. Arctic 5,300,000 sq. miles

6 Arabic 265 million


7 Bengali 245 million
8 Portuguese 196 million
25+ Important International Boundaries
*Largest Deserts of the World: Sub- around the world
Tropical & Coolest
Important International Boundary Lines
LARGEST DESERTS ON THE PLANET Durand Line Durand Line It is the line
Subtropical Deserts of the World demarcating the boundaries of
1. Sahara, North Africa 3,320,000 sq. miles India and Afghanistan. It was
2. Arabian, Middle East 900,000 sq. miles drawn up in 1893 by Sir
3. Kalahari, Southern Africa 360,000 sq. miles Mortimer Durand. India
4. Great Victoria, Australia 250,000 sq. miles recognizes Durand Line but
5. Syrian, Syria, Jordan, Iraq 200,000 sq. miles Afghanistan does not.
6. Chihuahuan, Mexico, U.S. 175,000 sq. miles
Hindenburg Hindenburg Line It is the
7. Great Sandy, Australia 150,000 sq. miles
Line boundary dividing Germany and
8. Sonoran, Mexico, U,S, 120,000 sq. miles
Poland. The German marched to
9. Thar, India, Pakistan 77,000 sq. miles
this line in 1917 during World

26
War I. 24th Parallel 24th Parallel is the line which
Pakistan claims for demarcation
Mason-Dixon Mason-Dixon Line is a line of between India and Pakistan.
Line demarcation between four This, however, is not recognized
states in the United State. by India
Marginal Marginal Line was the 320 km 26th Parallel 26th Parallel south is a circle
Line line of fortification on the of latitude which crosses
Russia-Finland border. Drawn through Africa, Australia and
up by General Mannerheim. South America.
30th Parallel 30th Parallel north is a line of
Macmahon Macmahon Line was drawn up latitude that stands one-third of
Line by Sir Henry MacMahon, the way between the equator
demarcating the frontier of and the North Pole.
India and China. China did not 33rd Parallel 33rd Parallel north is a circle
recognize the MacMahon line of latitude which cuts through
and crossed it in 1962. the southern United States,
Medicine Medicine Line is the border parts of North Africa, parts of
Line between Canada and the United the Middle East, and China.
States. 35th Parallel 35th Parallel north forms the
Order-Neisse Order-Neisse Line It is the boundary between the State of
Line border between Poland and North Carolina and the State of
Germany running along the Georgia and the boundary
Oder and Neisse rivers; adopted between the State of Tennessee
after the Poland Conference ( arid the State of Georgia, the
August 1945 ) after the World State of Albama, and the State
War II. of Mississippi.
Radcliffe Radcliffe Line was drawn up 36th Parallel 36th Parallel forms the
Line by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, southermost boundary of the
demarcating the boudary State of Missouri with the State
between India and Pakistan. of Arkansas.
Siegfried Line is the line of o
36 30' 36o30' Parallel north forms
fortification drawn up by Parallel the boundary between the
Germany on its border with Tenessee and the
France. Commonwealth of Kentucky
17th Parallel 17th Parallel defined the between the Tennessee River
boundary between North and the Mississippi River, the
Vietnam and South Vietnam boundary between Missouri and
before two were united. Arkansas west of the White

27
River, and the northermost is 44 degrees north of the
boundary between the Texas Earth's equatorial plane.
and the Oklahoma. 45th 45th Parallel north is often the
Parallel north halfway point between the
Equator and the North Pole. The
37th Parallel 37th Parallel north formed the
45th parallel makes up most of
southern boundary of the
the boundary between
historic and extralegal Territory
Montana and Wyoming.
of Jefferson.
49th Parallel 49th Parallel is the boundary
38th Parallel 38th Parallel is the parallel of
between USA and Canada.
latitude which separates North
Zambezi Zambezi River
Korea and South Korea.
River the boundary proceeds
39th Parallel 39th Parallel north is an
eastwards in a straight line to a
imaginary circle of latitude that
point on the
is 39 degrees north of Earth's
international boundary between
equatorial plane.
Zambia and Zimbabwe
40th Parallel 40th Parallel north formed the
original northern boundary of *Define Isoline? Types of Isolines
the British Colony of Maryland. An isoline is a line connecting points of equal value .
41st Parallel 41st Parallel north forms the Isolines are often used on maps to represent points of
northern boundary of the State equal value. This is a list of some common (as well
of Colorado with Nebraska and as obscure) types of Isolines. The prefix "iso-" means
Wyoming and the southern "equal."
boundary of the State of Meteorologists use Isolines to quickly show these
Wyoming with Colorado and temperature differences on a map. Isolines are
Utah. effective because they very quickly communicate the

42nd Parallel 42nd Parallel north forms distributions being examined.

most of the New York - Types of Isolines


Pennsylvania Border.
Isolines Isolines are often used on
43rd Parallel 43rd Parallel north forms most
maps to represent points of
of the boundary between the
equal value. This is a list of
State of Nebraska and the State
some common (as well as
of South Dakota and also
obscure) types of isolines. The
formed the northern border of
prefix "iso-" means "equal."
the historic and extralegal
isobar A line representing points of
Territory of Jefferson.
equal atmospheric pressure
The Parallel The Parallel 44o north is an
isobath A line representing points of
o
44 north imaginary circle of latitude that
equal depth under water

28
isobathytherm A line representing depths of isopectic A line representing points
water with equal temperature where ice begins to form at the
same time each fall or winter
isochasm A line representing points of isophene A line representing points
equal recurrence of auroras where biological events occur
isocheim A line representing points of at the same time, such as crops
equal mean winter temperature flowering
isochrone A line representing points of isoplat A line representing points of
equal time-distance from a equal acidity, as in acid
point, such as the precipitation
transportation time from a isopleth A line representing points of
particular point equal numerical value, such as
isodapane A line representing points of population
equal transport costs for isopor A line representing points of
products from production to equal annual change in
markets magnetic declination
isodose A line representing points of isostere A line representing points of
equal intensity of radiation equal atmospheric density
isodrosotherm A line representing points of isotac A line representing points
equal dew point where ice begins to melt at the
isogeotherm A line representing points of same time each spring
equal mean temperature isotach A line representing points of
isogloss A line separating linguistic equal wind speed
features isothere A line representing points of
isogonal A line representing points of equal mean summer
equal magnetic declination temperature
isohaline A line representing points of isotherm A line representing points of
equal salinity in the ocean equal temperature
isohel A line representing points isotim A line representing points of
receiving equal amounts of equal transport costs from the
sunshine source of a raw material
isohume A line representing points of Contour Line Joins points of the same
equal humidity height above ground.
isohyet A line representing points of *110+ Important Sports Tournaments,
equal precipitation Cups & Trophies in Sports World
isoneph A line representing points of Important Sports Tournaments, Cups &
equal amounts of cloud cover Trophies

29
American Cup Yatch USA Trophy
Racing
Ashes Cup Cricket Australia League Football International
England Championship
Augusta Masters Golf International Trophy

Australian Open Lawn Tennis International Liners Open Golf International

Azlan Cup Hockey International Malaysian Open Badminton International

BCS Trophy Football America Mann Cup Lacrosse America

Bledisloe Cup Rugby NewZealand McClelland Football Australia


& Australia Trophy

Borg Warner Motorsports Indianapolis Meredka Cup Football Asia


Trophy America MLS Cup Soccer America
British Open Golf International Old Oaken Football Intercollege
Calcutta Cup Rugby England and Bucket America
Scotland Premier League Football International
Trophy
Champions Hockey International Prince of Wales Gol f England
trophy Cup
Colombo Cup Football International Stanley Cup Hockey America
Commissioners Baseball America Swaythling Cup Table Tennis World
Trophy Tata Open Lawn Tennis International
Davis Cup Tennis International The Scottish Cup Football International
Derby Horse Racing International Thomas Cup Badminton World
European Football International U. Thant Cup Tennis International
Champion Uber Cup Badminton World
Clubs Cup (Women)
FIFA World Cup Football International UEFA Football International
Trophy Champions
French Open Lawn Tennis International League
Grey Cup Football US & US Maters Golf International
Canada US Open Lawn Tennis International
Heineken Cup Lawn Tennis International Vince Lombardi Super Bowl America
Heisman Trophy Football America Trophy
Hopman Cup Lawn Tennis International Walker Cup Golf England
Kings Cup Air Races England Webb Ellis Cup Rugby World
Larry OBrien Basketball America West Chester Polo England
Championship Cup

30
World Cup Hockey, World Ezra Cup Polo India
Football, F. A. Cup Football India
Cricket G. D. Birla Cricket India
National Trophy
Agarwal Cup Badminton India Ghulam Ahmed Cricket India
Agha Khan Cup Hockey India Trophy
All-India Hockey India Gurmeet Trophy Hockey India
Women's Guru Gura Nanak Cup Hockey India
Nanak Gyanuati Devi Hockey India
Championship Trophy
Bandodkar Football India Holkar Trophy Bridge India
Trophy lrani Trophy Cricket India
Bangalore Blues Basketball India I. F. A. Shield Football India
Challenge Cup lndira Gold Cup Hockey India
Barna-Bellack Table Tennis India Jawaharlal Air Racing India
Cup Challenge
Beighton Cup Hockey India Jaswant Singh Best India
Bombay Gold Hockey India Trophy Services
Cup Sportsman
Burdwan Trophy Weight- India Kuppuswamy Hockey India
lifting Naidu Trophy
Charminar Athletics India Lady Rattan Hockey India
Trophy Tata Trophy
Chadha Cup Badminton India MCC Trophy Hockey India
C. K. Naydu Cricket India Moinuddaula Cricket India
Trophy Gold Cup
Chakoia Gold Football India Murugappa Gold Hockey India
Trophy Cup
Divan Cup Badminton India Modi Gold Cup Hockey India
Deodhar Trophy Cricket India Narang Cup Badminton India
Duleep Trophy Cricket India Nehru Trophy Hockey India
D. C. M. Cup Football India Nixan Gold Cup Football India
Durand Cup Football India Obaid Ullah Hockey India
Dhyan Chand Hockey India Gold Cup
Trophy Prithi Singh Cup Polo India
Dr. B. C. Roy Football India Rani Jhansi Cricket India
Trophy (Junior) Trophy

31
Ranjit Trophy Cricket India Trophy
Rangaswami Hockey India Wills Trophy Cricket India
Cup
*180+ Famous Books & Their Authors
Ranjit Singh Hockey India
Book's Name Author's Name
Gold Cup
Allahabad Prasasti Harisen
Rajendra Prasad Tennis India
The Bandit Queen Mala Sen
Cup
The Indian War of V. D. Savarkar
Ramanujan Table Tennis India
Independence
Trophy
The of Loss Kiran Desai
Rene Frank Hockey India
The Prince Maciavaly
Trophy
The Village BytheSea Anita Desai
Radha Mohan Polo India
All thePrime Minister's Men Janardan Thakur
Cup
A Bend in the River V. S. Naipaul
Raghbir Singh Football India
A Gift of Monotheists Ram Mohan Roy
Memorial
A House for Mr.Biswas V.S.Naipaul
Rohinton Baria Cricket India
Trophy
A Journey Tony Blair
Rovers Cup Football India
A Minister and his Morarji Bhai Desai
Sanjay Gold Cup Football India
Responsibilities
Santosh Trophy Football India
A Nation is Making Surendra Nath
Sir Ashutosh Football India
Bandhopadhye
Mukherjee
A Pair of Blue Eyes Thomash Hardy
Subroto Cup Football India
A Passage to India E. M. Foster
Scindia Gold Hockey India
A Revenue Stamp Amrita Pritam
Cup
(autobiography)
Sahni Trophy Hockey India
A Strange and Sublime Amit Choudhary
Sheesh Mahal Cricket India
Address
Trophy
A Suitable Boy Bikram Seth
Todd Memorial Football India
A Tale of Two Cities Charls Dikens
Trophy
A Voice of Freedom Nayantara Shehgal
Tommy Eman Hockey India
A week with Gandhi L. Fischer
Gold Cup
Football India A. Book R. Kippling
Vittal Trophy
Cricket India A. Indian and Their Manohar and Sarita
Vizzy Trophy
Landmark Speeches Prabhakar
Vijay Merchant Cricket India
Adventures of Sherlock ArtherDoel
Trophy
Homes
Wellington Rowing India

32
Amitabh- the Making Susmita Das Gupta Desert Village Oliver Goldsmith
oftheSuperstar Devdas Sarat Chandra
Amukta Malyad Krishna Deva Raya Chattopadhyay
An Unknown Indian Nirod C. Choudhary Development as Freedom Amartya Sen
Anand Math Bankim Chandra Devi Chaudharani Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhaye Chattopadhaye
Anna Karenina Leo Tolstoy Devine Comedi Dante
Aparajito Bibhuti Bhushan Divine Life Sivanand
Bandopadhyay Economic History of India Ramesh Chandra Dutta
Apple Cart G. B. Shaw End and Means Huxlay
Aranyak Bibhuti Bhushan Faust Goethe
Bandopadhyay Ferary Queen A. Spensar
Arogyaniketan Tarashankar Freedom at Midnight Lapierre & Collins
Bandopadhyay Friend Not Master Ayub Khan
Astyadhaye Panini Ganadebota Tarashankar
Bakul Katha Ashapurna Devi Bandopadhyay
Ban Palashir Padabali Ramapada Chowdhury Gathering Strom Churchil
Bandit Queen Mala Sen Gaurdbaho Bakpatiraj
Bela Obela Kalbela Jibanananda Das Ghulam Giri Jyotiba Phule
Bengali Zamindar Nilmoni Mukherjee Global Crisis Recession and Y.B. Reddy
Bicramanchadev Bilhon Uneven Recovery
Blind Beauty Boris Pasternak Guide R. K. Narayanan
Buddhacharit Asha Ghosh Hero of Nymph Aurobindo Ghosh
Causes oftheIndian Mutiny Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan Hind Swaraj M. K. Gandhi
Charitraheen Sarat Chandra Hindu View of Life S. Radhakrishnan
Chattopadhyay Historica Herodotus
Chidambara S. N. Panth I followtheMahatma K. M. Munshi
Circle oftheRegion Amitabha Ghosh I Van Ho Walter Scot
City of Job Charnak Nisith Ranjan Roy i. Lady Michel Madhusudan
Commedy Errors Shekhspear Dutta
Conversations with Myself Nelson Mandela i. Midnight Children Salman Rushdi
Coolie Mulkraj Anand I. of Loss Kiran Desai
Crisis of India Ronal Segal Ignited Minds - DR. A.P.J. Abdul
Das Capital Karl Marks Unleashing the power Kalam
Death of President W. Marchent within India
Decamaren Bocachio In an Antique Land Amitabh Ghosh

33
India 2020 - A Vision DR. A.P.J. Abdul New Dimensions of India's A. B. Vajpayee
for the New Millennium Kalam Foreign Policy
India Divided Rajendra Prashad New India Annie Besant
India for A Billion Reasons Amit Dasgupta One Night @ the Call Centre Chetan Bhagat
India Wins Freedom Abdul Kalam Azad Padma Nadir Majhi Manik Bandopadhyay
Indian Epigraphy D. C. Sircar Pakhtoon Khan Abdul Ghaffar
Indian Village S. C. Dube Khan
Indian war and Independence D. V. Savarkar Palli Samaj Sarat Chandra
Indica Megasthenis Chattopadhyay
Infinite Jest David Foster Wallace Paradise Lost John Milton
Jalsaghar Tarashankar Parineeta Sarat Chandra
Bandopadhyay Chattopadhyay
Jhara Palak Jibanananda Das Pather Panchali Bibhuti BHushan
Jinnah- India, Partition, Jaswant Singh Bandopadhaye
Independence Poverty & Un-British Rule in Dadabhai Naoroji
Kanterbary Tells Geofray Chosar India

Kidnapped Stevenson Pratham Pratisruti Ashapurna Devi

Kubla Khan Coleridge Precepts of Jesus Ram Mohan Roy

Lalit Bihar Ashwa Ghosh Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen

Life Divine Aurobindo Ghosh Principles of Sociology Herbert Spencer

Mahabhashya Patanjali Prison Diary Jay Prakash Narayan

Man and Superman G. B. Shaw Problems oftheEast Lord Curzon

Mitakshara Vijnaneswara Putul Nacher Itikatha Manik Bandopadhyay

Modernization of Indian Yogendra Singh Races and Cultures of India D. N. Majumdar


Tradition Rajtarangini Kalhan
Mother Maxim Gorkay Ramcharit S. K. Nandi
Mother India Katharin Mayo Rashmirathi Ramdhari Singh Dinkar
Murder in Cathedral Elliot River of Smoke Amitav Ghosh
My Country My Life Lal Krishna Advani Saket Mathili Saran Gupta
My Experiments With Truth M. K. Gandhi Satyarth Prakash Swami Dayanand
My Indian Years Lord Hardinge II Shadow Line Amitabh Ghosh
My Journey DR. A.P.J. Abdul Shadow of Ladakh B. Bhattacharia
Kalam Shape of Things To Come H. G. Wells
Myth of Independence Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Sitaram Bankim Chandra
Neel Darpan Dinbandhu Mitra Chattopadhaye
Netaji Dead or Alive Samar Guha Social Structure of Values Radha Kamal

34
Mukherjee Urbashi R. D. Dinkar
Straight from the Heart Kapil Dev Utopia Thomas Moor
Subarnalata Ashapurna Devi Vision of the Past Michel Madhusudan
Tahakak - E - Hind Albiruni Dutta
Talisman Walter Scott Volga Se Ganga Rahul Sankritayan
The Algebra of Infinite Arundhati Roy War and Peace Tolstoy
Justice What Congress and Gandhi B. R. Ambedkar
The City of Joy Dhominic Lapier have done to the untouchables
The God of Small Things Arundhuti Roy Wings of Fire DR. A. P. J. Abdul
The Judgement Kuldip Nayar Kalam
The Miracle of Democracy: Mr. T. S. *First in India - Women
India's Amazing Journey Krishnamurthy First in India: Women
The Nehrus; Motilal and B. R. Nanda The first lady to become Rita Faria
Jawaharlal Miss World
The first woman judge in Mrs. Meera Sahib
The of Islam Syyed Amir Ali
Supreme Court Fatima Bibi
The Rediscovery of India Meghnad Desai The first woman Miss C.B. Muthamma
The Satanic Verse Salman Rushdi Ambassador
The first woman Mrs Sarojini Naidu
The Science of Bharat Saroja Vaidyanathan
Governor of a state in
Natyam free India
The Sense of an Ending Julian Barnes The first woman Speaker Shanno Devi
The White Tiger Aravind Adiga of a State Assembly
The first woman Prime Mrs Indira Gandhi
The HarrySeries J. K. Rowling
Minister
TheDiscovery of India Jawahar Lal Nehru The first woman Minister Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
TheIndian Struggle Subash Chandra Bose in a Government
TheMasque of Africa V. S. Naipaul The first woman to climb Bachhendri Pal
Mount Everest
TheNadars of Tamil Nadu D. N. Dhanagre
The first woman to climb Santosh Yadav
Theory of Relativity Einstein Mount Everest twice
TheSilent Cry Kenjaburo Ue The first woman Mrs Annie Besant
Three Marketiars Alexander Doma President of Indian
National Congress
To all fighters of freedom, J. P. Narayan
The first woman pilot in Harita Kaur Dayal
Why Socialism? Indian Air Force
Truth, Love and A Little Khushwant Singh The first woman Kadambini Ganguly and
Malice Graduates Chandramukhi Basu,
1883
Two Leaves and a Bud Mulkraj Anand
The first woman Airline Durba Banerjee
Two Lives Vikram Seth Pilot
Unhappy India Lala Lajpat Rai The first woman Honours Kamini Roy, 1886
Graduate

35
The first woman Olympic Karnam Malleswari, The first woman to Mrs Indira Gandhi
medal Winner 2000 receive Bharat Ratna
The first woman Asian Kamlijit Sandhu The first woman to Ashpurna Devi
Games Gold Medal receive Jnanpith Award
Winner
The first woman Lawyer Cornelia Sorabjee
*First in Indian - Men
The first woman Mrs Vijaya Laxmi First in India - Men
President of United Pandit The first President of Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Nations General Indian Republic
Assembly The first Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
The first woman Chief Mrs Sucheta Kripalani of free India
Minister of an Indian The first Indian to win Rabindranath Tagore
State Nobel Prize
The first woman Roze Millian Bethew The first President of W.C. Banerjee
Chairman of Union Indian National Congress
Public Service The first Muslim Badruddin Tayyabji
Commission President of Indian
The first woman Director Kanchan Chaudhary National Congress
General of Police Bhattacharya The first Muslim Dr. Zakir Hussain
The first woman Judge Anna Chandy (She President of India
became judge in a The first British Governor Lord William
district court in 1937) General of India Bentinck(1833-1835)
The first woman Cheif Mrs Leela Seth The first British Governor Lord Warren
Justice of High Court (Himachal Pradesh High General of Bengal Hasting(1774-1885)
Court) The first British Viceroy Lord Canning
The first woman Judge in Kumari Justice M. of India
Supreme Court of India Fathima Beevi The first Governor Lord Mountbatten
The first woman Puneeta Arora General of free India
Lieutenant General The first and the last C. Rajgopalachari
The first woman Air Vice P. Bandopadhyaya Indian to be Governor
Marshal General of free India
The first woman Sushma Chawla The first man who James Hicky
chairperson of Indian introduced printing press
Airlines in India
The first woman IPS Mrs. Kiran Bedi The first Indian to join the Satyendra Nath Tagore
officer I.C.S
The first and last Muslim Razia Sultan Indias first man in Space Rakesh Sharma
woman ruler of India The first Prime Minister Morarji Desai
The first woman to Nirja Bhanot of India who resigned
receive Ashoka Chakra without completing the
The first woman to Ashapurna Devi full term
receive Jnanpith Award The first Indian General Cariappa
The first woman to cross Aarti Saha Commander-in-Chief of
English Channel India
The first woman to Mother Teresa The first Chief of Army Gen. Maharaj Rajendra
receive Nobel Prize Staff Singhji

36
The first Indian Member S.P.Sinha The first person of Indian Hargovind Khurana
of the Viceroys executive origin to receive Nobel
council Prize in Medicine
The first President of Dr. Zakhir Hussain The first Chinese traveller Fahein
India who died while in to visit India
office The first person to receive Saifuddin Kitchlu
The first Muslim Dr. Zakhir Hussain Stalin Prize
President of Indian The first person to resign Shyama Prasad
Republic from the Central Cabinet Mukherjee
The first Prime Minister Charan Singh The first person to receive Amartya Sen
of India who did not face Nobel Prize in Economics
the Parliament The first Chief Justice of Justice Hirala J. Kania
The first Field Marshal of S.H.F. Manekshaw Supreme Court
India The first Indian Pilot J.R.D. Tata (1929)
The first Indian to get C.V.Raman
Nobel Prize in Physics *Land Locked Countries of the World -
The first Indian to receive Dr. Radhakrishnan Continent Wise
Bharat Ratna award What is a land-locked country?
The first Indian to cross Mihir Sen It is a country with no coastline at all. There are 48
English Channel landlocked countries in the world, including partially
The first Person to receive Sri Shankar Kurup recognized states. Important Countries continent
Jnanpith award
wise are given below:
The firs Speaker of the Ganesh Vasudeva AFRICA
Lok Sabha Mavalankar
1. Burundi
The first Vice-President Dr. Radhakrishnan
of India 2. Bukma-Fase
The first Education Abdul Kalam Azad 3. Botswana
Minister
The first Home minister Sardar Vallabh Bhai 4. Central African Republic
of India Patel 5. Chad
The first Indian Air Chief S. Mukherjee
6. Ethiopia
Marshal
The first Indian Naval Vice Admiral R.D. 7. Lesotho
Chief Katari
8. Malawi
The first Judge of Dr. Nagendra Singh
International Court of 9. Mali
Justice 10. Niger
The first person to reach Sherpa Anga Dorjee
Mt. Everest without 11. Rwanda
oxygen 12. Swaziland
The first person to get Major Somnath Sharma
13. Uganda
Param Vir Chakra
ASIA
The first Chief Election Sukumar Sen
Commissioner 1. Afghanistan
The first person to receive Acharya Vinoba Bhave 2. Bhutan
Magsaysay Award

37
3. Kazakhstan Event Year
4. Kurgyzstan Colour Television started 1982
5. Laos Railways started 1853, April 16
6. Mongolia 1st electric train 1925, Feb 23
7. Nepal First issue of Postal Stamp 1825 (in Sind)
8. Tajkistan 1851 (Calcutta &
9. Turkmenistan First Telegraph line Diamond
10. Uzbekistan Harbour)
EUROPE 1781, Jan 29
1. Armenia Newspaper Hicky Calcutta
2. Azerbaijan Gazette
3. Austria First Atomic Power
4. Belarus
Station commissioned at 1969
Tarapur
5. Czech Rep.
First nuclear test carried
6. Hungary 1974, 18 May
out
7. Liechtenstein
First satellite launched 1975, 19 Apr
8. Luiemboutg
1995, Aug 15
9. Moldova Internet came to India (provided by
10. Macedonia BSNL)
11. Serbia First air mail in India &
12. Switzerland World Bumraulli to 1911
13. Slovakia Allahabad (6 miles)
14. SanMarino First indigenously built
Shalki
submarine of India
15. Vatican city
SOUTH AMERICA India's first newsprint
Nepanagar (MP)
1. Bolivia factory was set up at
2. Paraguay

*Technological first in India


Event Year
Broadcasting started in
1927
India
All India Radio established 1936
Television started 1959

38
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