The term export means shipping in the goods and services out of the jurisdiction of a country.

The
seller of such goods and services is referred to as an "exporter" and is based in the country of export
whereas the overseas based buyer is referred to as an "importer". In international trade, "exports"
refers to selling goods and services produced in the home country to other markets. [1]

Export of commercial quantities of goods normally requires involvement of the customs authorities in
both the country of export and the country of import. The advent of small trades over the internet
such as through Amazon and eBay have largely bypassed the involvement of Customs in many
countries because of the low individual values of these trades.[citation needed] Nonetheless, these small
exports are still subject to legal restrictions applied by the country of export. An export's counterpart
is an import.

Exports from India jumped 5.7 percent year-on-year to USD 23.88 billion in
December of 2016, reaching the highest value since March of 2015. Non-
petroleum sales went up 5.4 percent. Considering April to December, exports
rose 0.75 percent. Exports in India averaged 4738.11 USD Million from 1957
until 2016, reaching an all time high of 30541.44 USD Million in March of 2013
and a record low of 59.01 USD Million in June of 1958.

History[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Timeline of international trade.
The theory of international trade and commercial policy is one of the oldest branches of economic
thought. Exporting is a major component of international trade, and the macroeconomic risks and
benefits of exporting are regularly discussed and disputed by economists and others. Two views
concerning international trade present different perspectives. The first recognizes the benefits of
international trade. The second concerns itself with the possibility that certain domestic industries (or
laborers, or culture) could be harmed by foreign competition.

Process[edit]
Methods of export include a product or good or information being mailed, hand-delivered, shipped by
air, shipped by vessel, uploaded to an internet site, or downloaded from an internet site. Exports also
include the distribution of information that can be sent in the form of an email, an email attachment, a
fax or can be shared during a telephone conversation.

1. 1. Indian Export Import Data- a historical view Summary: With time the growth of the
economy was spurred more during liberalization of the economy than during any other
period. Indian export import data has always been of keen importance when it comes to the
analysis of the health of the Indian economy. Exports can be broadly defined as the goods
 that one country sends to another country or a group of countries in exchange of some
commonly accepted currency. In case the trading nations have signed a trade agreement
among themselves then the two nations can export and import goods among themselves by
using either of the two nations currencies. Imports are the commodities that a nation buys
from one nation or a group of nations in exchange of a commonly accepted currency. Often
this commonly accepted currency is the US Dollar or the Euro. In case nations have signed a
bilateral trade agreement they can import and export goods in the barter system. Imports are
often discouraged by some nations which see it as process to drain their economy of
precious foreign currency. The Indian export Import data of previous years can be used as a
cornerstone for the analysis of Indian export import across many decades. The Indian export
import data shows us that there are 3 distinctive sections in the history of Indian exports and
imports. These sections are given below: The period from 1953- 1971 The period from
1972- 1990 The period from 1991- 2009 1. The period from 1953-1971: Indian exports in
this period were almost negligible in todays terms. The only mentionable goods that were
exported were hand woven silk, rice, sugar and wheat. Although these might seem like a
large many sectors, where exports were done but the quantity of these exports were
negligible. Often these sectors were not even in a state to compete with other exporters in
these sectors. This was stage in Indias economy where the focus was on capacity building
rather than export generation, which also resulted in a large amount of imports both of goods
and services. 2. The period from 1972- 1990: Indian export import data clearly points out that
although India still continued its effort of capacity building, the influence of communism on
the central legislation made India take a stance which is often described as, All Exports are
Good, All imports are bad. This was phase marked by the slogan of self sufficiency and of
the license raj. Since India did not have a great many resources
2. 2. at this point to sell to the world, the amount of foreign currency coming into the nation
would be very less which is the reason the foreign currency reserves of the country faced a
massive depletion by 1990. 3. The period from 1991- 2009: Indian export import data tells us
that 1991 ushered in the age of liberalization of the economy. Where customs duty on many
products were lowered and imports and foreign investment were promoted which would
technically result in a larger foreign currency reserve. This the system followed till today. To
know more details about Indian export data, Indian import data, International trade data,
global data provider, customs export import data India, and many other types of
import/export data in India,

Trends in Indian Exports

1. 1. Trends in Indian Exports Course : Money, Banking & Public Finance Instructor : Dr.
Prashanta Panda By PresenterMedia.com
2. 2. Content Layout Topics to be covered in the presentation Vasishta Mit, Miraj, Hari Vasishta
Dev Ishaan, Shreyes Foreign Trade Policy Sector wise distribution of Indian Exports Indian Exports
Post 1991 & Relation with Indian Foreign Exchange Reserves Region wise distribution of Indian
Exports Concepts of Trade - Export
3. 3. Foreign Trade Policy The Union Commerce Ministry, Government of India announces the
integrated Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) for every five year period. <EXIM policy> * Medium term
Policy Objectives : To achieve an Annual Export growth of 15% with an Annual Export Target of US$
200 billion by March 2011. To achieve an Annual Export growth of around 25% by 2014. To double
Indias exports of goods and services by 2014. * Long Term Objective : To double Indias share in
Global Trade by 2020.[ 2009 2014] * Short Term Objectives: To arrest and reverse the declining
trend of exports; and To provide additional support to those sectors which have been hit badly by
recession in the Developed World.
4. 4. *The Indian scenario post 1991 SPECIAL FOCUS INITIATIVES (SFI) TECHNOLOGY
UPGRADATION EPCG Scheme 1. Obligation under EPCG scheme relaxed. 2. To aid technological
up gradation of export sector, EPCG Scheme at Zero Duty has been introduced. 3. Export obligation
on import of spares, moulds etc. under EPCG Scheme has been reduced by 1111150%.
Announcements for MDA & MAI: Higher allocation for Market Development Assistance (MDA) and
Market Access Initiative (MAI) has been announced. Towns of Export Excellence (TEE) The
following cities have been recognized as towns of export excellence (TEE) Handicrafts : Jaipur,
Srinagar and Anantnag Leather Products : Kanpur, Dewas and Ambur Horticultural Products:
Malihabad Extension of Income Tax Exemption to EOU Income Tax exemption to 100% EOUs units
under Section 10B and 10A of Income Tax Act.
5. 5. Assistance from Govt. of India Steps taken to assist exporters EXPORT COMPONENT
SUPPORT Trade Fairs and Exhibitions Export Risk Insurance Finance Quality control and
Pre-shipment Inspection Institutional Assistance India Brand Equity Fund INSTITUTIONAL
SUPPORT 1. 2. 3. 4. Export Inspection Council Indian Institute of Foreign Trade Indian Institute of
Packaging Export Promotion Councils, Commodity Boards and Authorities 5. Federation of Indian
Export Organizations 6. Indian Council of Arbitration 7. India Trade Promotion Organization
6. 6. INDIAN FOREX RESERVES [ 1992- 2013 ]
7. 7. INDIAN EXPORTS [BY VALUE IN INR BILLION] ( 1992 2013 )
8. 8. Indian Oilmeal Exports Iran as the largest importer Oilmeal bird/animal feed
Uncertainty over Indias largest export market Iran 30% exports to Iran 3.55% increase in the
period April August 13 Advantage to Indian exporters Rupee denominated trade with Iran
9. 9. Indian Export Distribution A Sectoral/Industry-wise approach 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Food
& Agro products Leather products Gems & Jewellery Textiles Readymade Garments Chemicals &
Pharmaceuticals Engineering Goods Minerals & Metals Electronic Goods & IT/Service sector
10. 10. Sectoral Distribution of Indian Exports Source : DGCI&S, Ministry of Commerce
11. 11. Food & India is the worlds largest producer of food next to China. Value addition of
food products is expected to increase from 8% to 35% by the end of 2025. Agro-processing
enhance socio-economic impact specifically on employment and income generation. Agro
processing defined as a set of techno- economic activities, applied to all the produces, originating
from agricultural farm. Agricultural Products
12. 12. Nestle Continuously launched new products. Haldirams Competitive pricing and
labor intensive projects. In mass segment, Britannia introduced biscuit packs at lower price. It
has reengineered its cost to lower its own fixed cost structure. Counter the threat of low priced
competition. Companies have adapted various strategies to maintain and increase their market
share in India. India is its 5th largest in terms of production, consumption, export and expected
growth.
13. 13. SWOT Analysis of Food & Huge storage facilities (Cold Storage, Go downs, Granaries)
High transportation costs Perishable goods Diversification of agricultural sector. Weaknesses
Vast domestic market. Round the year availability. Agro sector Strengths

The Composition of Indias Foreign Trade Explained!

Composition of foreign Indian foreign trade means major commodity or

sectors in which India is doing export and import. India is a very old participant
in world trade. Its participation have been promoted by the opening of Suez
Canal and speedy development of the ship building industry supplemented by
the spread of industrial revolution in Europe and fast expansion of Indian
railways.

Indias merchandise exports reached a level of U.S. $185.3 billion during

2008-09 registering a growth of 13.6 per cent as compared to a growth of 29.1
per cent during the previous year. Notwithstanding the deceleration of the
growth in 2008-09, Indias export-sector has exhibited remarkable resilience
and dynamism in the recent years. Our merchandise exports recorded an
Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR) of 23.9 per cent during the five year
period from 2004-05 to 2008-09, as compared to the preceding five years
when the exports increased by a lower AAGR of 14.3 per cent. According to
latest WTO data (2009), Indias share in the world merchandise exports
increased from 0.8 per cent in 2004 to 1.1 per cent in 2008. India also
improved its ranking in the leading exporters in world merchandise trade from
30th in 2004 to 27th in 2008.
The government had initially set an export target of U.S. $200 billion for 2008-
09, which was later revised downward to U.S. $175 billion because of global
slowdown in the second half of the year. With merchandise exports reaching
U.S. $185.3 billion in 2008-09, the actual exports exceeded the target by 5.9
per cent which is a remarkable achievement during a period of recession in
countries of Indias major export destinations.

Exports recorded high growth during the first half of 2008-09 although a
deceleration was witnessed during the subsequent months due to global
economic slowdown. During 2008-09 (April-September) exports grew by 48.1
per cent with almost all the major commodity groups, except marine products,
handicrafts recording significant growth.

In the second half of the year 2008-09 (October-March), exports declined by

(-) 14.7 per cent with almost all the major commodity groups, except gems
and jewellery, RMG, electronic goods, recording significant negative growth.
Commodities like engineering goods, other basic chemicals, man-made yarn,
leather and leather manufacturers, and spices which recorded overall positive
growth during the year, as a whole, also recorded negative growth during the
second half. However, despite the significant decline in the second half of the
2008-09, exports registered an overall growth of 13.6 per cent for the year.

Cumulative imports during 2008-09 was U.S. $303.7 billion as against U.S.
$251.6 billion during the corresponding period of the previous year registering
a growth of 20.7 per cent in $ terms. Oil imports were valued at U.S. $93.7
billion which was 17.4 per cent higher than oil imports valued U.S. $79.8
billion in the corresponding period or previous year. Non-oil imports valued
U.S. $210.0 billion which was 22.2 per cent higher than non-oil imports of U.S.
$171.8 billion in previous year.

Exports by Principal Commodities:

Disaggregated data on exports by principal commodities, in $ terms, is

available for the period 2009-10 (April-September) as compared with the
corresponding period of the previous year. Exports during the period
registered a decline of (-) 29.67 per cent mainly due to significant fall in the
exports of engineering goods, gems and jewellery, petroleum products,
agriculture and allied products, chemical and related products and ores and
minerals.

The share of top five principal commodity groups in Indias total exports during
2009-10 (April-September) is given at figure 3.2:

The export performance (in terms of growth) of top five commodities during
2009-10 (April-September) vis a vis the corresponding period of the previous
year is shown at figure 3.3:

1) Plantation Crops:

Export of plantation crops during 2009-10 (April-September), decreased by

25.8 per cent in U.S. $ terms compared with the corresponding period of the
previous year. Export of Coffee registered a negative growth of 34.6 per cent,
the value increasing from U.S. $610.1 million to U.S. $452.4 million. Export of
Tea also decreased by 17.7 per cent.

2) Agriculture and Allied Products:

Agriculture and allied products as a group include cereals, pulses, tobacco,

spices, nuts and seeds, oil meals, guar gum meals, castor oil, shellac, sugar
and molasses, processed food, meat and meat products, etc. During 2009-10
(April-September), exports of commodities under this group registered a
negative growth of 34.1 per cent with the value of exports falling from U.S.
$8,613.8 million in the previous year to U.S. $5,675.2 million during the
current year.

3) Ores and Minerals:

Exports of ores and minerals were estimated at U.S. $2,884.1 million during
2009-10 (April-September) registering a negative growth of 35.5 per cent over
the same period of the previous year. Sub-groups, viz., processed minerals,
has recorded a negative growth of 28.9 per cent and coal a positive growth of
40.4 per cent respectively. Mica has registered negative growth of 27.7 per
cent.

4) Leather and Leather Manufactures:

Export of leather and leather manufactures recorded a negative growth of

24.0 per cent during 2009-10 (April-Sep Figure 3.3: Growth (In U.S. S Terms)
of Top Five Commodity Groups in Indias Exports: 2008-09 and 2009-10 (Apr-
September). The value of exports decreased to U.S. $1,531.0 million from
U.S. $2,013.0 million during the same period of the previous year. Exports of
leather and manufactures have registered a negative growth of 28.5 per cent
and leather footwear also registered a negative growth of 18.2 per cent.

5) Gems and Jewellery:

The export of gems and jewellery during 2009-10 (April-September)

decreased to U.S. $13,608.4 million from U.S. $17,387.7 million during the
corresponding period of last year showing a negative growth of 21.7 per cent.

6) Chemical and Related Products:

During the period 2009-10 (April-September), the value of exports of

chemicals and allied products decreased to U.S. $10,550.0 million from U.S.
$13,228.1 million during the same period of the previous year registering a
negative growth of 20.2 per cent. Rubber, glass and other products; residual
chemicals and allied products and basic chemicals, pharmaceuticals and
cosmetics and plastic and linoleum have also registered a negative growth.

7) Engineering Goods:

Items under this group consist of machinery, Iron and Steel and other
engineering items. Export from this sector during the period 2009-10 (April-
September) stood at U.S. $15,143.7 million compared with U.S. $23,214.0
million during the same period of the previous year, registering a negative
growth of 34.8 per cent. Export of machine tools and transport equipments
have registered negative growth of 42.6 and 19.1 per cent respectively.

8) Electronic Goods:

During the period 2009-10 (April-September), exports of electronic goods as a

group were estimated at U.S. $3,086.8 million compared with U.S. $3,828.2
million during the corresponding period of last year, registering a negative
growth of 19.4 per cent.

9) Textiles:

During the period 2009-10 (April-September), the value of textiles exports was
estimated at U.S. $8,657.3 million compared with U.S. $10,151.5 million in the
corresponding period of the previous year, recording a negative growth of 14.7
per cent. The export of Natural Silk Textiles registered a negative growth of
31.0 per cent and man-made textiles and made-ups, has shown a positive
growth of 2.4 per cent.

10) Handicrafts and Carpets:

Exports of handicrafts declined to U.S. $94.6 million during 2009-10 (April-

September), from U.S. $167.2 million during the corresponding period of the
previous year registering a negative growth of 43.4 per cent. Export of carpets
increased marginally to U.S. $437.8 million from U.S. $427.9 million during the
same period last year registering a positive growth of 2.3 per cent.

11) Project Goods:

During 2009-10 (April-September), the export of project goods were estimated

at U.S. $63.5 million compared with U.S. $118.6 million during the
corresponding period of last year registering a negative growth of 46.4 per
cent.
12) Petroleum Products:

Export of petroleum products decreased to U.S. $10,579.8 million during

2009-10 (April-September), as compared with U.S. $18,721.4 million during
the same period of last year recording a negative growth of 43.5 per cent.

13) Cotton Raw Including Waste:

There was a negative growth in the exports of cotton raw including waste by
35.3 per cent from U.S. $400.3 million in 2008-09 (April-September) to U.S.
$259.0 million during 2009-10 (April-September).

Imports by Principal Commodities:

Disaggregated data on imports by principal commodities, in $ terms, is

available for the period 2009-10 (April-September), as compared to the
corresponding period of the previous year. Imports during the period
registered a decline of (-) 23.7 per cent due to a significant fall in the import of
commodities such as Petroleum crude and products, gold, electronics goods,
machinery (except electrical and electronics) and Pearls Precious and semi-
precious stones, etc.

The share of top five Principal Commodity in Indias total imports during 2009-
10 (April-September) is given at figure 3.4.

The import performance by top five principal commodities during 2009- 10

(April-September) vis a vis the corresponding period of the previous year is
shown at figure 3.5:
1) Fertilizers:

During 2009-10 (April-September), import of Fertilizers (manufactured)

decreased to U.S. $2781.0 million from U.S. $6947.0 million in April-
September 2008 recording a negative growth of 60.0 per cent.

2) Petroleum Crude and Products:

The import of petroleum crude and products stood at U.S. $37386.3 million
during April-September, 2009 against U.S. $63284.7 million during the same
period of the previous year registering a negative growth of 41.0 per cent.

3) Pearls, Precious, and Semi-Precious Stones:

Import of pearls, and precious and semi-precious stones during 2009-10

(April- September) decreased to U.S. $5430.1 million from U.S. $10430.1
million during the corresponding period of the previous year registering a
negative growth of 48.0 per cent.

4) Capital Goods:

Import of capital goods, largely comprises of machinery, including transport

equipment and electrical machinery. Import of machine tools, non-electrical
machinery, electrical machinery and transport equipment registered a negative
growth of 41.1 per cent, 22.6 per cent, 29.2 per cent, and 57.3 per cent
respectively.

5) Organic and Inorganic Chemicals:

During 2009-10 (April- September), import of organic and inorganic chemicals

decreased to U.S. $5628.6 million from U.S. $7644.5 million during the same
period of last year, registering a negative growth of 26.4 per cent. Import of
medicinal and pharmaceutical products decreased to U.S. $985.3 million from
U.S. $1021.3 million during the corresponding period of last year registering a
negative growth of 3.5 per cent.