Professional Documents
Culture Documents
0 Introduction
Pavement is the actual travel surface especially made durable and serviceable
to withstand the traffic load and pedestrian load coming upon it. Pavement grants
friction for the vehicles thus providing comfort to the driver and transfers the traffic
load from the upper surface to the natural soil. Pavement construction begins by
properly grading and preparing the site aggregate subbase and base course which are
topped with the finish pavement
Block paving also known as brick paving is a commonly used decorative method of
creating a hard standing. The main benefit over other materials to create a hard
surface are that the individual bricks that go together to make up the block paved
surface are able to be lifted up and then replaced.This allows for remedial work to be
carried out under the surface of the paving without any visible notice to the surface
once the paving bricks have been replaced.This kind of brick paving is said to be
flexible paving. Typical areas of use would be for driveways, pavement, patios, town
centre's, precin cts and more commonly in road surfacing.There are two common
makes of block paving brick, concrete and clay. Although other composite materials
do exist to make up an individual brick. There are many different laying patterns that
can be achieved using block paving.The most common of these is the herringbone
pattern. This pattern is the strongest of the block paving bonds as it offers the most
interlock, therefore making it a good choice for driveways and road surfacing.
Stone fulfills all the conditions of a good pavement. It is the most durable material for
pavement construction. It is comfortable for travelling, clean, dirt free, noise free and
does not require frequent repairs. It is cheap .The nature of stone prevents its ever
becoming smooth or polished by use and hence it presents as good and firm a foot
hold. Being uniform in its texture or hardness, it wears equally .The closeness of the
joints prevent little or no water penetration and it is never affected by frost and it
never get into partial holes. Usually granites are used for the purpose of paving but
stones which are hard and fine grained, containing very little mica, and which is very
similar in texture, color and hardness are also used.
3.1 Subgrade
It is the soil layer beneath the pavement which bears the design load, receives
infiltration water, and is subject to ground water infusion due to seasonal fluctuations
or upward capillary migration.Subgrade bearing capacity, uniformity, and
permeability are key factors in determining various pavement layers thickness.
The base layer consists of a grades aggregate foundation that transfers the pavement
load to the Subgrade in controlled radiating manner. Heavy-duty pavements or weak
subgrades, usually require an additional layer of base material, called a subbase,
which also consists of a clean but coarser-graded aggregate layer. Both aggregate base
and subbase typically extend beyond the pavement edge to provide lateral support and
to prevent uneven subgrade loading.
3.3 Pavement
The pavement material receives traffic wear and transfers loads to the base and
subgrade.
Rigid pavements requires expansion and control joints to allow for contraction and
expansion due to temperature fluctuation. Such joints may be butted, doweled or
keyed using pre-molded expansion joint fillers.
4.0 Types of Pavement
4.1
Flexible
pavement
commonly have thin wearing surface and thick aggregate base and subase. Flexible
monolithic pavement consists of aggregate shredded rubber or polymers which mixed
with asphalt or proprietary binder and placed on a prepared base to create a seamless
monolithic surface. It require edge repair due to crushing and periodic sealing to protect
surface uniformity.
pavement loads are distributed internally within the rigid pavement and transferred to the
subgrade over the broad area in a manner similar that found in concrete spread footing.
Rigid pavement requires a thinner aggregate base than flexible pavement.
Have low completion cost but repairing cost Have low repairing cost but completion cost
is high is high
Have low life span (High Maintenance Cost) Life span is more as compare to flexible
Surfacing cannot be laid directly on the sub (Low Maintenance Cost)
grade but a sub base is needed
Surfacing can be directly laid on the sub
No thermal stresses are induced as the grade
pavement have the ability to contract and
expand freely expansion joints are needed
expansion joints are not needed Strength of the road is less dependent on
the strength of the sub grade
Strength of the road is highly dependent on
the strength of the sub grade Rolling of the surfacing in not needed
Rolling of the surfacing is needed Road cannot be used until 14 days of curing
Road can be used for traffic within 24 hours Force of friction is high
1. In-situ paving
2. Unit paving
3. Soft paving
6.1 APPLICATION
6.1.1 Loading
Heavy, medium, & heavy duty applications generally refer to the type of
vehicular and pedestrian traffic which a pavements must accommodate.
6.1.2 Durability
6.1.3 safety
6.2 CLIMATE
Regional climate factors of daily temperature extremes, precipitation rate and
frequency, and frost/thaw cycles heavily influence pavement details and finishes.
Hot arid, hot humid, temperate, and cold.
6.3 SUBGRADE
6.4 MAINTAINANCE
6.5 COST
Pavement design has several aspects that are typically identified by the creative
expertise of the designer and that are then definitively determined through a collaboration
among different design disciplines working toward a common. The structural, functional
and aesthetical design aspects are interdependent , and often involve the application of
expertise from very difficult design disciplines.
Determines the arrangements of paved areas with respect to their intended use
Includes highways, roads, streets, driveways, parking areas, sidewalks ,etc .
Factors considered safety and accessibility , circulation and traffic, parking and
access.
8.1 Excavation
Dig off as required, and dispose of spoil. The excavation depth for a typical domestic
driveway is 200-250mm below finished paving level, based on 100-150mm sub-base,
40mm sand bed and 50mm block. Typical builders' skips hold approximately 4.5 m of
excavated material, which, assuming a 200mm dig depth, works out that each 20-25 m
of paving will require 1 skip to dispose of spoil. Remember that excavated material bulks
up by 20-30%, so each 1m dug out will become 1.3m for disposal.
8.2 Sub-base
The sub-base should be profiled or graded to match the planned profile of the finished
paving and should be accurate to 10mm. There should be no voids within the sub-base
- any such voids should be filled with stone dust or grit sand and compacted before
placing the laying course.
Spreading the sub-base complete the sub base
Set up taut string lines to guide line and level of edge courses and kerbs.Edge
course bricks and kerbs should be laid onto a concrete bed. Check that straight
lines are indeed straight, and that the curves are 'sweet'. Once satisfied with the
lines and curves, edge courses and kerbs should be solidly haunched with
concrete at least 75mm thick.
Spread, level and compact laying course sand, and screed to correct level.
The plan calls for a 45 pattern, so a starter course of blocks square to the
building is established. 90 patterns are best started at a corner or main edge of
the building.
Laying of all full blocks continues, with the operatives working from the already
laid paving, not from the screeded laying course. The bricks (blocks) are
randomised prior to laying by selecting them from at least three open packs. this
helps prevent blotching or banding of colours and allows the paving to show off
the full range of hues to best effect.
Once all the full blocks are laid, they need to be checked for alignment by using a
string line stretched along the diagonal courses and adjusting as necessary,
using the alignment bar tool as shown in the photograph. Clay pavers often
require significant re-alignment as the imperfect rectangles are prone to drifting
off-line during the laying process. Concrete blocks, being moulded as perfect
rectangles, usually suffer less drift and so require less re-alignment, but they
should always be checked prior to cutting-in.
Once the alignment has been checked and verified, the edges can be cut in
The final task is jointing. This is done once all the cutting-in has been completed,
and the compliance checks carried out.Kiln-dried jointing sand is spread over the
block surface and swept into the joints using a soft brush
8.9 completion
Excess jointing sand can be swept off the surface and it is now ready to be
used.The jointing sand may settle over the first few weeks and should be topped
up as soon as this becomes apparent. Many block pavements, of both clay and
concrete pavers, may exhibit efflorescence in their early life but this should
disappear within 12 months.
Rujukan
http://www.pavingexpert.com/blocks.htm
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