Collection Building

Collection Development of Western Language Materials: Taiwan's National Central Library

Priscilla C. Yu
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Priscilla C. Yu, (1990),"Collection Development of Western Language Materials: Taiwan's National Central Library",
Collection Building, Vol. 10 Iss 1/2 pp. 40 - 46
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 Collection Development of
Western Language Materials:
Taiwan's National
Central Library
by Priscilla C. Yu
T
his study examines the collection build-
The sharing of
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ideasnamely, ing of Western language materials in
collection a Third World national library. 1 Giv-
development en the multitude of demands and needs
can have a of a developing country, national li-
positive impact
on the braries are confronted with basic problems, in-
modernization of cluding convincing the government that the li-
library brary is an important national institution, contrib-
development uting to the nation's development and worthy of
internationally financial support. In addition to resource constraints,
there is also the question of spending wisely for
one's domestic collection as well as foreign publi-
cations, the latter being crucial if the Third World
country is embarked upon a determined program
of modernization. With limited resources on the
one hand and the need to procure information
from the developed world on the other, libraries in
Third World countries could best meet their goals
through careful planning. When collecting West-
ern language materials, constructive planning could
be achieved through a collection development
policy in which Western collections are systemati-
cally and rationally built to assure collection growth
and maximum utility.
A carefully formulated and written collection
development policy can serve as a guide to plan-
ning, budgeting, and selecting materials. The con-
cept of collection development involves decisions
and planning, where user needs are assessed,
current collections are evaluated, selection poli-
cies are determined, and resource sharing is
planned. Acquisition is the process of carrying out
Priscilla C.Yu is Associate Professor of Library Administration, University of Illinois Library, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign.
40 COLLECTION BUILDING VOL. 10 NO. 1-2
selection and collection development plans. In
times of economic constraints, countries (be they
developing or developed) realize the importance
of formulating their own acquisition policies, based
according to their needs.
This article is a case study of the collection of
Western language materials of the National Cen-
tral Library (NCL) in Taiwan. Several key questions
will be addressed:
1. What are the goals or mission of the library?
2. Does the acquisition program reflect the needs and
demands of its users?
3. Can a systematic acquisition or collection develop-
ment program (through purchase and/or exchange)
be formulated in accordance to the needs of the
institution?
We begin by first defining the functions of the
National Central Library. Next a brief history of the
library's beginnings will be examined. Then, to
enable the reader to gain some knowledge of the
importance of the library's Western collection, we
shall examine its growth within the past decade
and look at the library's acquisition policies. We
will then discuss the results of a recent survey
regarding English language books. Next, we will
discuss the expanding role and plans being imple-
mented for collection development and the pro-
jected budget increases. Finally, we will conclude
and comment on the future role of collection
development in the NCL.
 DEFINITION
The NCL is the largest public and research
library in Taiwan. The library is administered by
the Ministry of Education and fulfills some of the
functions adopted by the UNESCO General Con-
ference as being appropriate to national libraries. 2
For example, the mission of the NCL is to acquire
and conserve copies of all significant publications
published in the country and to function as a
depository library. Other goals include producing
a national bibliography; maintaining a current
and representative collection of foreign literature,
including books about the country; serving as a
national bibliographic information center; com-
piling union catalogues; and publishing the retro-
spective national bibliography.
HISTORY
A glance at the past should lead us to under-
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stand the NCL's unique development. The library
was first established on the China mainland in
Nanking in 1933. Its early years were stormy and
filled with uncertainty; several relocations did not
contribute to collection growth. During World
War II, the library moved to the wartime capital of
Chungking, Szechwan, returning to Nanking fol-
lowing the conclusion of World War II. The war
years resulted in a loss of more than one million
books, both Western and Chinese. The library was
again relocated in 1948, this time to Taiwan. Only
120,000 Chinese rare books were transferred to
Taiwan. When the library first moved to Taiwan, it
was a part of the Joint Commission for the Admin-
istration of the National Museums and Library in
Taichung, Taiwan. It did not resume normal func-
tions until 1955, when the library was reestab-
lished in Taipei. 3 At that time the collection num-
bered 140,000.4 Through many years of purchasing
Table 1
Holdings of the National Central Library, 1985
Number of
Types of Materials Volumes
Chinese books 281,649
Chinese rare books 144,467
Government documents 117,200
Western language books 103,170
Periodicals (6,529 titles) 66,781
Japanese language books 64,250
Korean language books 9,938
Total 787,455
Source: Adapted from National Central Library, The Republic
of China (1985): 3.
and exchanging, the total collection in 1985
reached 787,455 volumes as seen in Table 1 ;
however, the total collection included only 103,170
volumes of Western books, approximately 13 per-
cent of the entire holdings.
By 1987, the holdings of the Main National
Central Library totaled 858,158 volumes. Within a
thirty-year span, the collection had grown 513
percent. With the opening of the new library
building in April 1987, there was space for further
expansion to build a strong representative collec-
tion of literature from other countries; the stacks
have been designed to hold over two million
volumes. 5
As early as 1977, an internal study was con-
ducted on the Western language collection at the
NCL. The study concluded there was a need to
expand the Western language collection in the
areas of Sinology, general reference books, and
works in library science, particularly library auto-
mation. In 1977, as seen in Table 2, the NCL had a
total collection of 61,522 Western language books;
the budget for Western language publications was
a mere NT$600,000 (US$15,789.47). 6 Neither
the Western language collection nor the budget
for Western materials was sufficient for Taiwan's
growing needs.
The ensuing years confirmed the need for a
stronger and expanded Western collection, to
meet Taiwan's rising level of educational and
economic development. In 1980, an acquisition
policy for Chinese and foreign publications was
formulated to ensure the strengthening and devel-
opment of such major areas as government docu-
ments, major reference works, including bibliog-
raphies and indexes, books on Sinology, and library
science publications. 7 During 1985, in response
to a request by the Taipei office of the Asia Foun-
Table 2
Western Language Collection, 1977
Categories Volumes Percentage
General Western
books 41,420 67.32
General reference
books 11,400 18.53
Reference books in
library science 4,929 8.01
Chinese studies 2,927 4.76
Books on library
science 846 1.38
Total 61,522 100.00
Source: Posheng T'sai, Current Status, Problems and Future of
Western Publications Acquisition of the National Central Library
(Taipei, 1977): 10.
COLLECTION BUILDING VOL. 10 NO. 1-2 41
 dation, the National Central Library conducted a
survey of Western book collections and needs in
libraries in Taiwan, as a guide for future donations
to those libraries. Various degrees of needs were
defined: do not need, do not necessarily need,
need, and need very much. The survey found that
the categories of English language books needed
"very m u c h " were library and information sci-
ence, general reference works, philosophy, psy-
chology, clinical psychology, general religions,
comparative religions, Christianity, mythology, sta-
tistics, education, sociology, economics, trade,
finance, management, accounting, marketing, his-
tory, world history, world geography, travel, Eng-
lish, fiction, music, architecture, photography, ap-
plied arts, and folk art. Finally, the survey pointed
to a pressing need for more English language
materials not only in academic, but also public
and special libraries as well. 8
THEORY A N D PRACTICE
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The NCL has long realized it was important to
develop a program of rational planning for the
acquisition of Western and other foreign publica-
tions. It was also realized that with budget constraints,
some rational and systematic structure should be
established to set policies, plan budgets, and de-
cide on selection of Western materials. In 1984, a
Collection Development Committee was estab-
lished, with 11 committee members, appointed by
the Director of the National Central Library. The
chairperson of the committee was the Head of the
Acquisition Department. Members of the commit-
tee represented librarians who were subject spe-
cialists in the humanities and social sciences,
computer science, library science, and reference
areas. The functions of the committee were: to
provide new publication information, to recom-
mend what was needed in the collection, and to
provide suggestions for reviewing the collection
development policy of NCL. 9
The Collection Development Committee was to
initiate requests for the purchase of Western lan-
guage materials. Books were selected through
university press catalogues, publishers' catalogues,
Choice, Publishers Weekly, and other sources.
The majority of books were procured abroad
through dealers in the United States, Great Britain,
Singapore, West Germany, and Japan. Books were
ordered from the United States through dealers
such as Baker and Taylor and Ballen; there were
also dealers in Taiwan that handled orders of
Western language books. As for English language
periodicals, the NCL relied upon dealers from
abroad such as EBSCO and Faxon; there were also
several dealers in Taiwan that handled orders for
42 COLLECTION BUILDING VOL. 10 NO. 1-2
popular journals such as Time, U.S. News and
World Report, Fortune, and Far Eastern Economic
Review.10
The NCL knew too that to have an effective
acquisition program a general acquisition policy
statement would have to be drawn relating to the
library's needs of foreign materials. In September
1985, a preliminary Acquisition Policy Statement
for foreign publications was drafted:
1. To collect important scholarly overseas publications
which represent general writings in the humanities
and social sciences, as well as works in the natural
and applied sciences.
2. To collect bibliographies, indexes, and basic refer-
ence sources from every country.
3. To collect from every country publications concern-
ing Chinese studies.
4. To collect major publications of professional asso-
ciations, international organizations, social organi-
zations, and specialized academic organizations.
5. To collect the basic reference sources concerning
the cultural background, current legislative, and
administrative information of the countries in the
world."
With the above as reference, the NCL began
formulating a new and more detailed collection
development policy statement in 1987. The new
policies included goals and aims, scope of collec-
tions, formats of materials, and collection devel-
opment categories. Included in the collection de-
velopment categories were policies for Chinese
publications, foreign publications, special collec-
tions, government publications, exchange publi-
cations, gifts, duplicates, interlibrary cooperation,
special collections of the Han Dynasty, audiovisu-
al materials, machine-readable materials, maps,
and atlases. The section on foreign language pub-
lications stressed that first priority would be given
to acquiring research books in Chinese study.
Next in priority were reference tools, literature,
linguistics, philosophy, history, anthropology, fine
arts, library and information science, computer
science, social science, natural science, applied
science, and recreational reading. The degrees of
collection intensity ranged from one to five. Five,
indicated the NCL collected comprehensively;
four, only research publications were collected;
three, materials were to be collected for university
or graduate course studies; two, collections of
major encyclopedias, dictionaries, and bibliog-
raphies in the field; and one, basic materials in the
subject were collected. Clearly, the NCL was
progressing towards the writing of a comprehen-
sive collection development policy, adapting and
modifying concepts and techniques to suit the
needs of the library. 12
 Let us turn to how collections were acquired at
the NCL. First, the national publication law re-
quired one copy of all books published in Taiwan
be made part of the library's collection, procured
through legal deposit. Thus the majority of Chi-
nese works were obtained through deposit and a
few through purchases abroad. The channel by
which Western language materials were acquired
was through purchase and gift and exchange.
Table 3 shows the breakdown of Western lan-
guage books acquired over a span of 12 years.
The percentage acquired through purchase has
been very limited owing to budgetary constraints,
a major problem for many years. Meanwhile,
exchanges and gifts have been the primary means
through which foreign language materials have
been obtained.
Under the Bureau of International Exchange of
the NCL, numerous foreign official and nonofficial
publications were received. The bureau main-
tained exchange relations with 1,062 units in 86
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a majority of the exchange publications. As of July
1987, the total holdings of government docu-
ments were approximately 122,000 volumes, which
included both Chinese and foreign government
publications. Foreign publications included over
111,000 volumes of books and periodicals, or 91
percent of the collection. The United States has
been a prime contributor to the division's foreign
documents collection. The Library of Congress
has generously sent on exchange a large number
of U.S. government documents. Publications that
were purchased included such items as UNESCO
materials and U.N. publications.
The Government Publications Division's draft
collection development policy stated that first it
was to comprehensively collect all official Taiwan
publications. Second, it was to collect from each
foreign country statistical publications and basic
official bulletins, annual reports (administrative),
periodicals, catalogues, and organizational manu-
als. The division also had a collection develop-

countries, two territories, and 22 international
organizations. 13
Table 4 delineates the percentage of exchange
publications received from foreign countries dur-
ing the period from 1955 to 1982. Among the 86
countries, the United States contributed the high-
est number of exchange publications to the NCL's
collection71 percent of the total number of
volumes received. One of the future goals of the
bureau was to expand European and other exchanges.
The Government Publications Division received
ment policy statement for international organiza-
tions, such as the United Nations. The areas of
interest were the following: energy, agriculture,
social work, economics, politics, public adminis-
tration, public health, library science, computer
science, finance, population, education, environ-
mental protection, and transportation. Since most
reader requests were in these areas, the division
regularly published several English language sub-
ject bibliographies in these fields for reference
purposes.14

Table 3
Western Language Book Collection, 1973-1985

Gift Exchange Purchase Depository

Year Volumes Percent Volumes Percent Volumes Percent Volumes Percent Total

1973 56 1 3,215 82 349 9 312 8 3,941

1974 5,293 55.79 2,500 26.35 427 4.50 1,268 13.36 9,488
1975 153 2.15 4,115 57.79 2,699 37.91 153 2.15 7,120
1976 171 4.80 2,883 80.85 350 9.81 162 4.54 3,566
1977 229 4.23 3,014 55.74 726 13.43 1,438 26.60 5,407
1978 5,631 51.66 3,249 29.80 1,225 11.24 796 7.30 10,901
1979 1,179 20.64 2,375 41.57 1,471 25.75 688 12.04 5,713
1980 577 8.83 2,894 44.60 2,045 31.29 1,020 15.61 6,536
1981 2,805 29.72 2,539 26.90 3,551 37.62 544 5.76 9,439
1982 2,393 25.89 3,674 39.75 2,739 29.63 437 4.73 9,243
1983 1,215 9.27 8,721 66.52 2,581 19.69 593 4.52 13,110
1984* 1,511 23.77 3,740 58.84 882 13.88 223 3.51 6,356
1985 2,086 17.56 6,634 55.86 2,384 20.07 772 6.50 11,876

Total 23,299 22.68 49,553 48.25 21,429 20.87 8,415 8.19 102,696

*Through June 1984 only.

Source: Adapted from "General Conditions of the National Central Library" Journal of the National Central Library 16, No. 1
(1983): 110; and Collection Development Plans of the National Central Library on Moving to the New Library Building (Taipei:
National Central Library, 1984) in Chinese.

COLLECTION BUILDING VOL. 10 NO. 1-2 43

 Table 4 Table 5
Exchange Publications Received National Central Library Budget: 1980-1988
from Foreign Countries by the
Regular
National Central Library, 1955-1982
Budget
Country Volumes Percentage Year (NT$) Additional Funds

United States 513,000 71.09 1980 3,200,000

Japan 75,916 10.52 1981 4,000,000
Others 39,833 5.52 1982 5,000,000
Korea 35,818 4.96 1983 5,000,000
Belgium 30,543 4.23 1984 5,000,000
German Federal 1985 5,000,000 NT$2,500,000 for Western
Republic 17,169 2.38 language periodicals
Australia 9,367 1.30 NT$1,470,000 for Western
language books
Total 721,646 100.00
1986 5,000,000 NT$10,000,000 (Of the total
Source: "Sino-American Book Exchange" National Central budget NT$ 15,000,000,
Library Newsletter 15, No. 2 (August 1983): 36. NT$6.5 million was to pur-
chase Western language
periodicals and NT$5 million
for Western language books.)
As the need for more foreign language materials 1987 5,000,000 NT$10,000,000 (Of the total
continues to expand, the NCL has been faced with budget NT$15,000,000,
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the problem of procuring sufficient funds to pur- NT$5.5 million was to pur-
chase Western books and periodicals. A major chase Western language
area which required additional funding was the periodicals and NT$5 million
reference unit. The collection was limited in for- for Western language books.)
eign titles and more funds were required to buy 1988 5,000,000 NT$15,000,000 (Of the total
basic reference tools. During 1983-84, the library budget NT$20,000,000,
conducted a survey of the types of materials read- NT$6.5 million was to pur-
ers requested and the types of questions they chase Western language
periodicals and NT$8 million
asked. It was found that materials used most were
for Western language books.)
general encyclopedias, almanacs, yearbooks, hand-
In addition, NT$2 million was
books, and dictionaries. Questions asked most allocated for Western language
were in the areas of the social sciences and the computer/information science
humanities, centering around subjects such as books.
history and geography, language and literature. 15
Subsequently, additional funding of NT$2,000,000 Source: Information provided by the Acquisition Depart-
ment, National Central Library, Taipei, February 1987;
was given to the Reference Department for the Collection Development Plans of the National Central
purpose of purchasing more Western reference Library on Moving to the New Building (Taipei: National
tools. 16 Central Library, 1984): 1.

The NCL's development, similar to many Third

World libraries, has been limited by financial
constraints. During the period from 1980 to 1984,
the regular budget ranged from NT$3,000,000 to
NT$5,000,000. The quantity of publications pro-
cured was insufficient to fulfill the readers' needs
even at the NT$5,000,000 level. However, begin-
ning in 1985, the library has received and been
promised increased support for additional funds to
build its Western collection. The Ministry of Edu-
cation provided the NCL with supplementary funds
to purchase Western materials (mainly English,
with some German, French, and Spanish). Table 5
gives the NCL's total budget for the 1980 to 1988
period.
As Table 5 shows, the total library budget for
1988 was NT$20,000,000. From this amount
NT$6,500,000 was allocated for Western Ian-
guage periodicals, NT$8,000,000 for Western lan-
guage books, plus NT$2,000,000 for Western
language computer information science materi-
als. The regular budget remained constant at
NT$5,000,000. There is no doubt that the govern-
ment has been supportive to the library. With the
promised extra funding, the library was expected
to spend NT$16,606,000 (US$437,000) annually
buying new books, Chinese and foreign, increas-
ing the total number to approximately one million
by 1988. 1 7 As for the journal collection, the goal
was to increase the holdings by selectively choos-
ing significant periodicals of every country, there-
by bringing the total count to 7,000 titles by
1988. 18

44 COLLECTION BUILDING VOL. 10 NO. 1-2

 CONCLUSION
This study has examined the collection devel-
opment practices in a developing Third World
country, Taiwan. The NCL has produced written
acquisition guidelines for a number of years. A
formal collection development policy statement
was in the process of being finalized. The units
servicing Western language materials were aware
of the benefits of a written collection development
policy, especially in times of rising needs and
budget constraints. It is hoped that the NCL will
continue to develop and improve its collection
development policies to meet the educational and
economic needs of Taiwan. The NCL, as Taiwan's
leading library, has been the initiator of new ideas
and developments. The NCL should continue to
build and maintain a rich collection not only of
national literature, but also of foreign literature,
since the library represents the country's focal
point for bibliographical and library services.
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The NCL moved to its new building in 1987,
and plans to utilize the additional space to in-
crease its holdings to 1.5 million volumes by
1991. 1 9 Specialized reference rooms will be es-
tablished in various subject fields to meet the
research needs of government officials and indi-
viduals. Currently, the new reference and reading
quarters have expanded: on one side are Chinese
reference materials and on the other, Western
language reference tools. Readers can browse
freely, as all reference materials are on open
shelves. The Western section appears to be fairly
comprehensive and updated, covering many top-
ics in the social sciences and humanities. In the
collection were many encyclopedias, almanacs,
yearbooks, specialized dictionaries, directories,
and handbooks. It would seem that to have a
collection development policy for the Reference
Department would be extremely useful. It could
be simply written, including the objectives of the
reference collection, subject scope, size of the
collection, and types of materials included and
excluded in the collection. Writing a collection
development policy develops a systematic plan
for acquiring materials; it serves as a guide in
establishing priorities when needs are great and
resources limited.
Collection development policies not only serve
as planning documents and tools for communica-
tion, but also for resource sharing with other
libraries. "Resource sharing is the bibliographic
access and delivery of one library's materials to
other libraries in an agreement or a consortium or
network." 2 0 Recently, bibliographic cooperation
at an international level has been established in
Taiwan. In May of 1985, the NCL signed a biblio-
graphic records exchange cooperative agreement
with OCLC. Not only w i l l the NCL gain access to
world information through the network, but NCL
publications will become accessible internation-
ally. 21 This is an important step for the NCL, for
now it has joined the international arena of librar-
ies, addressing national needs, cultures, and lan-
guages. Universal resource sharing is being realized.
With the new library building and increased
government support for education and economic
development, the NCL is moving toward an excit-
ing new era of library development. There are
plans to establish a national library information
service center and a definite movement to im-
prove library management and librarianship. There
will be more emphasis on library science research
and frequent workshops and conferences to raise
the efficiency of library services. Future plans
include establishing a library science training cen-
ter and a library science materials room at NCL. 22
In sum, this study shows that a systematic acqui-
sition or collection development program (through
purchase and/or exchange), based upon a library's
needs, can be of assistance to libraries in the
developing world. With the inflationary costs of
books and journals today, it is imperative that all
countries take a closer look at their collection. It is
known that libraries share universal problems and
thus may want to learn concepts and practices of
collection development from other countries, to
be modified and applied according to their situa-
tion and needs. Taiwan's National Central Library
is one example of the positive impact the sharing
of ideas, namely collection development, can
have on the modernization of library development
internationally.
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my gratitude for the assistance and
cooperation of Chen-Ku Wang, Director, and Nancy
Ou-Lan Chou, Head, Acquisition Department, of the
National Central Library, Taipei, Taiwan. Also, I wish to
extend my thanks to the research assistance of Ms. Tsui-
Chan Lee of the Graduate School of Library and Infor-
mation Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
References
1. The term Western language materials primarily
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COLLECTION BUILDING VOL. 10 NO. 1-2 45
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46 COLLECTION BUILDING VOL. 10 NO. 1-2
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17. " N e w Library Building Utilizes High Technology"
The Free China journal (October 6, 1986): 1.
18. Collection Development Plans of the National Cen-
tral Library on Moving to the New Building (Taipei:
National Central Library, June 1984): 4. In Chinese.
19. National Central Library: New Facilities Inaugura-
tion Special Issue (Taipei, 1987?): 37.
20. Paul H. Mosher and Marcia Pankake, " A Guide to
Coordinated and Cooperative Collection Develop-
ment" Library Resources and Technical Services
27, no. 4 (October/December 1983): 4 1 7 - 4 4 0 .
2 1 . " O C L C President Visits the N C L " National Central
Library Newsletter 18, no. 1 (May 1986): 30.
22. New Facilities Inauguration: 38.