Endocrine Glands Classification According to:

Hierarchy of Hormones / Function

Classification of Endocrine Glands

PURE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION GLANDS 1. RELEASING HORMONES/RH (Liberins)

From hypothalamus
Thyroid
promotes secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
Adrenals
Pituitary 2. INHIBITING HORMONES (Statins)
Parathyroid From hypothalamus or GIT
Pineal suppress secretion of particular hormones.

NON-PURE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION GLANDS 3. TROPIC

Stomach (Gastro Intestinal Tract) Stimulate growth and activity of other endocrine
glands.
Skin
Thymus 4. EFFECTOR
Testes Secreted by all other endocrine glands other than
Adipose tissue the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.
Placenta
Pancreas
Hypothalamus Classification According to
Heart
Composition or Structure

Duodenum
Ovary involves specific chemical makeup of hormones
Kidney accompanied by differences in:
o Transport
o Mechanism of Action
Grouping o Metablosim

1. CENTRAL ENDOCRINE GLANDS A. STEROID HORMONES
Hypothalamus Gland Lipid molecules with Cholesterol
Pituitary Gland hydrophobic
Pineal Gland 60-90 mins (half life)
2. PERIPHERAL ENDOCRINE GLANDS PROCUDED BY:
All other glands o Placenta
o Adrenal Cortex (aldosterone & cortisol)
o Testis (testosterone)
Hormones
o Ovary (estrogen & progesterone)
to set in motion or to excite reversibly bound to transport protein
A chemical substance that has a specific regulatory enter the cell by passive diffusion and bind with
effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs or intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
cell types. + transport protein: albumin and globulin
CANDIDATE or POTENTIAL HORMONES + pass cell membranes: attach to nuclear receptors
o not fully qualified hormones (steroid can enter freely)
o eg. Vit D, Ghrelin, Leptin, adipokines + are not packaged, but synthesized and immediately
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released




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B. PROTEIN OR PEPTIDES (POLYPEPTIDES) HORMONES neuro-endocrine hormone active for:
Synthesized and stored within the cell as secretory o EG: heart rate and sweating
granules multiple metabolic metabolism pathways are under
Water-soluble, freely circulate in plasma as the hormonal control
whole molecule or as fragments
Binds to membrane receptors and needs a usually a. regulation of blood glucose
exciting a cellular second messenger o insulin
+ Cannot bind directly to cell membrane o incretins
GI Hormones
2 FORMS stimulates pancreas to release insulin
A. GLYCOPROTEINS they regulate the metabolic absorption
proteins that are covalently attached to a they delay the response of the glucagon
oligosaccharide b. regulation of serum calcium
o FSH, vLH, TSH, hCG o CaSR PTH restores serum calcium
B. PEPTIDES o PTH catalyzes the synthesis of the renal
do not fold, chains of short amino acid hormonal calcitriol
o Insulin, Glucagon, PTH,GH, PRL, Calcitonin, o help the body to adjust to stressful or
ACTH, ADH, Oxytocin, Gastrin emergency situation
o promote or inhibit the production and release of
C. AMINO HORMONES (AMINES) certain other hormones
DERIVATIVE HORMONES
intermediary between steroid and protein hormones Types of Hormone Action
water soluble, secrete in plasma
o Epinephrine, Norephineprine, Thyroxine,
1. ENDOCRINE
Thiodothyroxine is secreted in one location and release into blood
+ Derived from the Amino Acid TYROSINE circulation; binds to specific receptor to elicit
+ Examples: Thyroid Hormones and Catecholamines physiological response
o Thyroid Hormones 2. PARACRINE
Thyroid Hormones: double TYROSINE is secreted in endocrine cells and released into
with the critical incorporation of 3 or 4 interstitial space; binds to specific receptor in
Iodine atoms adjacent cell and affects its function
Water insoluble, like Steroid Hormones 3. AUTOCRINE
o Catecholamines is secreted in endocrine cells and sometimes
Similar to Proteins released into interstitial space; binds to specific
Catecholamines are both Neurohormones receptor on cell of origin resulting to self-regulation
and Neurotransmitters of its function
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are
4. JUXTACRINE
produced by the Adrenal Medulla
is secreted in endocrine cells and remains in relation
Water soluble, like Peptide Hormones

to plasma membrane; acts on immediately adjacent
cell by direct cell-to-cell contact
Functions
5. EXOCRINE
1. Homeostasis is secreted in endocrine cells and released into
water and electrolyte metabolism
lumen of gut; it affects their function
aldosterone, renin and vasopressin
6. NEUROCRINE
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2. Regulate growth and development of the body as a whole

is secreted in neurons and released into extracellular
ACTH
space; binds to receptor in nearby cell and affects its
TSH - regulate the growth and development of
function
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thyroid gland, iodination of T3 and T9

3. Promote sexual maturation, maintain asexual rhythm and 7. NEUROENDOCRINE
facilitate the reproductive process is secreted in neurons and released from nerve
4. Regulate energy production and stabilize the metabolic endings; interacts with receptors of cells at distant
rate
2
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