Wege aus der Krise: Fortschritts-Denken

insightLMU
Research insight LMU / Issue 4, 2012
B
ienenzucht und Buchdruck. Wenn fhrung einer Lkw-Maut in
man mit Dietmar Harhoff ber In- in seinen Augen ein typ
novation redet, kommt er bald auf dafr, dass eine Innovatio
die Ambivalenzen zu sprechen. An den holprigen Start haben kann
beiden Beispielen erlutert er anschau- Erkenntnis, dass etwas sch
lich, dass Neuerungen oft ganz andere Korrektur liegen Welten.
Innovation Research Wege gehen, als es die Urheber im Sinn
hatten. Die Geschichte der sogenannten
so vermessen zu behaupt
zustndigen Firma Toll C
Killerbienen kann er dabei so detailreich gegangen wre, wenn do
erzhlen, als wre er Insektenforscher. nisse eingeflossen wren,

The other mothers

Tatschlich aber leitet Harhoff das Institut INNO-tec erarbeitet. Aber
fr Innovationsforschung, Technologie- dass sein Institut mithilft, d
management und Entrepreneurship an bleme zu schrfen, die a
der LMU, kurz INNO-tec, das untersucht, wenn sich Neuerungen du

of invention
welche Folgen Innovationen mit sich
bringen und unter welchen Bedingungen
Neues entstehen kann.
Ende der 50er Jahre jedenfalls wurden afri-
kanische Bienen in Sdamerika eingefhrt.
by Nikolaus Ntzel Man hoffte, durch eine Kreuzung von Honig-
bienen aus Europa und Afrika neue Rassen
zchten zu knnen. Afrikanisierte Honig-
bienen sollten besonders gut ans tropische
Klima angepasst sein. Allerdings entkam in
Brasilien eine Reihe von afrikanischen Bie-
nenkniginnen. Ihre Nachkommen sind
inzwischen bis in die sdlichen Bundesstaa-
ten der USA vorgedrungen und verletzen
immer wieder Menschen tdlich, sie gelten
als besonders angriffslustig. Das war ein
Innovationsversuch, der in gewisser Hinsicht
danebengegangen ist, stellt Harhoff nch-
In vielen Unternehmen,
schiefluft, sitzen kluge
genau wissen, dass etwas s
diese Erkenntnis spricht si
durch, oder sie wird aus a
nicht umgesetzt.
Zur mglichst reibungslos
chen Innovation gehrt e
This revolutionary innovation comes from Germany, but others denkbare Probleme bei d
Umsetzung oder bei Organ
rake in the profits: mp3 technology. im Blick zu haben. Die deu
che zeigt nach Ansicht von
Source: ddp images auch, wie wichtig ein strate
teter Blick nach vorne ist.
firmen htten jahrelang m
Eine revolutionre Innovation aus Deutschland, das groe Geld machen andere: lung von Spitzentechnolog
die MP3-Technologie. Foto: ddp images: weil sie von politischer Unt
durch das Erneuerbare-E

Countries like Germany that depend on the export of high technology must promote innovation. LMU
tern fest und geht nahtlos zu seinem nchs-
ten Beispiel ber, das ebenfalls die mgliche beim Publikum uerst erfolgreich, werden Das INNO-tec will aber keine wissenschaft- auch Sprachprobleme. Harhoff mchte
profitierten. Ein analytisc
Zukunft htte seiner Mein

researchers led by Dietmar Harhoff at INNO-tec are studying the best ways to help new ideas become
Ambivalenz von Innovationen zeigt. heute aber oft piettvoll verschwiegen. liche Forschung frs Archiv schreiben, nicht zuletzt wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen knnen, dass fr deutsch
Die revolutionre Erfindung, mit der Johan- Mit den Beispielen zeigt Harhoff, welche betont der Institutsvorstand. Es gelte, in den Nachwuchs in die Unternehmen bringen, Solar-Panels nach ihren an
nes Gutenberg Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts Frage das INNO-tec in den Mittelpunkt sei- Unternehmen eine Kultur der Kooperation der darin geschult ist. Schon im dritten gen vor allem eines wichti

reality. den Buchdruck mit beweglichen Lettern in

Europa begrndete, habe zwar auch dazu
gefhrt, dass religise Schriften in greren
Auflagen verffentlicht werden konnten,
ner Arbeit stellt: Wie knnen wir durch
Innovationsmanagement und Prozesssteu-
erung Entwicklungen in eine Richtung
bewegen, die uns sozial wnschenswerte
zu etablieren, Bereiche zusammenzufhren,
die traditionell oft nebeneinanderher arbei-
ten. Immer wieder htten die Ingenieure in
der Entwicklungsabteilung eines Unterneh-
Semester mssen die Studierenden des-
halb im Rahmen einer Pflichtveranstaltung
Unternehmern bei konkreten Projekten
zuarbeiten, damit sie so frh wie mglich
Ihre Kosten deutlich zu
Wettbewerb mit chinesisc
weiterhin halbwegs beste
Die Pleitewelle in der deut

When one discusses innovation with
Dietmar Harhoff, he soon points to the
on to his next example, which also illus- purely random process. It requires
erklrt Harhoff. Doch die Bibel als Schrift- oder privatwirtschaftlich erwnschte Ergeb- mens vor allem technische Fragen im Blick in der Praxis eine Idee davon bekommen, che sei daher zum Teil a
stck, an das viele beim Namen Gutenberg nisse bringt? Innovation sei eben kein rei- und nicht so sehr den Konsumenten. Die was der abstrakte Begriff Innovation machtes Problem.
als Erstes denken, sei eigentlich nicht typisch ner Zufallsprozess, heit es in der Selbst- Fachleute der Marketingabteilung hingegen wirklich bedeutet. Ein Kernthema der Forschu
trates the potential ambivalence of new certain boundary conditions and follows
fr die Anfangszeit des neuen Mediums.
Eine weitere breite Anwendung des Buch-
darstellung seines Instituts. Wenn Neues in
die Welt kommt, gebe es Gesetzmigkeiten,
htten oft Probleme, sich in technische Fra-
gestellungen hineinzudenken, meint Har-
Innovationsmanagement heie auch, die
Risiken richtig einzuschtzen, die jede Neu-
INNO-tec ist die Frage, w
gen gegeben sein mssen

ambivalence associated with the phe- inventions.

drucks ist das Drucken pornografischer
empirical laws that can be rigorously
Schriften gewesen, wei Harhoff. Sie waren
die sich wissenschaftlich untersuchen und
unter Umstnden klug nutzen lassen.
hoff. Innovationsmanagement heie des-
halb auch, kulturelle Probleme berwinden,
erung mit sich bringt, ergnzt Harhoff vor
allem das Risiko des Scheiterns. Die Ein-
Neues aufkommen knnen
durchsetzen. So untersu

nomenon. Taking the fields of beekeep- studied and, under appropriate circum-
22 Einsichten Das Forschungsmagazin Nummer 2 / 2012

ing and printing as examples, he vividly
demonstrates how innovations can de-
velop in ways that their discoverers never
imagined. He tells the story of the so-
called killer bees with the sort of detail
one would expect from an entomologist.
But Harhoff is Director of the Institute
for Innovation Research, Technology
Management and Entrepreneurship
(INNO-tec, for short) at LMU, which is
dedicated to studying the impact of in
novations and the conditions necessary
for bringing them about.
African bees were introduced into South
America at the end of the 1950s, with the
intention of creating new strains by
crossing them with European bees. The
hope was that the resulting Africanized
honeybees would be better adapted to
tropical climates. Unfortunately, several
of the African queens escaped from hives
in Brazil. Meanwhile, their progeny have
spread as far north as the southern Unit-
ed States. They are regarded as particu-
larly aggressive and their stings can be
lethal to humans. Here is an attempt to
innovate that, in a sense, went awry,
says Harhoff dispassionately, and moves
Johannes Gutenbergs revolutionary in- stances, cleverly exploited.
vention of the process of printing with
movable type in the mid-15th century Harhoff emphasizes that INNO-tec is
meant, among other things, that religious not in the business of carrying out inves-
tracts could be published in greater tigations that will be consigned to the
numbers than ever before. But the printed archives. Instead, its goal is to define
Bible, with which most people immedi- and establish a culture of cooperation
ately associate Gutenbergs name, was within companies, to bring together de-
not at all typical of the books produced in partments that have traditionally worked
the early years of the medium. Porno- side by side. Thus, it frequently happens
graphic writings formed another sub- that the engineers in the department of
stantial fraction of the books produced product development focus primarily
by early printers, Harhoff says. These on technical issues and lose sight of
volumes enjoyed great success with the customers needs. Conversely, the mar-
public at the time, but they tend to be keting experts often have difficulty in
passed over in pious silence nowadays. grasping technical problems, says Dietmar
Harhoff. Innovation management there-
Innovations can develop in ways that fore means tackling problems that are
their discoverers never imagined. essentially cultural in nature, and these
include language problems. For this
With these case studies, Harhoff, out- reason, Harhoff is anxious to persuade
lines the issue that is the center of inter- firms to employ knowledgeable young
est at INNO-tec: How can innovation economists who are familiar with such
management and process control be ex- problems. To make sure that his students
ploited to guide research and develop- soon get a feeling for what the abstract
ment in a direction that leads to socially term innovation means in practice,
desirable or economically advantageous they are expected to assist real companies
results? A brochure issued by the Institute with concrete projects as part of their
emphasizes that innovation is not a compulsory second-year coursework.

1

Research
Innovation management is also a matter
of correctly gauging the risks that every
new departure brings with it, Harhoff
adds in particular the risk of failure. In
his view, the unforeseen difficulties en-
countered when a toll system for trucks
was introduced on Germanys auto
bahns provide a typical example of how
an innovation can get off to a bumpy
start. Harhoff is not about to suggest that
Toll Collect, the company involved in that
case, would have had no problems if it
had made use of the kinds of insights
that have emerged from INNO-tecs
work. But he would like to think that his
Institute can make firms more aware of
the kinds of problems that can arise
when one attempts to bring innovations
onto the market. In lots of firms where
things go wrong, there are intelligent
people who know exactly that something
is going wrong but this knowledge nev-
er permeates to the top echelons of the
company, or is not acted upon for some
other reason.
But if an innovation is to achieve a
smooth and successful transition onto
the market, it is not enough to have an eye
for possible problems in its technical
implementation or in organizational pro-
cedures. For Harhoff the German solar
power industry offers an object lesson in
the importance of also having a forward-
looking strategy. For years, German
manufacturers of photocells had great
success in developing their technology
platform, not least because they received
much political support and profited from
measures such as new legislation pro-
moting the use of renewable energy
sources. However, in his opinion, a more
analytical view of the future would have
shown that, to have any realistic chance
of competing with Chinese manufacturers,
German manufacturers of solar panels
should have concentrated above all on
reducing their costs in the wake of their
insightLMU / Issue 4, 2012
initial successes. Thus, for him, the recent one finds that the fraction is 2.8% in
wave of bankruptcies in the German solar Germany. In the US, the figure is 9%.
sector is in part a case of shooting one-
self in the foot. Finding out why this is so is a challeng-
ing and rewarding undertaking, Harhoff
One of the central themes of the re- says. But he warns that there are no
search done at INNO-tec is concerned easy answers. His Institute has designed
with defining the preconditions that a study to define the conditions neces-
facilitate the generation of pioneering sary to enable creativity to blossom.
ideas that have developmental potential What sorts of financial and other re-
and the wherewithal to establish them- sources must be made available? How
selves. For instance, the Institute often much support must come from manage-
looks at the effects of regulations en- ment? Harhoff warns that simplistic and
shrined in patent law, and proposes innocuous conclusions along the lines
ways in which intellectual property can of the environment in the US is more
best be protected so that inventors conducive to innovation than it is in
themselves can harvest the fruits of their Germany, should not be expected from
innovative thinking. such studies.
Discrepancies in the capacity for inno- He takes the view that the current fi-
vation between European regions nancial and debt crises in the Eurozone
are closely bound up with the question
For Harhoff it is of paramount impor- of the capacity for innovation or, more
tance that inventions are turned into precisely, with the glaring differences
useful products where the idea actually between the different regions in the EU
originated. The tale of the MP3 technol- in this respect. The gap between, say,
ogy is, he feels, a classical example of Greece or Southern Italy on the one
what should not happen. In this case, hand and a region like Southern Germany
German researchers developed a tech- on the other is far greater than that be-
nology which has revolutionized the tween different regions of the US. Indeed
storage of music files and other audio the large discrepancies in the capacity
data worldwide but their share in the for innovation and in levels of produc-
economic success of their invention is tivity between regions within Europe
confined to license payments that repre- are the underlying reason for the huge
sent only a very minor fraction of the differences in economic and financial
profits that others make from it. muscle which exist between European
countries, and are thus the real cause of
Harhoff is careful not to paint the whole the currency crisis. Research into inno-
picture in lurid colors. He summarizes vation can help to highlight ways in
the problem in rather more judicious which backward regions can best be
terms: Germany has a bit more trouble helped whether by means of targeted
converting ideas into economically vi- programs or improvements in education.
able applications than other countries
do. But then he cites some striking The Director of INNO-tec sees a major
numbers. If one looks at the proportion role for innovation research in providing
of patent applications that actually result advice to policymakers on how innova-
in the setting up of a company or gener- tions can be translated into economic
ate some other new economic activity, and social progress. Fortunately, Harhoff
2

Research
does not have to force-feed politicians
with his recommendations. On the
contrary, politicians regularly seek his
advice. Harhoff heads the Commission
of Experts on Research and Innovation
(EFI), an advisory body that is charged
with providing an annual report on the
topic to the Federal Government. Harhoff
and his colleagues on the six-member
panel do not restrict themselves to
analyses and guidance on research and
industrial policy. They also diagnose
problems and formulate demands on
issues that inhibit innovation which,
however, they feel are too often disre-
garded.
In their latest report, for example, the
panel forcefully affirms the need to make
better use of the specialist skills that
women possess, stating that policy-
makers should introduce no statutory
incentives that would deter women from
joining the labor force. Specifically, the
innovation experts demand the aboli-
tion of the provision that provides for
the joint assessment of income tax pay-
able by married couples (Ehegatten
splitting). In addition, they warn against
the idea of a Betreuungsgeld, like
that recently introduced by the Federal
Government. This measure effectively
rewards women who choose to remain
at home to look after their children,
rather than returning to work in their
chosen profession.
Furthermore, the panel once again
called for a change in the tax code that
it has repeatedly asked for. For years, its
members have been proposing that pri-
vate firms should be allowed to claim a
tax deduction for research expenditure.
But, as Harhoff says with a note of exas-
peration in his voice: Nothing has been
done, although precisely such a meas-
ure is mentioned in the coalitions own
program for government. And his mood
insightLMU / Issue 4, 2012
hardly improves when he comes to an- And he is in no doubt that the environ-
other tax-relief measure, which the gov- ment at LMU with its very distinctive
ernment very quickly passed after the culture of discussion, as he puts it is
last general election in 2009: Why a re- especially stimulating for innovation re-
duction in the rate of value-added tax searchers. It is no accident, he remarks,
levied on hotels should have been the that the Center for Entrepreneurship,
first priority for the new government is which he also heads, focuses on social
an absolute mystery to me. I even felt projects. Here he mentions a young re-
some sympathy for those who had to searcher in the Humanities who recent-
face the TV cameras and proclaim that ly approached him with an idea on how
the measure would unleash a new dyna- to initiate campaigns to promote politi-
mism in the German economy. cal goals. That kind of cross-disciplinary
interaction is easier to realize when dif-
Nevertheless, Harhoffs estimate of the ferent disciplines are represented under
Wege aus der Krise: Fortschritts-Denken
results of the panels work in the field of one roof, he says.
political consulting is a positive one. If
asked to rate, on a scale of 1 to 10, his Indeed, when Harhoff speaks of the po-
level of satisfaction with the way in tential impact of insights from innovation
which decision-makers have implement-
ed expert advice, he replies: 6 to 7.
che Voraussetzungen vorhanden sein ms-
sen, damit Kreativitt sich durchsetzen
Moreover, he alsokann. has
Welche some
finanziellenother
Mittel undideas
ande-
ren Ressourcen mssen bereitstehen? Wie
on how innovation researchers
viel Untersttzung could
durch Fhrungskrfte
muss es geben? Simple und bequeme Ant-
help politicianswortentonachuse taxInrevenues
dem Muster den Vereinig-
ten Staaten herrscht ein innovationsfreund-
more efficiently.licheres
ForKlima instance, he drfe
als in Deutschland com-
plains that verymanlittle research has been
von solchen Studien allerdings nicht
erwarten, betont Harhoff.
done on outcomes, on
Auch die aktuelle measuring
Finanz- und Schulden-
krise in der Eurozone hngt in seinen
the
actual effects ofAugen government aid pro-
eng mit der Frage der Innovations-
kraft zusammen, genauer: mit den eklatan-
grams. It would ten
beUnterschieden
perfectly possible,
in verschiedenen Regi-he
onen der Europischen Union. Die Kluft
says, to design azwischen
study to assess
beispielsweise theoderim-
Griechenland
pact of innovation vouchers, which small
Sditalien auf der einen Seite und Regionen
wie Sddeutschland auf der anderen Seite
and medium-sized firms could use to
sei weit grer als der Abstand zwischen
den einzelnen Regionen der USA. Der
pay for externalgroeadvice
Unterschiedconcerning re-
in der Innovationskraft
und Produktivitt europischer Regionen
search and development issues.
sei aber letztlich der tiefere As
Grund fr den in
groen Abstand der finanziellen Leistungs-
the case of all public support
fhigkeit verschiedener programs,
Staaten. Und damit
der Grund fr die Krise der europischen
this kind of scheme could tempt firms to
Gemeinschaftswhrung. Innovationsfor-
pocket the subsidy while reducing
schung knne hier versuchen aufzuzeigen,
wie sich rckstndige Regionen frdern
their
own research budgets.
lassen etwa durch gezielte Programme
und durch eine bessere Ausbildung.
An die Politik Hinweise zu geben, wie sich
Neuerungen in wirtschaftlichen und sozia-
When one suggests that an institution
len Fortschritt umsetzen lassen das ist
nach Ansicht des INNO-tec-Leiters Harhoff
like INNO-tec might be better off if it
eine ganz wesentliche Aufgabe der Inno-
were affiliated with a Technical Univer-
vationsforschung. Seine Empfehlungen
muss er der Politik nicht aufdrngen, sie
sity, Dietmar Harhoffs response is im-
fragt ihn vielmehr regelmig danach. Har-
hoff leitet die Expertenkommission For-
mediate. In deciding to establish
schung und Innovation (EFI), die seit 2008
jhrlich ein Gutachten fr die Bundesregie-
innovation research as a discipline with-
rung erstellt. Harhoff und die anderen Mit-
glieder des sechskpfigen Expertengremi-
in its Institute for Economic Sciences in
ums beschrnken sich dabei nicht auf
1994, LMU played a pioneering role in African bees in South America: An innovati-
forschungs- und industriepolitische Analy- In gewisser Weise schiefgegangen: die Einfhrung afrikanischer Bienen. Foto: pa/Arco Images
the field, he says. In this respect, the on that in a sense, went awry.
24 Einsichten Das Forschungsmagazin Nummer 2 / 2012
Technical Universities were latecomers. Source: pa/Arco Images
3
Zu einem Ceterum censeo hat die von Die- Was freilich nicht heien soll, dass In
mar Harhoff geleitete Kommission eine tionsforschung ein Feld fr Schwrme
steuerpolitische Forderung gemacht: Jedes ffentlichen Frdermanahmen sei aller- Doch Innovationsforscher sind gut ber
Jahr von Neuem verlangt sie von der Bun- dings denkbar, dass es bei diesen Gutschei- wenn sie sich die Fhigkeit bewahren,
insightLMU / Issue 4, 2012
desregierung, Privatunternehmen sollten nen betrchtliche Mitnahmeeffekte gebe berraschen zu lassen. Denn oft ist N
ihre Forschungsausgaben bei der Steuer dass also Firmen staatliche Untersttzung auch Unerwartetes. Der Versuch, b
geltend machen knnen. Passiert sei aber einstreichen, gleichzeitig aber ihre eigenen ders tropentaugliche und produktive
Research
nichts, rgert sich Harhoff. Obwohl genau Forschungsbudgets krzen. nen zu zchten, den Dietmar Harhoff g
diese Forderung im Koalitionsvertrag Gehrt eine Einrichtung wie das INNO-tec als Beispiel fr nicht geplante Ergebn
research
steht, sagt on individuals,
er mit leichter Emprunghe expresses
in der well advised
nicht to retain
eigentlich the capacity
an eine for be-Univer-
Technische queen bees. So many films
von Innovation involving
nennt, hatte noch we
himself in terms that one would expect a ing surprised. What is truly novel is al- deadly insects have been made since
Stimme. Und noch etwas missmutiger wird sitt? Dietmar Harhoff ist um eine Antwort Folgen, mit denen die Zchter sicher
humanities scholar to adopt: What it ways unexpected. The attempt to breed the first hybrid bees appeared that crit-
er, wenn er ber
boils eine
down Steuererleichterung
to is how to implement ones auf
morediese Frage bees
productive keinen Moment
adapted to lifeverlegen.
weniger gerechnet haben als mit der F
in ics now assign them to a specific sub-
redet, dieplans,
die Regierung
how to make sehr zgig
ones umge-
dreams come Die
the LMU seiwhich
tropics, Vorreiter gewesen,
Dietmar Harhoff als die of einzelner
fre-siegenre Bienenkniginnen.
the horror film, the killer-bee So gib
setzt hat: Warum eine Mehrwertsteuer-
true. Innovationsforschung
quently cites as an example imof Jahr an inzwischen
1994movie.
the unin- But thats a so viele
topic forKinofilme
another ber td
Absenkung fr die Hotelbranche als erste tendedwirtschaftswissenschaftlichen
ihrem consequences of an innovation, Insti- day, and for specialists other
Fluginsekten, dassthan econo-
Filmkritiker von e
Of course that does not mean that inno- has had further repercussions, for which mists.
Politikmanahme ergriffen werden musste, tut verankert hat. Die Technischen Univer- eigenen Subgenre des Horrorfilms
vation research is a field for dreamy beekeepers were even less prepared
ist mir absolut
types. schleierhaft.
But innovationMir taten die-are
researchers sitten htten in dieser Hinsicht erst spter chen: der
than they were for the escape of a few
Killerbienen-Film. Sich d
Translation: Paul Hardy
jenigen leid, die sich vor die Kameras stel- nachgezogen. Und er ist sicher, dass das zu beschftigen, wre dann aber doch
len mussten, um diese Manahme als ein- Umfeld der LMU ihre ganz eigene Dis- eher keine Aufgabe fr konomen, son
Prof. Dietmar Harhoff, Ph.D.
zigartige Dynamisierung der deutschen kussionskultur, wie er sagt die Innovati-
is Director fr andere
of the Institute Zweige der
for Innovation Wissenschaft.
Research,
Wirtschaft zu feiern. Technology Management and Entrepreneurship
(INNO-tec) and Director of the Entrepreneurship
Dennoch fllt Harhoff ber die Ergebnisse Center at LMU. Born in 1958, Harhoff studied
der Politikberatung, wie er und seine Kolle- Mechanical Engineering at Dortmund University,
gen sie leisten, ein insgesamt positives Urteil. earned
Prof.a Dr.
Masters degree
Dietmar in Public Administration
Harhoff
at ist
Harvard University
Vorstand and obtained
des Instituts his PhD at
fr Innovationsforschung,
Seine Zufriedenheit damit, wie politische theTechnologiemanagement
Massachusetts Institute of und
Technology (MIT).
Entrepreneurship (INNO
Entscheider wissenschaftlichen Rat umset- He completed his Habilitation in economics at
Harhoff, Jahrgang 1958, studierte Maschinenbau, mach
Mannheim University in 1996, and later held staff
zen, wrde er auf einer Skala von eins bis einen Master of Public Administration in Harvard und e
positions at the Center for European Economic
zehn jenseits der Mitte ansiedeln: Sechs bis Researcham
Ph.D. Massachusetts
(ZEW) in MannheimInstitute
and wasofa Technology
visiting (MIT).
habilitierte
professor sichWissenschaftszentrum
at the 1996 an der Universitt Mannheim, for
Berlin
sieben. Und er hat weitere Ideen, wie Inno-
unterHarhoff
(WZB). anderem hasam Zentrum
headed the fr Europische
Commission of Wirtschaft
vationsforscher der Politik helfen knnten, schung
Experts on (ZEW)
ResearchMannheim. Harhoff
and Innovation (EFI)leitet
sincedie
it Expertenk

Steuergeld effizient einzusetzen. Es gebe nur wasmission Forschung
set up by und
the Federal Innovation
Government inder Bundesregierun
2007.

Nummer 2 / 2012 Einsichten Das Forschungsmagazin

The original article appeared in Einsichten das Forschungsmagazin No. 2, 2012, LMUs German-language research magazine. 4
Translation: Paul Hardy, Copyright: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt Mnchen, 2012.