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h11
MIMO channel
s1 n1
s1 h22 r1
s2 r2 Space-time
Space-time
Encoder Decoder
(TX) sN
rM
(RX)
hMN n2
r r1 rM C M
T
nM
s s1 s N C
T N
n n1 nM C M
T
MIMO fundamentals
Propagation scenarios
Channel Gain between Tx antenna n and Rx antenna m is the random complex scalar
hmn
but the fading channel is now a random process that should be estimated
MIMO fundamentals
Propagation scenarios
1
1 1
MIMO fundamentals
Propagation scenarios
MIMO fundamentals
Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity 1/10
HH H , M N
Q H
H H , M N
C E H C (H )
It describes the long-term behaviour of MIMO channel, assuming coding over large
number of blocks, each one experiencing a different channel matrix H.
MIMO fundamentals
Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity 2/10
Ergodic capacity describes the long-term behaviour of the channel. The probability
of error , arbitrarily small, is not guaranteed for a single realization of fading.
The p-percentage outage capacity COUT,p is defined as the rate that can be supported
by (100 - p)% of the fading realizations.
Outage probability describes the short-term behaviour of the channel (namely w.r.t
a channel that is slow or quasi-static )
MIMO fundamentals
Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity 3/10
Ergodic capacity
Block fading channel: entries are random and
are constant during a fixed number of symbol CSIR, CSIT
intervals, which is much shorter than the total
transmission duration.
MIMO fundamentals
Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity 4/10
Ergodic capacity
P H
No CSIT C EH W log 2 det I m HH
N 2
CDIT
C E max EH W log 2 det I m 1 2 H S ( ) H H
S ( ):tr ( S ( )) P
CSIT
C EH max W log 2 det I m 1 2 H S ( H ) H H
S ( H ):tr ( S ( H )) P
MIMO fundamentals
Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity 5/10
For rich scattering and sufficient antenna spacing the channel entries can be
assumed Gaussian i.i.d. (central limit theorem).
HW mn ~ CN (0,1)
E H W mn 0, E H W mm 1
2
P
The optimal transmission strategy with CDIT is S IM
N
MIMO fundamentals
Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity 6/10
P
M, N fixed, SNR C min( M , N ) W log 2 2
SISO Capacity
P
M, SNR fixed, N C M W log 2 1 2
SISO capacity
P
SNR fixed, M = N C min( M , N ) W log 2 1 2
MIMO fundamentals
Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity 7/10
Generally larger than the case CDIT but with the same multiplexing gain, namely min
(M, N). Hence we have only a power gain.
It is important to observe that CSIT > CDIT mostly at low SNRs and, at all SNRs,
when N > M.
MIMO fundamentals
Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity 8/10
MIMO fundamentals
Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity 9/10
MIMO fundamentals
Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity 10/10
MIMO fundamentals
References
[1] B. Vucetic, J. Yuan, Space-Time Coding, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
[2] C. Oestges, B. Clerckx, MIMO Wireless Communications. From real-world propagation to space
time code design, Elsevier, 2007.
[3] G. Tsoulos, MIMO System Technology for Wireless Communications, CRC Press, 2007.
[4] J. Mietzner, R. Schober, L. Lampe, W.H. Gerstacker, P.A. Hoeher, "Multiple-antenna techniques for
wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey," IEEE Communications Surveys &
Tutorials, vol.11, no.2, pp.87-105, 2009.
[5] G. J. Foschini , M. J. Gans, On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using
multiple antennas, Wireless Personal Communications, Springer, 1998.
[6] A.J. Paulray, D.A. Gore, R.U. Nabar, H. Bolcskei, "An overview of MIMO communications - a key to
gigabit wireless," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.92, no.2, pp. 198- 218, Feb. 2004.
[7] 3GPP TR 25.996, Spatial channel model for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) simulations.
MIMO fundamentals
Outline
Introduction
MIMO fundamentals
1/5
Diversity vs. multiplexing trade-off
Diversity gain
Asymptotically we have
Multiplexing gain
MIMO fundamentals
5/5
Diversity vs. multiplexing trade-off
Trade-off d vs. r
d(r) = (M-r)(N-r)
LM+N-1
MIMO fundamentals
1/3
Maximum likelihood decoder
h11
MIMO channel
s1 n1
s1 h22 y1
s2 y2 Space-time
Space-time
Encoder Decoder
(TX) sN
yM
(RX)
hMN n2
y y1 yM C M
T
nM
s s1 s N C
T N
n n1 nM C M
T
MIMO fundamentals
2/3
Maximum likelihood decoder
min
It has exponential complexity since the exhaustive search should be made over 2 qN S
MIMO fundamentals
3/3
Maximum likelihood decoder
Sub-optimal implementations
MIMO fundamentals
Integration with FEC temporal codes
bits symbols
Code + Interleaver + Space Time Coding to the
symbol mapping antennas
Horizontal encoding
Vertical encoding
Diagonal encoding
MIMO fundamentals
Integration with FEC temporal codes
Horizontal encoding
N / NT
symbols
qK / NT Code + Interleaver +
symbol mapping
qK bits 1:NT . .
Demultiplex
Code + Interleaver +
symbol mapping
MIMO fundamentals
Integration with FEC temporal codes
Vertical encoding
N / NT
symbols
N
qK bits Code + Interleaver + symbols .
1:NT
symbol mapping Demultiplex
MIMO fundamentals
Integration with FEC temporal codes
Diagonal encoding
N / NT
qK / NT Code + Interleaver +
symbol mapping
symbols
qK
bits 1:NT Stream .
.
Demultiplex rotator .
Code + Interleaver +
symbol mapping
Frames are rotated on all antennas periodically (see page on D-BLAST, [6]).
MIMO fundamentals
Diversity: space time encoders and decoders 1/1
Architectures
Trellis receivers
Turbo decoders
MIMO fundamentals
MIMO encoders and decoders 1/8
Architectures
Lattice reduction
Iterative receivers
MIMO fundamentals
MIMO encoders and decoders 2/8
Decision-Feedback Detection
Successive cancellation receivers
Successive interference cancellators (SIC)
k=0
Estimate Decode
k-th stream (all the k-th stream
- others are noise)
Remodulate
k=k+1
k-th stream
MIMO fundamentals
MIMO encoders and decoders 3/8
Decision-Feedback Detection
- QRD-based detection
MIMO fundamentals
MIMO encoders and decoders 4/8
a b c d a b c d a
Antennas (space)
a b c d a b c d
3
a b c d a b c
2
Nulled
interference a b c d a b
1
Algorithm outline:
1. Detect each diagonal (a, b, )
2. Subtract detected diagonal from the other signal
3. Repeat
MIMO fundamentals
MIMO encoders and decoders 5/8
V-BLAST receiver
Algorithm outline:
4. Repeat with updated channel matrix until all streams are decoded
[7]
MIMO fundamentals
MIMO encoders and decoders 6/8
Linear precoding
MIMO fundamentals
MIMO encoders and decoders 7/8
Linear precoding
Benefits
MIMO fundamentals
References
[1] B. Vucetic, J. Yuan, Space-Time Coding, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
[2] G. Tsoulos, MIMO System Technology for Wireless Communications, CRC Press, 2007.
[3] A. Paulraj, R. Nabar, D. Gore, Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications, Cambridge
University Press, 2003.
[4] L. Zheng, D. N. C. Tse, Diversity and Multiplexing: A Fundamental Tradeoff in Multiple-Antenna
Channels, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 49, No. 5, May 2003.
[5] H. Jafarkhani, Space--Time Coding:Theory and Practice, 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[6] G.J. Foschini, "Layered Space-Time Architecture for Wireless Communication in a Fading
Environment When Using Multi-Element Antennas". Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, pp. 4159,
1996.
[7] P.W. Wolniansky, G.J. Foschini, G.D. Golden, R.A. Valenzuela, "V-BLAST: an architecture for
realizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel," 1998 URSI International
Symposium on Signals, Systems, and Electronics, 1998.
[8] M. Mohaisen, H. An, K. Chang, Detection Techniques for MIMO Multiplexing: A Comparative
Review, KSII Trans. on Internet and Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2009.
[9] M. Vu, A. Paulraj, MIMO Wireless Linear Precoding, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Sept.
2007.
MIMO fundamentals