Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Czasy gramatyczne
Zastosowanie:
- czynnoci stae, regularne, powtarzajce si (I go to school every day.)
- prawdy yciowe (The sun rises in the East.)
- przyzwyczajenia (I always watch TV.)
- wyraanie uczu (I like ice-cream.)
- rozkady jazdy, plany lekcji, repertuary kin (The bus arrives at 2 p.m..)
(+):
osoba + czasownik (V1) + reszta zdania
(I go to school every day.)
(-):
operator does (3 os. l. poj.)
operator do (pozostae osoby)
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b) Present Continuous ( czas teraniejszy)
Zastosowanie:
- czynnoci dziejce si w danym momencie (Im reading a book now.)
- czynnoci dziejce si zbyt czsto i irytujce (Hes always watching TV!
(instead of learning))
- sytuacje, ktre ulegaj zmianom (Computers are getting faster and faster.)
- czynnoci, ktre odbd si w niedalekiej przyszoci (umwione spotkania,
wizyty) ( Im visiting the dentist today.)
(+):
osoba + to be + czasownik ( z kocwk ing) + reszta zdania
(I am doing my homework.)
to be:
I am (Im) We are (Were)
You are (Youre) You are (Youre)
He, She, It is (He, She, Its) They are (Theyre)
(-):
osoba + to be+not + czasownik (z kocwk ing) + reszta zdania
(Shes not doing her homework.)
(?):
to be + osoba + czasownik (z kocwk ing) + reszta zdania
(Are you doing your homework?)
Now Today
At the moment Tonight
At present This week /month / year / weekend
Nowadays
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c) Past Simple (czas przeszy)
Zastosowanie:
- przyzwyczajenia z przeszoci (He rode his bike to school.)
- czynnoci przesze niemajce zwizku z teraniejszoci
(Shakespeare wrote 36 plays.)
- przesze czynnoci (I went to the NY last year.)
(+):
osoba + czasownik (V2) + reszta zdania (see irregular verbs)
(I saw you yesterday.)
(-):
operator did (do wszystkich osb)
(?):
operator did (do wszystkich osb)
Yesterday
Last week / month / year / Summer ...
Ago (2 years ago, 2 days ago)
Then
When
In 1992 ...
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d) Past Continuous (czas przeszy)
Zastosowanie:
- czynnoci, ktre dziay si w jakim czasie w przeszoci
(At 3 oclock yesterday I was walking back home.)
- opisy ta wydarze w opowiadaniach
(It was snowing and the wind was blowing.)
(+):
osoba + was/were + czasownik (z kocwk -ing) + reszta zdania
(I was doing my homework.)
I was We were
You were You were
He, She, It was They were
(-):
osoba + was/were+not + czasownik (z kocwk -ing) +reszta zdania
(She wasnt playing cards whole day.)
Was + not = wasnt
Were + not = werent
(?):
Was/Were + osoba + czasownik (z kocwk -ing) +reszta zdania
(Were you doing your homework yesterday?)
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e) Present Perfect (czas doteraniejszy)
Zastosowanie:
- czynno rozpocza si w przeszoci i trwa nadal
(Ive had a dog since I was a child.)
- czynno, ktra si zakoczya przed chwil (Ive just eaten my breakfast.)
- czynno, ktra si zakoczya w przeszoci, ale my wpyw / skutek w
teraniejszoci (Ive lost my keys (and I cant enter the house.))
- jak wiele razy jaka czynno miaa miejsce
(Shes called you twice already this morning.) czynnoci zakoczone
- czynnoci, ktre robimy po raz pierwszy -> dowiadczenia yciowe
(Its the first time Ive driven a car.)(Ive been in NY.)
(+):
osoba + have / has + czasownik (V3) + reszta zdania (see Irregular verbs)
(I have seen this film three times.)
(-):
osoba + have / has+not + czasownik (V3 !) + reszta zdania
(I havent seen you for agens.)
has + not = hasnt
have + not = havent
(?):
Have / Has + osoba + czasownik (V3 !) + reszta zdania
(Have you seen this film before?)
Just Lately
For (a period of time) Recently
Since (point in time) Never
Yet Ever
Already So far
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f) Present Perfect Continuous
Zastosowanie:
- czynnosci, ktre nie s skoczone; nacisk na czynno, nie na skutek
(Ive been painting the fence all day.)
- gdy mwimy jak dugo cos si dziao
(Ive been shouting your name for the five minutes.)
- nacis na trwanie czynnoi (He has been feeling unwell for days.)
(+):
osoba + have / has + been + czasownik (z kocwk -ing) + reszta zdania
(I have been watching TV for two hours.)
(She has been watching TV for two hours.)
(-):
osoba + have / has+not + been + czasow. (z kocwk -ing) + reszta zdania
(I have not been watching TV for two hours.)
(She has not been watching TV for two hours.)
(?):
have / has + osoba + been + czasownik (z kocwk -ing) + reszta zdania
(Has she been watching TV for two hours?)
How long
Since
For
Already
Yet
Ever
Never
So far
Recently
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g) Past Perfect (czas zaprzeszy)
Zastosowanie:
- gdy mwimy o czynnoci, ktra wydarzya si przed inna czynnoci w
przeszoci (When I woke up everyone had left.)
- czynno zakoczona, ktra ma widzialny rezultat/efekt w przeszoci
(She felt much safer after she had locked all the doors.)
(+):
osoba + had + czasownik (V3) + reszta zdania
(I had done that before the deadline.)
(She had done that before the deadline.)
(-):
osoba + had + not + czasownik (V3) + reszta zdania
(I had not done that before the deadline.)
(She had not done that before the deadline.)
had + not = hadnt
(?):
had + osoba + czasownik (V3) + reszta zdania
(Had I done that before the deadline?)
(Had she done that before the deadline?)
Since
For
Already
After
Before
By
By the time
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h) Past Perfect Continuous
Zastosowanie:
- czynno, ktra miaa miejsce / ktra dziaa si do danego czasu w
przeszoci
(She had been looking for this book, before she found it.)
- Past Perfect Continuous + Past Simple
(+):
osoba + had + been + czasownik (V3) + reszta zdania
(I had been waiting for you for an hour before you came.)
(-):
osoba + had + not + been + czasownik (V3) + reszta zdania
(He had not been drinking coffee before she came.)
(?):