BOTSWANA GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY

EDUCATION

ASSESSMENT SYLLABUS FOR

BUSINESS STUDIES, CODE 0615

BECOMES EFFECTIVE FOR FIRST EXAMINATION IN 2003

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

Foreword ii

Acknowledgements iii

1 Introduction 1

2 Aims 2

3 Assessment Objectives 3

4 Scheme of Assessment 4

5 Content 6

6 Coursework/Practical Skills 31

7 Grade Descriptions 33

8 Appendix A Coursework Description and Marking 35

Criteria

Appendix B Glossary of Terms 40

Appendix C Tables, Graphs and Quantitative Skills 42

ii
 FOREWORD
The Ministry of Education is pleased to
authorise the publication of this senior
secondary syllabus which marks a
watershed in the development of the public
education system in Botswana and signals
another milestone of progress in fulfilment
of the goals set by the Revised National
Policy on Education, Government Paper
No. 2 of 1994.
In this era of widespread and rapid
technological change and an increasingly
inter-dependent global economy, it is
essential that all countries foster human
resources by preparing children
adequately of their future. Survival in the
coming millennium will depend on the
ability to accommodate change and to
adapt to environmental needs and
emerging socio-economic trends. It is the
wish of Government to prepare Batswana
for future growth and adaptation to
ongoing change in the socio-economic
context; specifically the transition from an
agro-based economy to a more broadly
based industrial economy, which we are
aiming at.
The Senior Secondary Programme builds
on the Ten Year Basic Education
Programme and seeks to provide quality
learning experiences. It aims to prepare
our students for the world of work, further
education and lifelong learning. However,
secondary education must also pay
attention to the all-round development of
the individual. It should provide not only
for the acquisition of those skills needed
for economic, scientific and technological
advancement. It should also provide for
the development of cultural and national
identity and the inculcation of attitudes and
values which nurture respect for oneself
and for others.
i
Critical to the success of our secondary
education programme is the recognition of
individual talents, needs and learning
styles. Hence, the role of the teacher in
the classroom has changed. S/he must be
a proficient manager and facilitator; a
director of learning activities. S/he should
be conscious of students needs to take on
board a measure of accountability and
responsibility for their own learning. S/he
must also take into account the widening
range of ability of the student body and the
different levels of achievement, which they
aspire to. This means active participation
for all and the creation of rich and diverse
learning environments.
It is important then that we value the
students own experiences, build upon
what they know and reward them for
positive achievement. At the same time,
we must be prepared to offer them
guidance and counselling at all levels;
assisting them to make the best decisions
in keeping with their own interests, career
prospects and preferences. In that way we
shall prevail in nurturing at the roots of our
system, the national ideals of democracy,
development, self-reliance, unity and
social harmony.
The syllabus document is the outcome of a
great deal of professional consultation and
collaboration. On behalf of the Ministry, I
wish to record my appreciation and thank
sincerely those who contributed to and
were involved in the production of this
syllabus.
P. T. Ramatsui
Permanent Secretary
Ministry of Education
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Examinations, Research and Testing Division (ERTD) wishes to express its
gratitude to all colleagues who contributed in different ways to the planning,
development and production of this Senior Secondary Business Studies syllabus.
Special thanks must go to all members of the Business Subjects Task Force whose
names are listed below.

Mr. J. A. Appiah Botswana Examinations Council

Mr. A. Charlton Nanogang Community Junior Secondary School
Mrs.U. Manohar Tonota College of Education
Ms. K. Gumede Sheshe River Secondary School
Mr. E. Mangere Gabane Private Secondary School
Mr. E. V. Ndalama University of Botswana
Mrs. T. Tlhong Junior Achievement Botswana
Mr. N. Appadoo Radikolo Community Junior Secondary School
Mr. N. Ntuli Shashe River Secondary School
Mr. S. H. Kayumba BOCODOL
Mr. Jimmy. Joseph Matshekge Hill Secondary School
Ms. B. O. Lederitse Gaborone Secondary School
Mrs. J. L. Ntshinogang St. Joseph College
Mrs. C. Muwezwa BIAC
Mr. C. Mbekomize BIAC
Mrs. G. Ngakaeaja Moshupa Secondary School
Mrs. P. A. Amu Maruapula Secondary School
Mr. M. Hulela Department of Secondary Education
Mrs. O. Nkoane Mochudi Education Centre (T T &D)
Mrs. J. Mwila Kanye Private Secondary School Schools)
Mr. C. Tabengwa D VE T
Mr. J. K. Dadzeasah Curriculum Development Division
Mr J K Katumba Naledi Secondary School
Mrs Victoria Annoh Naledi Secondary School
Mr Mike Bradley Swaning Hills Secondary School

ERTD feels that this Business Studies syllabus reflects the outcome of a genuinely
collaborative work across a broad educational spectrum and reiterates its gratitude to
all individuals and organisations who contributed in any way to the production of this
syllabus.
The Division would also like to acknowledge the technical support provided by the
University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) in the production of
this syllabus.

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1. INTRODUCTION

As part of the Senior Secondary Education Programme, this Business Studies syllabus is
designed to assess candidates who have completed a two-year course based on t he
Senior Secondary Business Studies Teaching Syllabus.

This syllabus aims to assess positive achievement at all levels of ability. Candidates will be
assessed in ways that encourage them to show what they know, understand and can do, and
which provide opportunities to articulate their insights, perceptions and responses.

Candidates will be graded on a scale A* to G. As a guide to what might be expected of a

candidate, Grade Descriptions are given in Section 7.

This syllabus should be read in conjunction with:

(a) the Senior Secondary Business Studies Teaching Syllabus,
(b) the specimen question papers and marking schemes.

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 2. AIMS

Candidates following this syllabus should acquire and develop:

1. knowledge and understanding of the economic, social, political, legal and

technological environment within which business activity takes place and of the
way in which changes in that environment influence business behaviour;
2. knowledge and understanding of terminology, concepts, techniques and decision
making processes in business;
3. knowledge and understanding of the nature, roles and purposes of business
activity in both the private and public sectors;
4. knowledge and ability to initiate and manage business enterprise;
5. knowledge and understanding of the major groups and organisations in and
outside business and of the influence they exert on business objectives , decisions
and activities;
6. appreciation of the code of discipline, behaviour and ethics necessary in the
business world;
7. knowledge and understanding of the main types of business organisation their
financing and operation;
8. understanding and appreciation of the relationship between management and
labour and the changing role of organised labour in business;
9. appreciation of how the relationships between the organisation and consumers,
employees, owners and society are regulated;
10. the ability to apply skills of numeracy, literacy, enquiry and selection in the
analysis, presentation and interpretation of information;
11. knowledge and understanding of different modes of production and of the forces
which help to determine and control them for higher productivity;
12. knowledge and appreciation of the world of work and of the co-operation and
interdependence which participation in society entails;
13. problem solving, critical thinking, enquiry, communication and team
work/interpersonal skills to help them to be productive and adaptive in a changing
environment;
14. an appreciation of the need to protect and utilise the resources of the physical
environment in a sustainable manner;
15. awareness of the nature and significance of innovation and change within the
context of business activities.
16. awareness of the importance and application of information technology in
business.

As far as possible, the Aims will be reflected in the Assessment Objectives. However, some
of them cannot be readily assessed.

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 3. ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES

There are four main Assessment Objectives.

1 Knowledge and Understanding

2 Analysis and Application
3 Investigation
4 Judgement and Decision Making

For assessment purposes, the objectives have been broken down into smaller units.
However, a question designed to test, for example, Judgement and Decision Making would,
require candidates to demonstrate Knowledge and Understanding, Analysis and Application.

1. Knowledge and Understanding

Candidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:

1.1 The appropriate facts, terms and concepts;

1.2 Theories and techniques commonly applied to or used as part of business behaviour.

Questions testing these objectives will often begin with words such as define, list, outline,
name, describe, explain, etc.

2. Analysis and Application

Candidates should be able to:

2.1 Distinguish between facts and opinions in a business context;

2.2 Recognise, select, analyse and interpret information in narrative, numerical and
graphical forms;
2.3 Apply their knowledge and understanding to business activity.

Questions testing these skills will often begin with words such as compare, analyse, calculate,
prepare, how might, differentiate, distinguish between, explain in context, etc.

3. Investigation
Candidates should be able to:

3.1 Set objectives, plan and carry out an investigation of a particular business situation;
3.2 Select, analyse, collate, interpret and evaluate data from a variety of sources
appropriate to the objectives of an investigation;
3.3 Present the result of an investigation in an accurate and logical manner.

4. Judgement and Decision Making

Candidates should be able to:

4.1 Present reasoned explanations, develop arguments, understand implications, and,
communicate them in an accurate and logical manner;
4.2. Make reasoned judgements and present appropriate recommendations and
conclusions.

Questions testing these objectives will often begin with words or phrases such as assess,
recommend, choose between, justify, evaluate, discuss, decide, why, etc.

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 4. SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT

Candidates will be assessed on two written papers and coursework.

All candidates will be graded on a scale A* to G. All candidates who do not achieve grade G
will be Unclassified (U) and no grade will appear on their certificate.

The knowledge, understanding and the skills required for papers and the coursework are
identified in the syllabus content given in section 5 below.

The Papers

Paper 1
Written 1 hour 45 minutes 100 marks
There will be five questions, each with a number of sub-questions. The paper will contain
short-answer and stimulus response questions and will test Assessment Objectives 1, 2,
and 4. There will be no choice of questions.

Paper 2
Written 2 hours 90 marks
The paper will have five structured questions. Candidates will be presented with a case
study involving a business situation or problem, and required to answer questions arising
from it. It may include structured/data response questions. The paper will assess
Assessment Objectives 1, 2, and 4. There will be no choice of questions.

Paper 3
Coursework 60 marks
The paper will be a continuous assessment in the form of coursework covering a productive
activity or research into an existing productive activity in which the learner took part. The
coursework will be completed over a period of three school terms. Candidates will be
required to submit a portfolio which will be about 2500 words in length. The coursework will
assess Assessment Objectives 2, 3, and 4.

Note: Business Studies is an integrated subject, and questions may relate to more than one
syllabus topic.

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Assessment Grid
The following table shows the approximate number of marks allocated to each Assessment
Objective in each paper.

Assessment Objectives Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3

Knowledge and understanding 50 30 -

Analysis and application 30 30 15
Investigation - - 25
Judgement and decision making 20 30 20
Total marks 100 90 60

Weighting of the Assessment Objectives

The approximate weightings for the Assessment Objectives will be as follows:

Knowledge and Understanding 35%

Analysis and Application 30%
Investigation 10%
Judgement and Decision Making 25%

Weighting of the Papers

PAPER WEIGHT
1 35%
2 40%
3 25%

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5. CONTENT

The content is organised in seven modules:

1 The Business Organisation

2 Production Management
3 People and Organisational Behaviour
4 People in the Work Place
5 Business Finance
6 Marketing Management
7 Starting a Business

Each section has one or more sub-sections. The sub-sections are presented in three columns:
(a) Topics
A topic refers to the main subject, which candidates should have studied.
(b) General Objectives
General Objectives are derived from the topics and are the general knowledge,
understanding and demonstration of skills on which candidates may be assessed.
(c) Specific Objectives
Specific Objectives are detailed aspects of the General Objectives. They indicate
which aspects of the topic are likely to be assessed.

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MODULE 1 THE BUSINESS ORGANISATION

Unit 1.1 The Purpose of Business Activity

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Learners should be able
to:
The Economic understand the nature
Problem of the economic
problem
Types of Economic demonstrate
systems understanding of the
types of economic
systems
Specialisation and appreciate the
Division of Labour importance of
specialisation and the
division of labour
The Need for understand the role of
Business Activity business activity in
resolving the
economic problem
Learners should be able to:
- explain the economic problem;
- explain needs and wants with examples;
- discuss scarcity and choice in the
satisfaction of wants;
- describe the concept of opportunity cost.
- describe each type of economic system
(planned, free market, mixed);
- state the advantages and disadvantages
of each type of economy.
- explain the meaning of specialisation
and the division of labour;
- state the advantages and disadvantages
of specialisation and the division of
labour;
- explain the various levels of
specialisation(individual, regional,
national).
- explain the objectives of business;
- explain the role of business activity in
the economy;
- differentiate between direct and indirect
production;
- explain how direct and indirect
production can resolve the economic
problem;
- list the different groups involved in
business activity(owners, workers,
managers, consumers, government, the
community);
- discuss how the various objectives of
business may conflict with the objectives
of the different groups involved in
business.

Unit 1.2 Economic Activities

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Stages of know and understand - identify the different stages of production

Production the different stages of (primary, secondary and tertiary);
production - describe with examples each stage of
production;
- explain the term value added;
- explain how value is added at each
stage of production;
- explain the relationship between the
stages of production.
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8
The Size of understand the - explain the various ways of measuring
Business methods of measuring the size of business;
the size of business - explain the importance of comparing the
size of businesses;
- state the advantages enjoyed by a
business from growing;
- explain how a business can grow
internally;
- explain the external methods of
growth(mergers and take-overs);
- describe horizontal, vertical and
conglomerate mergers;
- discuss the benefits of integration;
- explain the reasons why some
businesses remain small.
Business Activities be familiar with the - explain with, examples small, medium
in Botswana business activities in and large scale business activities in
Botswana Botswana;
- discuss the role of small, medium and
large scale business activities in
Botswana;
- explain the problems faced by small,
medium and large scale business
activities in Botswana;
- suggest solutions to the problems faced
by small, medium and large scale
business activities in Botswana.

Unit 1.3 Business Units

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

The Private Sector acquire knowledge of - list the types of private sector business
Businesses in the private sector units in Botswana;
Botswana businesses in - explain incorporated and unincorporated
Botswana business units;
- explain the features of the sole
proprietorship;
- identify the areas of business in which the
sole proprietorship is common;
- explain the features of the partnership;
- identify the areas of business in which the
partnership is common;
- compare a sole proprietorship and a
partnership.
The Private Sector understand the - explain the term limited liability;
Businesses in features of organisation - discuss the importance of limited liability
Botswana (cont) of incorporated to the company and third parties;
business - discuss the features of private and public
limited companies;
- explain the importance of an annual
general meeting to a company;
- explain the part played by shareholders
and directors in a limited liability
company;
- discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of private and public.
9
 Companies;
- explain the legal requirements for the
establishment of private and public
companies.

demonstrate - state the features of closed corporation,

understanding of the co-operatives, joint venture and
features of other franchising;
incorporated business - explain the advantages and
disadvantages of closed corporation, co-
operatives, joint venture and franchising;
- discuss the legal requirements of closed
corporation, co-operatives, joint venture
and franchising.
Multinational demonstrate - explain the meaning of multinational
Corporation understanding of the corporation;
importance of - identify multinational corporations in
multinational Botswana;
corporations - explain the importance of multinational
corporations to the host countries;
- discuss the problems faced by developing
countries in their dealings with
multinational corporations.

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Unit 1.4 The Government In Business

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Government acquire knowledge of - explain the reasons for the
Economic governments governments intervention in business;
Objectives intervention in - explain the governments economic
business and social objectives.
Government demonstrate - define fiscal and monetary policies of
Economic Policies understanding of the the government;
economic policies of - describe the types of taxes (direct and
the government of indirect);
Botswana - explain how taxes are used by the
government to influence business
activities;
- explain how government expenditure
can be used to influence business
activities;
- describe how the government can use
the interest rate to influence business
activity.
Government in know the part played - identify the most common areas of
Production by the government in government ownership;
production - explain the term privatisation;
- discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of privatisation;
- explain the term commercialisation;
- differentiate between privatisation and
commercialisation;
- explain the term nationalisation;
- explain the reasons for nationalisation.

Government acquire knowledge - explain the reasons for governments

Control of and understanding of intervention in business;
Business the need for the - explain how the government controls
control of business production of goods and services;
activity by the - describe ways by which the consumer
government can be protected;
- discuss how consumers are protected
in Botswana(including private
organisations and pressure groups);
- discuss how the employees are
protected by the state;
- discuss how the government can
protect people with HIV/AIDS at the
workplace.

Government know and understand - state the various ways the government
Assistance to how the government of Botswana is assisting small medium
business of Botswana can help and large businesses;
businesses - explain why the government assist
businesses which are involved in
export;
- explain how the Botswana government
assist exporters.

11
MODULE 2: PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Unit 2.1 Business Location
Topic General Objectives
The Location of demonstrate
Business understanding of why
businesses locate or
relocate in a particular
area
The business and demonstrate
the environment understanding of the
effects of the business
on the physical
environment
Government and understand why and
business location how the government
may influence the
location of industries
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Specific Objectives
- explain why location decision is
important to the entrepreneur both at
local, national and international levels;
- discuss the various factors affecting the
location of a manufacturing and retailing
business;
- discuss the causes of business
relocation.
- describe the physical environment of a
business;
- describe the various ways a business
may damage the environment;
- explain how individuals may also
contribute to environmental degradation;
- explain the effects of tourism on the
environment;
- explain industrial pollution;
- describe the various ways industries
may pollute the environment;
- describe the likely effects of industrial
pollution on people;
- explain how environmental degradation
and industrial pollution can be
minimised(legislation, taxation, pressure
groups, specific charges, consumers,
recycling, traffic reduction scheme etc.).
- explain why the government influences
the location of industries in Botswana;
- describe the methods used by the
Botswana government to influence the
location of industry (eg. Grants,
subsidies, tax breaks, cost- benefit
analysis).
Unit 2.2 Production Strategies

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

-
Customer needs demonstrate - differentiate between product-led and
understanding of the market led types of business
importance of - explain the importance of identifying
customer needs and meeting customer needs

Methods of be familiar with the - describe the various methods of

production different methods of production (job, batch, project line and
production flow);
- state the advantages and
disadvantages of each of the
production methods;
- explain the importance of automation in
production;
- determine the choice of a method of
production for a particular product.
-
Production demonstrate an - explain the meaning of production
Strategies understanding of the strategies;
production strategies - explain mass production method;
adopted by businesses - explain the importance of mass market
in mass production;
- discuss quality control, quality
assurance and total quality management
in meeting customer requirements;
- explain just-in-time production;
- discuss the importance of research and
development in production decisions
and the role played by research
institutions.

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Unit 2.3 Production Activities

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

The Five Ps of acquire knowledge - identify the five Ps of production

Production and understanding of
the elements (the five
Ps) of production
Cost of Production acquire knowledge
and skill in
determining the cost
of production
Break-even acquire the skill of
Analysis determining the
break-even analysis
(product, plant, process, programme,
people);
- explain how each of the five Ps
affect production;
- show the relationship between the
five Ps.
-
- explain the importance of cost in
production;
- explain the elements of cost (e.g.
material, labour, overheads, etc.);
- explain the various types of costs
(fixed, variable, direct, indirect, total,
marginal, average).
-
- explain revenue and how it is related
to price;
- calculate contribution;
- calculate fixed, variable and average
costs;
- explain break-even point;
- draw break-even chart;
- interpret break-even chart;
- calculate the break-even;
- explain the importance of break-
even analysis.

Productivity be familiar with the - explain the meaning of productivity;

importance of - show how productivity is measured;
productivity as a way - explain how productivity can be
of measuring improved;
performance - explain the effects of HIV/AIDS on
productivity.
Economies and demonstrate - define economies of scale;
diseconomies of understanding of - explain the various economies of
scale economies and scale;
diseconomies of scale - define diseconomies of scale;
- explain the various diseconomies of
scale;
- explain how the economies and
diseconomies of scale affect
business costs.

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Unit 2.4 Technology and Business

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Innovation and recognise the - explain the meaning of innovation;
change importance of - differentiate between innovation and
innovation and invention;
change to business - discuss the importance of innovation
survival and change in modern business
situation;
- discuss the importance of research and
development in innovation and change;
- discuss the factors which hinder
innovation and change in Botswana.
Impact and use of be familiar with the - explain the meaning of technology;
technology impact of technology - explain high-tech industries;
and change on - discuss the impact of technology on
business activities production, productivity, jobs and skills;
- explain the effects of technology on
communication, information;
processing, management information
systems and commerce;
- discuss the factors impeding and
facilitating technological change in
Botswana (social, cultural, political,
technical, infrastructures).

15
MODULE 3; PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

Unit 3.1 Organisational Structure

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Organisational understand the need - explain the meaning of organisational
Structure for a business to structure/chart;
organise internally - explain why the organisational structure
changes as a business expands;
- draw an organisational chart for a
manufacturing and non-manufacturing
business organisation;
- describe line and staff relationships in
the organisational chart.
Features of formal demonstrate - explain hierarchy in an organisational
business understanding of the structure;
organisation features of a formal - explain responsibility and delegation
organisation - state the advantages and disadvantages
of delegation;
- explain the chain of command and span
of control;
- explain the relationship between the
chain of command and span of control.
Centralisation and demonstrate - explain centralisation and
Decentralisation understanding of decentralisation;
centralisation and - compare centralisation and
decentralisation decentralisation;
- discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of decentralisation;
- describe the different forms of
decentralisation(functional, federal,
regional, project teams).

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Unit 3.2 Managing a Business

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Functions of acquire knowledge - explain the meaning of management;
Management and understanding of - state the functions of management
the functions of (planning, organising, co-ordinating,
management leading, controlling);
- state the qualities of a good manager;
- differentiate between management in
large and small businesses;
- discuss the problems of business
management (e.g. Botswana);
- discuss how management problems
could be resolved (e.g. Botswana).
Roles within the acquire knowledge of - identify the various job roles in a
workplace the different job roles business organisation(managers,
in a business supervisors, foremen, workers);
organisation - describe the management
responsibilities in the various
departments of the business
organisation.

17
Unit 3.3 Communication In Business

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

The need for demonstrate - explain the meaning of
communication understanding of communication;
communication in an - differentiate between formal and
organisation informal communication;
- discuss the importance of
communication a business;
- analyse the features of effective
communication;
- differentiate between one-way and
two-way communication.
Types of internal acquire knowledge - identify the three different types of
communication and demonstrate skill communication (verbal, written,
of using different types visual);
of internal - describe verbal communication (e.g.
communication Meetings, telephone, briefing);
- state the advantages and the
disadvantages of verbal
communication;
- identify the various types of written
communication;
- write a memo and a report;
- state the advantages and the
disadvantages of written
communication;
- describe the various types of visual
communication (films and videos,
charts and diagrams, posters);
- state the advantages and
disadvantages of visual
communication;
- describe the direction of
communication in a business
organisation (horizontal, vertical).

External appreciate the - explain the purpose of external

Communication importance of external communication to a business;
communication to a - describe the types of external
business communication;
- differentiate between internal and
external communication;
- write a business letter;
- describe the various causes of
barriers to effective communication;
- explain how the barriers can be
overcome.

18
MODULE 4: PEOPLE IN THE WORKPLACE

Unit 4.1: Motivation

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Motivating Factors demonstrate - explain the meaning of motivation;
understanding of how - explain Maslows hierarchy of
management can motivation;
motivate workers - identify the three main motivating factors
(monetary rewards, non-monetary
rewards, job satisfaction);
- describe the various methods of
payment systems;
- discuss the role of the various payment
systems in motivation;
- describe the non-monetary rewards
used to motivate workers;
- explain job satisfaction;
- discuss the ways management can
increase the job satisfaction of
employees (job rotation, job enrichment,
job enlargement);
- discuss the factors which may
demotivate workers in Botswana.
Leadership understand different - define leadership;
styles of leadership - describe the different styles of
that management can leadership(autocratic, democratic,
use laissez-faire, charismatic);
- apply the different styles of leadership to
particular situations.

19
Unit 4.2 Human Resource Management

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

- identify the functions of human resource
Recruitment and Demonstrate department;
Selection understanding of the - describe the recruitment process
process of - explain job analysis, job description and
recruitment and job specification;
selection of - draw up a job description and job
employees specification;
- differentiate between internal recruitment
and external recruitment;
- state the advantages and disadvantages
of internal and external recruitment;
- choose suitable ways of advertising a
vacancy;
- prepare a job advertisement;
- complete an application form;
- prepare a Curriculum Vitae;
- explain the purpose of an interview;
- draw up questions for interviews;
- describe the preparations to be made by
the interviewer and interviewee before
an interview takes place;
- explain the purpose of appraising
workers;
- differentiate between dismissal and
redundancy/retrenchment.
-
Training and Acquire knowledge - state the objectives for training the
Development and understanding of workforce by a business;
the need for training - describe the types of training available to
and development of a business (induction, upgrading skills,
employees retraining, multi-skilling);
- describe on-the-job and off-the-job
methods of training.

20
Unit 4.3 Industrial Relations

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Groupings at the Be familiar with the - differentiate between formal and
workplace formation of groups in informal groups;
the workplace - explain the importance of formal and
informal groups in the workplace.
Trade Unions Know and understand - state the meaning of a trade union;
the role of trade - identify the objectives of trade unions;
unions and their - state the benefits to an employee of
organisation joining a trade union;
- describe the types of trade unions in
Botswana ( e.g. white collar , blue collar
, craft unions);
- discuss the factors affecting trade union
activities in Botswana.
Collective Understand collective - explain the meaning of collective
Bargaining bargaining in business bargaining;
- identify the reasons for collective
bargaining at both local and national
levels (e.g. inflation, maintenance of pay
differentials, changes in the work place,
increases in productivity);
- discuss the need for productivity
agreements.

Understand why trade - identify the sources of conflict in the

unions may take
industrial action
business organisation;
- explain why management should strive
to avoid conflict in the business
organisation;
- explain the meaning of industrial action;
- describe the various types of industrial
actions;
- discuss the effects of industrial action on
production and workers;
- discuss the means of avoiding and
resolving conflict in the business
organisation;
- explain the importance of conciliation
and arbitration in resolving conflicts.

21
MODULE 5: BUSINESS FINANCE

Unit 5.1 Business Accounting

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Business Demonstrate - explain the term accounting;

documents and understanding of
accounting records business documents
and accounting
records
Final Accounts Be familiar with the
composition of final
accounts
Analysis of Final Acquire knowledge
Accounts and develop skills of
calculating accounting
ratios
- explain the reasons for keeping
financial records by organisations;
- identify the documents used for buying
and selling in home trade;
- explain the importance of business
documents;
- identify the financial records kept by a
business and the books used.
- state the composition of final accounts
(income statement, balance sheet);
- state the purpose of preparing a trading
account;
- calculate gross profit ;
- state the purpose of preparing a profit
and loss account;
- calculate net profit;
- explain assets, liabilities and various
types of capital ( working capital, fixed
capital, circulating capital and capital
employed);
- examine the components of the final
accounts of a business.
- explain the importance of accounting
ratios;
- calculate profitability ratios (gross and
net profit margins);
- calculate liquidity ratios(current assets
ratio , acid test ratio, stock-turn ratio);
- calculate activity ratio ( stock-turn,
debtors collection period, debtors
payment period.

22
Unit 5.2 Financial Forecasting
Topic General Objectives
Budgeting and Acquire knowledge
Forecasting and skill of budgeting
and forecasting in
business
Cash Flow Forecast Acquire knowledge
and develop the skill
of preparing a cash
flow forecast
23
Specific Objectives
-
- explain budgeting in business;
- show the relationship between
budgeting and forecasting;
- explain the purpose of budgets;
- explain the methods of forecasting in
business.
- explain the meaning of cash flow
forecast;
- identify the sources of cash inflow and
outflow of a business;
- prepare a cash flow forecast;
- explain the uses of a cash flow forecast
to a business;
- discuss how cash flow problems can
be solved.
Unit 5.3 Financing Business Activity

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Need for finance Appreciate the need for - explain the meaning of finance
finance in business - explain start-up capital;
- describe the purposes for which an
existing business may require capital;
- discuss the problems faced by a
business in raising funds.
Sources of Acquire knowledge and - differentiate between internal and
finance develop understanding external sources of finance;
of the sources of - describe each type of internal sources of
finance finance;
- describe each type of external sources of
finance;
- explain the steps a firm has to take in
seeking external funding.
Short, medium Be familiar with the - differentiate between short, medium and
and long-term importance of short, long-term finance(ST 0-12months, MT
finance medium and long-term 13month-10years; LT 10+ years);
finance to a business - describe the various types of short,
medium, and long term finance;
- explain shares and debentures;
- describe types of shares (ordinary and
preference);
- differentiate between shares and
debentures;
- define the stock exchange;
- explain the functions of the stock
exchange;
- discuss the factors which will determine
the choice of finance for a business;
- analyse the factors financiers will
consider in funding a business.

24
MODULE 6: MARKETING MANAGEMENT
Unit 6.1 Marketing And Market Research
Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives
Marketing Demonstrate
understanding of the
role of marketing in
business
Design and use of Develop the skill of
questionnaire preparing and using a
questionnaire
Presentation of Acquire knowledge and
Market Research develop the skill of
Data presenting market
research data
25
- explain a market;
- explain the meaning of marketing
- describe the structure of a marketing
department;
- explain market research;
- describe types of market research;
- describe the methods of primary
research(questionnaires, consumer
panels, observation, interview);
- describe the internal and external
sources of information for secondary
research;
- explain the importance of market
research information to a business.
- state the steps to follow in writing the
questionnaire;
- prepare a questionnaire for a market
research;
- determine how to select a sample in a
market research;
- use a questionnaire in a market
research.
- describe the various ways of
presenting market research data (table,
chart, graph,);
- draw graphs to summarise market
research information (bar, pie, line);
- interpret graphs;
- write a report on market research
findings.
Unit 6.2 The Marketing Mix Product

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Product in Appreciate the - explain the term marketing mix;
Marketing Mix importance of the - identify the four Ps in marketing mix;
product in the - discuss how to create an effective mix
marketing mix of the four Ps;
- identify the types of product (consumer
goods, consumer services, producer
goods, producer services);
- explain the factors which make a
product successful.
Branding and Appreciate the - explain branding and packaging;
packaging importance of - explain the importance of branding to
branding and the producer and consumer;
packaging in the - discuss the importance of branding in
success of a product advertising;
- explain the role of packaging in the
success of a product;
- describe the link between branding,
packaging and advertising.
Product life cycle Appreciate the - explain a product life cycle;
importance of product - describe the stages a product passes
life cycle to a business through from its inception;
- draw a diagram of a product life cycle;
- explain the strategies adopted to extend
a product life cycle;
- draw a diagram of a product life cycle
which has been extended.

26
Unit 6.3 The Marketing Mix Price
Topic General Objectives
Price in a free Understand how
market prices are determined
in a free market and
what influences
demand and supply
Pricing Strategies Understand the
different pricing
strategies in business
27
Specific Objectives
-
- explain the role of price in the
marketing mix;
- explain demand and supply;
- show how the market price is
determined by demand and supply
graphically;
- explain the factors affecting demand
and supply with the help of graphs.
- explain the reasons for a business to
adopt pricing strategies;
- explain the various pricing strategies
(cost plus, penetrating, price skimming,
competitive, promotional);
- discuss when to use each strategy.
Unit 6.4 The Marketing Mix Promotion
Topic General Objectives
Promotion in Understand the role of
marketing mix promotion in the
marketing mix
Advertising Demonstrate
understanding of the
importance of the
various types of
advertising
Acquire knowledge
and skill of using the
various media of
advertising
Other methods of Acquire knowledge
promotion and skill of using other
methods of promotion
28
Specific Objectives
-
- explain the meaning of promotion
- list the types of promotion;
- explain the importance of promotion in
the marketing mix;
- describe the aims of various methods
of promotion.
- define advertising;
- state the purpose of advertising;
- explain the importance of the AIDA
model in advertising;
- describe the types of advertising;
- describe the various methods of
appeals used.
- state the media of advertising(print,
audio, visual);
- state the advantages and
disadvantages of each medium of
advertising;
- select the appropriate media of
advertising for different products;
- design an advertising message.
- describe the other methods of
promotion (price reduction, gifts,
competitions, point of sale display and
demonstration, after-sale service, free
samples);
- explain the importance of other
methods of promotion;
- select appropriate methods of
promotion for different products;
- plan a promotional campaign;
- explain personal selling and public
relations;
- explain how personal selling and public
relations are used in business.
Unit 6.5 Marketing Mix Place
Topic General Objectives
Place in marketing Demonstrate
mix understanding of place
in marketing mix
Globalisation of Acquire knowledge
business and develop
understanding of how
a business is affected
by the international
community
MODULE 7: STARTING A BUSINESS
Unit 7.1: Finding Business Ideas
Topic General Objectives
Entrepreneurship Demonstrate
understanding of the
role of the
entrepreneur in
business
Feasible Business Demonstrate
Ideas understanding and
acquire the skill of
finding feasible
business ideas
Market Research Apply market research
knowledge to assess
the market for a
business idea
29
Specific Objectives
-
- explain the meaning of place in the
marketing mix;
- explain the channel of distribution;
- describe the various channels of
distribution;
- state the factors to consider in
selecting a suitable channel of
distribution for a given product.
- outline the various ways in which a
business may be affected by the
international community;
- explain exchange rate and why the
values of currencies fluctuate ;
- discuss how a business can be
affected by changing exchange rates;
- explain other barriers to trade between
countries which affect businesses;
- discuss the formation of free trade
association;
- explain the meaning of globalisation;
- discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of globalisation.
Specific Objectives
- discuss the functions of the
entrepreneur;
- describe the characteristics of a
successful entrepreneur;
- assess own entrepreneurial
characteristics;
- identify those areas of weaknesses
and seek assistance.
- identify business opportunities in
Botswana (e.g. tourism, home health
care, event planning, small scale
manufacturing);
- explain business ideas;
- describe the various ways of finding
business ideas;
- screen business ideas and select the
most feasible one.
- explain market segmentation and
niche marketing;
- explain the factors to be considered in
segmenting the market;
 - divide the market into segments for a
business idea;
- select a market research method for
the business idea;
- conduct a market research to find out
the size of the market, competitors,
customers and the prices they want to
pay.

30
Unit 7.2 Business Planning And Start Up

Topic General Objectives Specific Objectives

Prepare a Appreciate the - explain the meaning of a business plan;
business plan importance and - discuss the importance of planning in
acquire the skill of business;
planning for a - identify the key parts of a business plan
business (objectives, swot analysis, sales and
marketing, production, resources
requirement, finance);
- explain all the components of a
business plan;
- write a business plan in a specific format
for the a business.
Start-up plans Demonstrate the skill - draw up and refine a start-up plan;
of putting the start-up - prepare a production plan for
plans into action implementation;
- decide on selling method;
- discuss the influence of business on the
family and vice versa.
Managing the Demonstrate the skill - explain how to evaluate and monitor
business of managing a business activities in a changing
successful business environment;
- identify and show how to deal with
possible risks.

31
 6. COURSEWORK/PRACTICAL SKILLS

Candidates will be required to submit a portfolio of coursework. The work should be

programmed to cover three terms. Candidates should receive sufficient basic instruction in
the course and in the context of the syllabus modules before starting the coursework. The
coursework topics should be seen as a part of the syllabus modules.

The coursework is intended to assess the outcome of a business investigation through

collection and presentation of data and its analysis, interpretation and evaluation as a result
of an individual enquiry. Candidates will be required to submit a portfolio which should be
between 2000 and 3000 words in length representing no more than three terms work on all
elements of the task.

Candidates should do a project which he/she will enjoy and will be useful. The following list
shows some suggested topics.

1. Consider the product of any one of the following practical subjects: Agriculture, Home
Economics, Design and Technology and Art. Plan the setting up of a business, which
can produce and sell the product profitably.

2. After you have worked in the school tuck-shop or any other shop for not less than one
term, suggest ways to improve it.

3. Consider any product sold in the local shops. Indicate how you can add value to it to
become your feasible business idea. Write a comprehensive business plan for that
business idea.

4. Consider the small businesses in your locality and investigate the reasons for their
survival.

5. Choose a vacant site in your local area. Consider the kind of business you would
recommend to be opened at the site and why.

6. Choose any business or businesses in the local area. Evaluate the marketing
strategies adopted by the business or businesses.

7. Using examples from your local area, evaluate the methods used by different
companies in the recruitment and retention of staff.

8. Choose a suitable business/mini-enterprise within your centre and evaluate whether

the business/mini-enterprise has succeeded in meeting its aims and objectives.

9. The use of information technology by businesses in the local area.

10. Choose any one business whose location has been a blessing or a curse to the
people and the environment in your local area.

11. The impact of tourism (or agriculture, mining, etc.) on the economy of Botswana.

32
ASSESSMENT OF COURSEWORK

Coursework will be marked by the teacher and this should provide a reliable order of merit
with a spread of marks which adequately discriminates candidates attainment in accordance
with the following criteria:

ASSESSMENT MAXIMUM
OBJECTIVE MARK

Aims and objectives clearly stated and the

understanding of it displayed. 3 8

Knowledge and understanding of facts, terms,

principles and ideas applied to a business situation 2 5

Methodology of investigation and collection of data 3 8

Quality of investigation and collection of data 3 11

Analysis, interpretation and evaluation of data 3/4 13

Conclusion/recommendations stated based on the 4 9

data

Main findings presented and 3 6

conclusion/recommendations based on them in an
appropriate and logical manner.

Coursework must be submitted in accordance with the ERTD General Coursework

Regulations, which are published separately.

MODERATION

(a) Internal Moderation

When several teachers in a Centre are involved in internal assessment, arrangements

must be made within the centre for all candidates to be assessed to a common
standard determined by the most experienced or the most senior teacher of the subject.
It is important that the marks for each skill awarded by different teachers are moderated
internally for the whole centre entry. The centre assessments will then be subject to
external moderation by ERTD.

b) External Moderation

The Individual Candidate Assessment Form and Coursework Assessment Summary

Forms must be received by ERTD not later than 31 October along with all coursework
portfolio submitted by the candidates.

33
 7. GRADE DESCRIPTIONS

Grade Descriptions are provided to give a general indication of the standards of achievement
expected of candidates for the award of particular grades. The grade awarded will depend on
the extent to which the candidate has met the Assessment Objectives.

Grade A
Judgement & decision-making
A consistent ability to present reasoned explanations develops arguments, understand
implications, and communicate them in an accurate and logical manner in a variety of
circumstances.
A consistent ability to make reasoned judgements, decisions and present appropriate
recommendations and conclusions of a high standard.

Investigation
A sound ability to set objectives, plan and carry out and investigation of a particular
business situation.
A consistent ability to select, analyses, collates, interpret and evaluate data from a
variety of sources appropriate to the objectives of an investigation.
A consistent ability to present the result of an investigation in an accurate and logical
manner.
Analysis and Application
A consistent ability to relate facts, concepts, techniques and conventions, learnt in an
acuminate and logical manner.
A consistent ability to classify, interpret and recognise, select, analyse and interpret
information in narrative, numerical and graphical forms.
A consistent ability to distinguish between evidence and opinion.

Knowledge and Understanding:

A consistent ability to identify detailed facts and techniques in relation to the content of
the syllabus.
A thorough ability to define and explain the concepts and conventions of the syllabus.
A consistent ability to apply knowledge and understanding to business activity.

Grade C
Judgement decision-making
Shows ability to present reasoned explanations, develop arguments, understand
implications, and communicate them in an accurate and logical manner but not
consistently.
Shows ability to make reasoned judgements and present appropriate recommendations
and conclusions but not consistently.

34
Investigation
An ability to set objectives, plan and carry out and investigation of a particular
business situation.
A good ability to select, analyses, collates, interpret and evaluate data from a variety
of sources appropriate to the objectives of an investigation.
An ability to present the result of an investigation in an accurate and logical manner.
Analysis and Application
An ability to relate facts, concepts, techniques and conventions to different situations.
A good ability to use and comment on information presented in a non-verbal as well as
a verbal manner.
A good ability to classify, interpret and recognise, select, analyse and interpret
information in narrative, numerical and graphical forms.
An ability to distinguish between evidence and opinion.
A good ability to apply knowledge and understanding to business activity.

Knowledge and Understanding

A sound ability to identify detailed facts and techniques in relation to the content of the
syllabus.
An ability to understand theories and techniques commonly applied to or used as part of
business behaviour.

Grade F
Judgement & decision-making
Some ability to present reasoned explanations, develops arguments, understand
implications, and communicate them.
Some ability to make reasoned judgements or present appropriate recommendations or
conclusions.
Some ability to understand theories and techniques commonly applied to or used as
part of business behaviour.
Investigation
Some ability to set objectives, plan and carry out and investigation of a particular
business situation
Some ability to select, analyse collate, interpret and evaluate data from a variety of
sources appropriate to the objectives of an investigation.
Some ability to present the result of an investigation.
Analysis and Application
A limited ability to relate facts, concepts, techniques and convention learnt to some
situations.
A limited ability to classify, interpret and recognise, select, analyse and interpret
information in narrative, numerical and graphical forms.
Some ability to distinguish between evidence and opinion.
Some ability to apply knowledge and understanding to business activity.
35
Knowledge and Understanding
Some ability to identify specific facts, and techniques in relation to the content of the
syllabus.
Some familiarity with definitions and explanation of theories and techniques commonly
applied to or used as part of business behaviour.

8. APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

COURSEWORK DESCRIPTION AND MARKING CRITERIA

Introduction
The Business Studies coursework is aimed at exposing candidates to the world of work and
allow them to put theory into practice. It allows for personal development, creativity, and
resourcefulness by selecting, collecting, investigating and preparing individual written reports.
Coursework is very important in Business Studies because it gives the candidates important
skills and practices such as:

1. Investigating questions and problems by finding out information;

2. Producing reports and making presentations;
3. Explaining ideas clearly using appropriate illustrations, charts and diagrams;
4. Finding out about different views on a subject;
5. Making sense of information;
6. Drawing up recommendations and conclusions;
7. Meeting deadlines.

Role of the Teacher

Teachers may give guidance, particularly in the selection, collecting, implementation and

presentation of the coursework report. The teachers assistance may include;

a) preparing candidates to undertake their projects individually by making them aware of

the diversity of research/project work and by discussing diversity of choice in terms of
resource availability;
b) guiding candidate in selecting topics;
c) suggesting possible approaches to generating new ideas;
d) discussing problems and difficulties which may be encountered;
e) guiding candidates in collecting, sorting and presenting the work.;
f) supervising candidate in their work.

Rationale
The coursework has been incorporated in the examination of the Botswana General
Certificate of Secondary Education Business Studies syllabus as a good way of testing to see
36
how well the candidate can apply his or her skills to a real business situation. It gives the
candidate the opportunity to do something totally original and to be assessed on their
performance during the course of study
It enables them to acquire knowledge, develop confidence and the ability to assess their
personal strengths and weaknesses. Coursework gives candidates the opportunity to
appreciate the need to plan and execute a project that is viable in terms of available
resources.

Nature of the Project

Each candidate is to prepare and submit a project report for both centre-based assessment
and external moderation. The research project report should consist of about 2 500 words.
Candidates will select, plan, implement and evaluate a project which could be student
initiated or on going. In preparing the research project candidates would be required to use
primary and secondary sources.

Examples of Project Work areas

Examples of suitable areas of work are given on page 24.
Areas to be covered by the Project
The body of the Candidates projects should centre on these areas: Introduction, Project
Selection, Collection and Planning, Implementation, Analysis and Evaluation,
Recommendation, Conclusion, Presentation and References.
(a) General Introduction
(i) Title page;
(ii) Table of Content;
(iii) Acknowledgements;
(iv) Introduction, including
a brief description of the project work undertaken;
the rationale/background of the project;
(b) Aims/objectives of the project/business
(c) Collection and Planning
The candidate identifies the data which needs to be collected and the tasks entailed in
pursuing the activities selected in relation to the chosen project/business and the main
productive activities in which he/she engages. The candidate identifies sources of
information (primary and secondary) resources (labour, time, money) and the steps to
follow. These steps are in respect of activities in order of priority in terms of proper
sequence and level of difficulty.
(d) Implementation
Candidates shall be required to detail their activities. They should state the benefits of
the project to themselves, the community and other stakeholders. They should
identify the problems encountered and solutions. The area covers all work done by the
candidate in carrying out the project.
(f) Analysis, Evaluation and Interpretation
The candidate should be able to apply theories and ideas to a practical business
situation and also manipulate the data. Evaluation should be formative and
summative.

37
 Candidates should identify evaluation techniques such questionnaires, observation,

interviews, feedback from stakeholders, auditing and measuring.

This section indicates whether the project was a success or failure in terms of
achieving its aims and objectives. Candidates should mention the strengths and
weaknesses of the project.
Finally, candidates should reflect on the methodology and evaluation instruments
used. The evaluation should include any shortcomings.
(f) Conclusions and Recommendations
In the conclusion, candidates should reflect on the aims and objectives of the project
and the implications of their work on Business Studies. Also, they should summarise
the main activities, benefits and problems.
Their recommendations should include suggestions for future actions based on their
findings, and they should identify implications if any.
(g) Presentation
Candidates should be able to use variety of presentation techniques. Credit will be
given to Logical layout of the data and the whole presentation.
(h) References
Candidate should list secondary sources used in the order of name of author, initials
of author, (year of publication), title (underlined), publisher.
Glossary, questionnaires, tables, should be included as appendices.

MARKING CRITERIA

The Assessment Objectives and the Maximum Marks are on page 25. The detailed criteria for
the award of marks are as follows:

1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES CLEARLY STATED 8 MARKS

Aims and/ or objectives are developed in the context of the coursework. 6-8
The introduction and background/rationale for the coursework are clear.

Aims and/ or objectives, introduction, background/rationale are included 3-5

but are not clear, well developed or properly related to the topic.

Aims and/ or objectives, introduction, background/rationale are included 1-2

but are not developed, not related to the topic and may be missing.

2. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF FACTS AND TERMS APPLIED TO A

BUSINESS SITUATION 5 MARKS

Facts and terms used more appropriate to the topic, showing both 3-5
width and depth

Facts and terms used appropriate to the topic, although lacking in 1-2
depth in some areas

38
3. METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION AND COLLECTION OF DATA
8 MARKS

Evidence of methods related to the topic gathered from a wide 6-8

range of sources, using both primary and secondary research

Evidence of methods related to the topic, gathered from a limited 3-5

range of sources or using only either primary or secondary
research

Evidence of investigation and data collection methods which

may be unrelated to topic, or only uses primary or secondary 1-2
research

No evidence of research method 0

4. QUALITY OF INVESTIGATION AND COLLECTION OF DATA 11 MARKS

Information collected is sufficient to enable realistic

recommendation to be made and/or conclusions to be reached 9-11
related to the topic
Information collected is adequate to enable partial
recommendation to be made and/ or conclusions reached related 5-8
to the topic

Information collected is adequate to enable partial 1-4

recommendation to be made and/or conclusions reached related
to the topic

Information collected not related to the topic 0

5. ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND EVALUATION OF DATA

13 MARKS

Data is fully analysed, interpreted and evaluated in relation to the 11-13

aims and objectives of the topic. Shortcomings in the selected
data may/may not be mentioned
Data is analysed and interpreted fully with some attempt to
evaluate the data in relation to the aims and objectives of the topic 8-10

39
Data is analysed and interpreted more fully 5-7

Some attempt is made to analyse and interpret data 1-4

No attempt to analyse, interpret or evaluate data

0

6. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS STATED BASED ON THE DATA

9 MARKS

Reasoned and justified conclusions and recommendation(s) given based

on the evidence collected 8-9

Appropriate conclusions given and justified but recommendation(s) left 6-7

undeveloped

Conclusions or recommendation drawn but little justification offered 3-5

A conclusion or recommendation is stated 1-2

No conclusions and nor recommendations made 0

7. COURSEWORK PRESENTED IN AN APPROPRIATE AND LOGICAL MANNER

6 MARKS

Report uses presentation guidelines, is structured well with 5-6

appropriate style and presentation. Well written and easy to read

Report attempts to use presentation guidelines, there may be

difficulties with style, structure or readability. 3-4

Some attempts to write a report

1-2

40
APPENDIX B
Glossary of Terms

Analysis
To take apart or break down the whole into its component parts or to examine or consider in detail the
component parts or features of the whole.

Calculate
This is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown when two or
more steps are involved.

Determine
This often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is obtained by
calculation or substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula.

Find
This is a general term that may be interpreted as calculate, measure, or determine.

Discuss
This requires the candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.

Analyse
Study in depth, identify and describe in detail the main parts or characteristics of something.

Account for
Explain the reasons for, giving an indication of all relevant circumstances. Very different from Give an
account of, which asks only for a detailed description.

Assess
Examine closely, with a view to measuring or weighing up a particular situation. Consider in a
balanced way: strengths and weaknesses, points for and against. In conclusion, state your judgement
clearly.

Comment
State clearly and in a moderate fashions your opinions on the material in question. Support your views
with references to suitable evidence, examples or explanation as appropriate.

Compare
Look for qualities and characteristics, which resemble each other. Emphasise similarities but be aware
also of points of difference.

Contrast
Stress the dissimilarities and differences between the items in question, but do not ignore points of
similarity.

Criticise
Express your balanced judgement about the merit or truth of the material in question. Give the results
of your scrutiny, establishing both strengths and weaknesses. Be specific.

Define
Give concise, clear and authoritative meanings. Do not give too many details, but be sure to state the
limitations of the definition. Show how the thing that you are defining differs from things in other
categories.

41
Describe
Give the main characteristics or features of the matter in question, or relate in sequence form.

Discuss
Examine and analyse carefully, giving reasons for and against and the advantages and disadvantages
of the factors being considered. Be complete and give details. You must consider all sides of the issue
and reach a balanced conclusion with your reasons.

Distinguish
Show how one thing differs from another by using certain characteristics, such as the income effect
and how it differs between normal, inferior and Giffen goods.

Enumerate
State in list or outline form, giving points concisely one by one.

Evaluate
Carefully appraise the matter in hand, citing both advantages and limitations. Emphasise the views of
authorities as well as your personal opinion to put value to something, to assess its worth or to
analyse and assess the role or function of something.

Explain
Clarify, interpret and spell out the material you present. Give reasons for important features or
developments and try to analyse causes or say how it works. To make sense of something; to provide
reasons for something being or happening in a particular way. To give a causal account of something.

Examine
To study something closely or in depth, to assess.

How far
You are expected to make your case or present your material in a logical sequence, while remaining
aware of the possible need to introduce contradictory or counterbalancing evidence. You will need to
give your opinion and assessment of the issue.

Identify
To find, locate or recognise, to establish to say what it is

Illustrate
Use specific examples, figures or diagrams to explain demonstrate or clarify a problem, situation or
view. Be sure to include diagrams if they are specifically asked for.

Interpret
Use specific examples, figures or diagrams to explain demonstrate or clarify a problem, situation or
view. Be sure to include diagrams if they are specifically asked for.

Justify
Make out a case, prove or give reasons for decisions, statements or conclusions, taking care to be
convincing. To show that something is correct, appropriate and reasonable.

List
Write an itemised series of words, phrases or concise statements.

42
Outline
Provide a framework description of main points and subordinate points, omitting minor detail and
stressing the arrangement or classification of the material.

Relate
Show how things are connected to each other, or how one causes another or is like another.

Review
Examine a subject critically, analysing and commenting on the important points and stages of
development.

State
Present the main points or definition in brief clear sequence

APPENDIX C
Tables, Graphs, Quantitative Skills and Conventions

Tables
The column of a table will be headed or titled and the appropriate unit needed would be added. E.g.
Pounds, Pula, grams etc.

Graphs
A graph is the diagrammatic presentation of data. It may have one or several curves plotted on it.
Points on the curve would be clearly marked as a cross (X) or encircled dots (0). If a further curve is
included, vertical crosses (+) may be used to mark the points. The independent variable will be plotted
on the X-axis (horizontal axis) and the dependent variable plotted on the Y-axis (vertical axis).

Quantitative Skills
Candidates will be required to perform some quantitative operations, including calculations. They
should be able to use scientific calculators. The mathematical requirements, which form part of this
syllabus, are listed below.
Add, subtract, multiply and divide number; use simply formulae; understand and use averages; read,
interpret and draw simple references from tables and statements.
Find percentages of quantities; construct and interpret; financial statements. Calculate with simple
fractions, decimals, percentage or ratios; manipulate and solve simple equations; interpret and use
tables and graph.

Concepts and conventions

The syllabus and question papers will conform to generally acceptable international concepts and
conventions.

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