10/10/2016 ImpeachmentProceedings

TheLawphilProjectArellanoLawFoundation
IMPEACHMENTPROCEEDINGS

PHILIPPINESCENARIO

ConstitutionalBasisandAnnotations
ConstitutionalProvisions

ARTICLEXIACCOUNTABILITYOFPUBLICOFFICERS

Section2.ThePresident,theVicePresident,theMembersoftheSupremeCourt,theMembersoftheConstitutional
Commissions, and the Ombudsman may be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable
violationoftheConstitution,treason,bribery,graftandcorruption,otherhighcrimes,orbetrayalofpublictrust.Allother
publicofficersandemployeesmayberemovedfromofficeasprovidedbylaw,butnotbyimpeachment.

Section3.

1. TheHouseofRepresentativesshallhavetheexclusivepowertoinitiateallcasesofimpeachment.

2.AverifiedcomplaintforimpeachmentmaybefiledbyanyMemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesorbyany
citizen upon a resolution or endorsement by any Member thereof, which shall be included in the Order of
Businesswithintensessiondays,andreferredtotheproperCommitteewithinthreesessiondaysthereafter.
TheCommittee,afterhearing,andbyamajorityvoteofallitsMembers,shallsubmititsreporttotheHouse
withinsixtysessiondaysfromsuchreferral,togetherwiththecorrespondingresolution.Theresolutionshallbe
calendaredforconsiderationbytheHousewithintensessiondaysfromreceiptthereof.

3.A vote of at least onethird of all the Members of the House shall be necessary either to affirm a favorable
resolution with the Articles of Impeachment of the Committee, or override its contrary resolution. The vote of
eachMembershallberecorded.

4.IncasetheverifiedcomplaintorresolutionofimpeachmentisfiledbyatleastonethirdofalltheMembersofthe
House,thesameshallconstitutetheArticlesofImpeachment,andtrialbytheSenateshallforthwithproceed.

5.Noimpeachmentproceedingsshallbeinitiatedagainstthesameofficialmorethanoncewithinaperiodofone
year.

6.TheSenateshallhavethesolepowertotryanddecideallcasesofimpeachment.Whensittingforthatpurpose,
theSenatorsshallbeonoathoraffirmation.WhenthePresidentofthePhilippinesisontrial,theChiefJustice
oftheSupremeCourtshallpreside,butshallnotvote.Nopersonshallbeconvictedwithouttheconcurrenceof
twothirdsofalltheMembersoftheSenate.

7.Judgmentincasesofimpeachmentshallnotextendfurtherthanremovalfromofficeanddisqualificationtohold
anyofficeundertheRepublicofthePhilippines,butthepartyconvictedshallneverthelessbeliableandsubject
toprosecution,trial,andpunishment,accordingtolaw.

8.TheCongressshallpromulgateitsrulesonimpeachmenttoeffectivelycarryoutthepurposeofthissection.

DefinitionandNature

Impeachment is a process of national inquest into the conduct of public officials and the bringing of
chargesagainstthemformisconductinoffice.

While the process of impeachment has the elements of a criminal process, it is basically a political
processdesignedtodealwiththemisconductbyhighpublicofficers.Thepoliticalaspectofthisprocess
stemsfromthefactthattheparticipants(ie.senatorjudges,prosecutors)arenotordinarycitizensacting
as judges but rather are elected officials who serve by virtue of their positions and not because they
havebeenselectedbythecourtstoserveinjudgment.

ImpeachableOffice

Article X, Section 2. "The President, the VicePresident, the Members of the Supreme
Court,theMembersoftheConstitutionalCommissions,andtheOmbudsman..."

The list of impeachable officers are exclusive and may neither be increased nor
reduced by the legislature. All other public officers and employees may be removed
fromofficeasprovidedbylaw,butnotbyimpeachment.
http://www.lawphil.net/current/impeachment/phiguide.html 1/6
10/10/2016 ImpeachmentProceedings

GroundsforImpeachment

Article XI, Section 2. "...may be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of,
culpableviolationoftheConstitution,treason,bribery,graftandcorruption,otherhigh
crimes,orbetrayalofpublictrust."

1.CulpableviolationoftheConstitution

It is the deliberate and wrongful breach of the Constitution. Violation of the Constitution made
unintentionally,ingoodfaith,andmeremistakesintheproperconstructionoftheConstitutiondo
notconstituteandimpeachableoffense.
2.Treason

Itiscommittedbyanypersonwho,owingallegiancetotheGovernmentofthePhilippines,notbeinga
foreigner, levies war against them or adheres to their enemies, giving them aid or comfort within the
Philippinesorelsewhere.(Art.114,RevisedPenalCode)

3.Bribery

BriberyasanimpeachableoffensemayeitherbeDirectBriberyorIndirectBribery.

DirectbriberyItiscommittedbyanypublicofficerwhoshallagreetoperformanactconstitutinga
crime,inconnectionwiththeperformanceofthisofficialduties,inconsiderationofanyoffer,promise,gift
orpresentreceivedbysuchofficer,personallyorthroughthemediationofanother.

Iftheobjectforwhichthegiftwasreceivedorpromisedwastomakethepublicofficerrefrainfromdoing
somethingwhichitwashisofficialdutytodo.(Art.210,RevisedPenalCode)

Indirectbribery.Itiscommittedbyapublicofficerwhenheacceptgiftsofferedtohimbyreasonofhis
office.(Art.211,RevisedPenalCode)

4.GraftandCorruption

This must be understood in the light of the provisions of the Republic Act No. 3019, AntiGraft and
Corrupt Practices Act.. Any violation of the prohibited acts provided therein constitutes a ground for
impeachment.

5.OtherhighcrimesorBetrayalofPublicTrust

Theexactmeaningof"otherhighcrimesorbetrayalofpublictrust"asanimpeachableoffenseisstill
undefined.TheframersoftheConstitutionputimpeachmentintothehandsofthelegislativebranchand
transformeditfromamatteroflegaldefinitiontoamatterofpoliticaljudgment.Hence,thedefinitionof
animpeachableoffensedependsonthemajorityoftheHouseofRepresentativesconsidersittobea
givenmomentinhistory.

In impeachment investigation against President Quirino, the special committee of the House of
Representativesreferred"otherhighcrimes"astothosecrimeswhich,liketreasonandbribery,areofso
seriousandenormousanatureastoaffecttheverylifeororderlyworkingsofthegovernment.

Betrayal of Public Trust, on the other hand, is a new ground for impeachment, which covers "any
violationoftheoathofofficeinvolvinglossofpopularsupporteveniftheviolationmaynotamounttoa
punishableoffense."(DeLeon,PhilippineConstitutionalLaw,1999,RexPrintingCompany,Inc.,p.757)

Procedure

TheConstitutionsetsforththegeneralprinciplesgoverningtheproceduralaspectsofimpeachment.It
alsograntstheCongresstopromulgateitsrulesonimpeachment.

TheHouseofRepresentativeshavetheexclusivepowertoinitiateallcasesofimpeachment.

An impeachment is instituted by written accusations called Articles of Impeachment, which state the
offensescharged.AverifiedcomplaintforimpeachmentmaybefiledbyanyMemberoftheHouseof
RepresentativesorbyanycitizenuponaresolutionorendorsementbyanyMemberthereof.

Impeachment proceedings can begin with an inquiry of impeachment resolution or with a direct
resolution.

http://www.lawphil.net/current/impeachment/phiguide.html 2/6
10/10/2016 ImpeachmentProceedings
In an inquiry of impeachment resolution, after the filing of the verified complaint, the same shall be
includedintheOrderofBusinessoftheHouseofRepresentativeswithintensessiondays,andreferred
totheJudiciaryCommitteewithinthreesessiondaysthereafter.

TheHouseJudiciaryCommitteethenholdshearingsandinvestigatesthecharges.

The Committee, after hearing, and by a majority vote of all its Members, shall submit its report to the
House within sixty session days from such referral, together with the corresponding resolution. The
resolution shall be calendared for consideration by the House within ten session days from receipt
thereof.

A vote of at least onethird of all the Members of the House shall be necessary either to affirm a
favorable resolution with the Articles of Impeachment of the Committee, or override its contrary
resolution.ThevoteofeachMembershallberecorded.

Inadirectresolution,verifiedcomplaintorresolutionofimpeachmentisfiledbyatleastonethirdofall
theMembersoftheHouse,thesameshallconstitutetheArticlesofImpeachment.

TheArticlesofImpeachmentisthensenttotheSenatefortrial,whichhavethesolepowertotryand
decideallcasesofimpeachment.AfixednumberofmembersofHouseofRepresentativesshallactas
prosecutors and the full Senate will act as the jurors who shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
PresidentofthePhilippinesisontrial,theChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourtshallpreside,butshallnot
vote.

TheSenatethenvotesinopensessiononeachArticleofImpeachment.Nopersonshallbeconvicted
withouttheconcurrenceoftwothirdsofalltheMembersoftheSenate.

RulesofHouseofRepresentativesJusticeCommittee

RulesonImpeachmentofHouseofRepresentatives

RulesonImpeachmentTrialoftheSenate

History

Constitutional

ImpeachmenthasitsoriginintheEnglishcommonlaw,founditswayintheU.S.Constitutionof1787,andwas
adoptedbythe1935PhilippineCommonwealthConstitution.

1935ConstitutionalProvisions

ARTICLEIXIMPEACHMENT

Section1.ThePresident,theVicePresident,theJusticesoftheSupremeCourt,andtheAuditor
General,shallberemovedfromofficeonimpeachmentforanyconvictionof,culpableviolationof
theConstitution,treason,bribery,orotherhighcrimes.

Section2.TheHouseofRepresentativesbyavoteoftwothirdsofallitsMembers,shallhave
thesolepowerofimpeachment.

Section3.TheSenateshallhavethesolepowertotryallimpeachment.Whensittingforthat
purpose,theSenatorsshallbeonoathoraffirmation.WhenthePresidentofthePhilippinesison
trial,theChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourtshallpreside.Nopersonshallbeconvictedwithout
theconcurrenceofthreefourthsofalltheMembersoftheSenate.

Section 4. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from
office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the
GovernmentofthePhilippines,butthepartyconvictedshallneverthelessbeliableandsubjectto
prosecution,trial,andpunishment,accordingtolaw.

1973ConstitutionalProvisions

ARTICLEIXIMPEACHMENT

Section1.ThePresident,theVicePresident,theJusticesoftheSupremeCourt,andtheAuditor
General,shallberemovedfromofficeonimpeachmentforanyconvictionof,culpableviolationof
theConstitution,treason,bribery,orotherhighcrimes.

Section2.TheHouseofRepresentativesbyavoteoftwothirdsofallitsMembers,shallhave
thesolepowerofimpeachment.
http://www.lawphil.net/current/impeachment/phiguide.html 3/6
10/10/2016 ImpeachmentProceedings
Section3.TheSenateshallhavethesolepowertotryallimpeachment.Whensittingforthat
purpose,theSenatorsshallbeonoathoraffirmation.WhenthePresidentofthePhilippinesison
trial,theChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourtshallpreside.Nopersonshallbeconvictedwithout
theconcurrenceofthreefourthsofalltheMembersoftheSenate.

Section 4. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from
office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the
GovernmentofthePhilippines,butthepartyconvictedshallneverthelessbeliableandsubjectto
prosecution,trial,andpunishment,accordingtolaw.

ActualUse

Although President Joseph Estrada is the first Philippine President that was impeached, there had
alreadybeenthreeinstancesofattempttoimpeachpreviouspresidents.

In 1949, there was attempt to impeach Elpidio Quirino on the ground of culpable violations of the
Constitution.ThemovewasvoteddownintheHouseofRepresentativebecauseofpartisanshipwhere
theHousewasdominatedbythesamepoliticalpartyasthatofPresidentQuirino.

Thiswasfollowedbyimpeachmentattemptsin1963againstDiosdadoMacapagalandin1986against
FerdinandMarcos.LikeinthecaseofPresidentQuirino,politicsandpartisanshipcausedthefailureof
themopvetoimpeachtoreachtherequirednumberofvotesinthelegislature.

NewspapersandMagazineOpinionsandArticles

IMPEACHMENT101

ByJerryBarican

9November2000,INQUIRER

NowthatmorethanathirdoftheHouseofRepresentativeshavesignedtheArticlesofImpeachment,howand
whenwillitgototheSenate?
TheConstitutionsaysthatincasetheverifiedcomplaintorresolutionofimpeachmentisfiledbyatleastonethirdofall
themembersoftheHouse,thesameshallconstitutetheArticlesofImpeachment,andtrialbytheSenateshallproceed
forthwith.

Inbrief,theRulesoftheHousenotwithstanding,theConstitutionpermitsathirdormoreofitsmembershiptofilethe
verifiedresolutiondirectlybeforetheSenate.

There are, however, some important technicalities. What constitutes "all the members of the House"? Is it all the
representativedistrictsplusthenumberofpartylistseatsrequiredtofulfilltheconstitutionalrequirementof"20percent
of the total number of representatives," whether filled or not? Or is it to be based on the existing districts plus the
existingpartylistseats?

The former is a higher number than the 73 required by the latter formula. To be safe and beyond challenge, the
oppositionmayprefertosubmitmoresignaturesthanbothminimumrequirements.

The House also has one important task remaining. It needs to elect the House managers who will act as the
prosecutorsofthecasebeforetheSenate.

Whenisalsosignificant.Ifthearticlesarefiledimmediately,theSenateisconvenedintoaHighCourtofImpeachment,
andtheSenatejuetenghearingsmuststopindeferencetothehigherconstitutionalobligations.Myguessisthatsome
in the opposition will prefer to delay the filing until at least after Edward Serapio, the alleged recipient of Yolanda
Ricaforte'sjuetengfunds,hastestified.Butthepoliticalpressuretofilemaybemorepowerfulthanlogic.

2.WhatrulesdoestheSenatefollow?

Itsownrules,orsuchrulesasitmayborrow.Tospeedmattersup,itmaydecidetoadopteithertheRulesofCourtor
theimpeachmentrulesoftheUSSenate,withafewamendments.

IfitadoptstheUSformat,eachsenatorissworninasajuror.TheChiefJusticepresidesandmakesalllegalrulings.
Thesenators,likealljurors,heartheargumentsbutdonotactivelyparticipate.They,however,maysubmitquestionsto
theChiefJusticetoanswerortoputtothewitnesses.

ThemanagersoftheHousepresenttheirchargeswhilethelawyersforthePresidentarguehiscaseinturn,asinany
courttrial.

http://www.lawphil.net/current/impeachment/phiguide.html 4/6
10/10/2016 ImpeachmentProceedings
Inthisfunction,theSenatedoesnotactasalegislativebody,butasajudicialone.Itthereforecandirectlysubpoena
witnessesanddocuments,includingbankrecordscoveredbythebanksecrecylaw.Itmaychoosetoadjournfromtime
totimetoreconvenetoperformitslegislativefunctions.Oritmaynot.

3.WhatstandarddoestheSenateneedtofollowinordertoconvict?

The Constitution cites as reasons for impeachment and removal from office the following: "culpable violation of the
Constitution,treason,bribery,graftandcorruption,otherhighcrimes,orbetrayalofpublictrust."

Note that the constitutional violation needs to be culpable. Also, all these, except betrayal of public trust, are
characterizedas"highcrimes,"animportantpointindeterminingthestandardofproofrequired.

Ultimately,theSenatethroughitsrules,theChiefJusticethroughhisrulings,andtheconscienceofeachsenatorwill
determinetherealdegreeofproof.However,thisisnotamereadministrativetribunalbutahighcourtofimpeachment
("highcrimes,"astheConstitutionreferstothecharges).

Moreover,onedoesnoteasilysetasidetheelectoralmandate,especiallythatofapresident.Itmaybearguedthata
higherstandardofproofthanmerepreponderanceofevidenceisrequired.Perhaps"beyondreasonabledoubt,"as
criminallawrequires,orattheleast,"clearandconvincing,"alegaltestmidwaybetweentheformertwosuchtests.

4.Howlongcanittake?

Ifdueprocessistobefollowed,longerthanmostpeoplethink.ThefailedimpeachmenttrialofUSPresidentAndrew
JohnsonbeforetheSenatein1867tookthreefullmonthsofnonstoptrialinvolving11articlesofimpeachment.Thelist
ofchargesagainstthePresidentruns,wearetold,tosome17charges.AndtheelectioncampaignforhalftheSenate
seatsbeginsinFebruary,theelectioninMay,andtheCongress'termexpiresattheendofJune.Ofcourse,ultimately,
impeachmentisapoliticaltrialmasqueradingasajudicialone.Itsspeedwillbedeterminedbypoliticsmorethanlaw.

5.Canthetrialcontinueafterthe2001election?

Probably.TheSenate,unliketheHouse,isacontinuingbody.However,itmaybedifficulttodefendthereplacementof
many"jurors"perhapshalfmidwayorlaterthroughthetrial.ButthisissueisfortheSenateitselftoresolve.

6.Howmanysenatorsareneededtoconvict?

Heretofore,thewellestablishedrulewasthat"twothirdsofallthemembersoftheSenate"wastobecomputedonthe
number of seats, vacant or not. In short, 16. However, during the Visiting Forces Agreement ratification, the Senate
adoptedaruleinterpretingthephrase"allthemembersoftheSenate"toexcludevacancies.ButeventheSenateby
itselfcan'tamendtheconstitutionalprovision.

Thereisconsequentlysomeambiguityonthisissuebecausetwothirdsof22sittingsenatorsnumberslessthan15.
ThisambiguityfavorsthePresidentwhocandisputearemovalbylessthan16senatorsasconstitutionallyinadequate
andlegallycharacterizetheresultasanacquittal.

Anything less than 16 votes risks having two persons claiming the presidency and something close to splitting the
nationinhalf.Therearethereforestrongconstitutionalandpragmaticcasesforneeding16votestoconvict.

7.WhathappensifthePresidentisconvictedbytheSenate?

The President is removed from office, disqualified to hold any office under the Republic, and remains subject to
prosecutionaccordingtolaw.TheVicePresidentbecomesPresident.ThenewPresidentappointsaVicePresident
fromamongthemembersoftheSenateorHousetoservetheunexpiredtermoftheVicePresident(i.e.,until2004),
subjecttoconfirmationbyamajorityvoteofbothHousesofCongress

OBSTACLESTOIMPEACHMENT

ByIsaganiA.Cruz

28October2000

LET'S have no illusions about impeachment. As a method of removing the President, it has more bark than
bite. Described by Edward S. Corwin as ''the most formidable weapon in the arsenal of democracy,'' it is
dismissed by Clinton Rossiter, another acknowledged authority on the American presidency, as ''a rusted
blunderbuss''occasionallybrandishedbuthardlyeverfired.
They're talking of American democracy, though, not the Philippine brand. In the United States, President Andrew
Johnsonwasimpeachedandescapedconvictionbyonevotecastbyasenatorwhoresistedpartisanpressureand

http://www.lawphil.net/current/impeachment/phiguide.html 5/6
10/10/2016 ImpeachmentProceedings
heededonlyhisconscience.PresidentBillClintonwasalsoimpeachedbutthemembersofCongresscrossedparty
linestosupportordenouncehim.PresidentRichardNixondidnothavetowaittobeimpeachedandbitethebullet.
RealizingthattherewereenoughDemocratandRepublicanlegislatorstoousthimfromoffice,heresigned.

Inthiscountry,itisdoubtfuliftheimpeachmentofPresidentEstradacanatleastgetofftheground,giventhedubious
motivations of our own kind of Congress. At the very start of the Lower House investigation, Chavit Singson was
preventedfromsubmittinghisevidenceofErap'sinvolvementinthejuetengexpos.Themotiontogaghim,filedbyan
obscure congressman, was supported by colleagues alleged to have been assured, before or after the aborted
hearing,ofgoodiesfromMalacaang.

The vote of onethird of the 219 members of the House of Representatives is needed to affirm a favorable
recommendationofthecommitteeonjusticeortooverrideitscontrarydecision.Thismeansthatthe46(?)members
whohavesignedtheimpeachmentresolutionneed27moresignatoriestocompletetherequiredvoteof73.Onthe
optimisticassumptionthatatleast10moresympathizerswilleventuallyjointhem,therewillstillbeadeficitof17votes
thatwillnotbeeasytofill.

ThePresident'sdeterminationtokilltheimpeachmentmovementwillmakeitdifficultforitsproponentstopersuade
their colleagues to reject the powerful blandishments of the administration. It is, after all, actually fighting for its life.
Notably,therewerenoobvioussimilareffortsintheWhiteHousewhenClintonandforthatmatterevenNixonwas
underfir.ButthisisnotWashington,D.C.,wherecertainproprietiesareobserved.ThisisMetroManila,whereanything
goesinpoliticalskullduggery.

ThingsarenotanybrighterintheSenate,whichusedtobethebastionoflegislativeindependence.Nowitisseenas
another satellite of Malacaang, with no more gumption than the House below. The charade in the blue ribbon
committeehearingsisaforerunnerofthePresident'strialintheunlikelyeventthattheimpeachmentmaterializesand
theSenateiscalledtositinjudgment.Fromtheonesidedconductofthecurrenthearings,onecansaythatPresident
Estrada'sacquittalisaforegoneconclusion.

TheleaningsoftheSenatearealltooobvious.WhenSingsonwastestifying,theblueribboncommitteewaslikea
CourtoftheInquisition.Thesenatorsinterrogatedhimnotsomuchtoelicitinformationonhisexposastodiscredithis
testimony. He was from the very beginning considered a hostile witness and treated accordingly. By contrast, the
witnesses for Mr. Estrada, namely, his wife Loi and his two sons, Jinggoy and Jude, were handled tenderly if not
obsequiously.ThesenatorsexchangedbarbswithSingsonbutonlypleasantrieswiththePresident'sfamily.

Totakejustoneexample,theinterrogatorsseemedtooeagertobelieveJude'sexplanationthathewasonamedical
missionwhenheflewtoMindanaoonthepresidentialplanenolessandwithhisbarkadatobootandwatchedhis
inamorata perform at a floor show. The senators who nitpicked Singson did not want to know more about Jude's
expedition.Theaudiencewasexpectingthemtopinthewitnessdown,butthatdidn'thappen.

IntellectualintegrityishardlyavirtueofthepresentSenate.Practicallyallthemembersaremotivatedbysomeselfish
interest,politicalorotherwise,thatislikelytobethecriterionwhentheycasttheirvoteontheinnocenceorguiltofthe
respondent. The character of the evidence is only secondary and will not matter in the end. What will matter is the
characterofthesenatorsthemselves.

One of Mr. Estrada's open supporters, who opposed the Senate investigation at the outset, is known to be seeking
appointment as Philippine ambassador to the United Nations. A lady senator's husband is the president of a
construction company doing business with the government. Another senator's husband and sister are holding non
tenurepositionsinwhichtheycanbereplacedatthePresident'spleasure.Athirdsenator'smotherisintheforeign
serviceandcanalsoberecalledatwill.OnesenatorisrumoredtobeaspiringfortheSenatepresidency.Anumberof
reelectionistsenatorsarecarefulnottobeexcludedfromtheadministration'sofficialticket.Othersdarenotoffendthe
Presidentforfearofhisvindictiveness,andstillothersaresimplyhopingtoberewardedforsimplemindlessloyalty.

The few who will not be swayed by selfinterest are pitifully few and cannot make up the twothirds vote needed to
convicttherespondent.TheywillprobablybeamongthosewhovotedagainsttheVisitingForcesAgreement,possibly
tobejoinedbysomestalwartslikeSen.RamonMagsaysayJr.whoforfeitedhisassuredslotintheLAMPticketand
resignedfromthatpartybecauseofhisdisgustovertheconductoftheSenateinvestigation.Butevenastheopposition
hopesthatitsmemberswillstandfirm,itmustalsobepreparedagainstdefectionstothePresident'smorecomfortable
campwithallitspromisedgratitude.

TheConstitutionprovidesthatwherethePresidentofthePhilippinesisimpeached,theChiefJusticeshallpresideat
thetrial.ChiefJusticeHilarioG.DavideJr.isafairmindedjudge,butitisdoubtfulifhecanstemthetideofprejudice
thatwillpreventadispassionateassessmentofthebasicissuebeforetheSenate.Thatissueisnotwhatrewardsawait
itsmembers.Thatissueiswhether,onthebasisoftheevidenceagainsthim,thePresidentisfittoremaininhishigh
officeuntiltheendofhistermin2004ordeservestobebootedoutimmediatelyforhisunforgivableoffenses.

TheLawphilProjectArellanoLawFoundation

http://www.lawphil.net/current/impeachment/phiguide.html 6/6