Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ITP 410
FOOD ADDITIVES
Prof. Dr. Nuri Andarwulan
(Modification in English by Dr. Hanifah Nuryani Lioe)
Department of Food Science and Technology
Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Engineering
Bogor Agricultural University
Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB)
Food Additives (ITP 410)
Module 4
Specification and Function of
Food Additives:
SWEETENERS
generally expressed as mg
additive/kg of food
Aspartame
63%
Saccharin
8%
Acesulfame K
Cyclamate 7%
Others 4%
Stevioside
6%
12%
Source: AMI Business Consulting Analysis China and Indonesia figures are as of 2001
Internationally Approved Food Technology Study Program by IFT & IUFoST
Market Share of Non-Caloric Sweeteners by Segments
Dietary
Supplement Table Top
Non-Food
2% 14%
Ingredient
25%
Food
Ingredient
Source: AMI Business Consulting 59%
3.6% 4.6%
23.2%
80% 3.8% 33.0%
30.6%
50.8%
70% 1.0% 13.7%
77.0% 1.3%
60% 70.0%
Ton
50% 30.5%
75.4%
11.9%
40%
49.3%
70.1% 2.5%
30% 61.1%
16.9%
20% 4.5%
33.6%
24.0% 14.9%
10%
16.9%
3.0% 12.9%
3.6% 0.9%
0% 2.4%
7 Isomalt
8 Polyol
9 Neotame
10 Thaumatin
11 Stevia
ACESULFAME-K
5,6-dimethyl-1,2,3-oxathyazine-4(3H)-on-2,2-dioxide
Relative sweetness 200 x sucrose
The combination with aspartame and or natrium cyclamate has
synergysm effect, can be as a flavour enhancer for the sweetness of
sugars
Calorie value: 0 kcal/g or 0 kJ/g
ADI: 15 mg/kg body weight
Toxicity status:
Acesulfame K cannot be digested and thus it is safe to be
consumed as a sweetener.
Acesulfame K is non-glicemic and non-caryogenic.
Regulation Status:
JECFA stated it is safe for food additive.
CFR, CAC and ANZFA already regulated.
Internationally Approved Food Technology Study Program by IFT & IUFoST
ARTIFICIAL SWEETENER
CYCLAMATE
Marketed in the form of sodium or calcium cyclamate salts
Relative sweetness 30 x sucrose
The use in combination with saccharin and or acesulfame-K can exhibit
synergistic effect, compatible with flavour and preservatives, and be able to
enhance the sweetness of sugars
Calorie value: 0 kcal/g or 0 kJ/g
ADI: 0-11 mg/kg body weight
Toxicity study:
CAC in 1984 concluded that cyclamate was not proved to cause
mutagen and cancer.
In 1984 FDA stated that cyclamate is not carcinogenic.
Regulation status:
JECFA stated that cyclamate is safe to be used as a food additive
FDA is not re-issuing this FA yet since 1984,
More than 50 countries including those in Europe allowed its use.
Canada as well as US are not allowing this FA.
CAC and ANZFA already regulated this FA.
SUCRALOSE
Trichlorodisaccharide, 4,1,6-Trichlorogalactosucrose
Relative sweetness 600 x sucrose
Calorie value: 0 kcal/g or 0 kJ/g
ADI: 0-15 mg/kg body weight
Toxicity study:
Sucralose cannot be digested and absorbed by digestion
system, so that its not increasing blood sugar. Sucralose is
not causing dental caries, mutagen, and fetal defect
Regulation Status
JECFA stated that sucralose is safe to be used as a food
additive.
CFR, CAC and ANZFA already regulated this FA
ISOMALT
Made from sucrose
It is a mixture of two disaccharides-alcohol: gluco-mannitol and
gluco-sorbitol
Relative sweetness 0.45-0.65 x sucrose
Other function: filler, fruit, coffee and chocolate flavour enhancer
Calorie value: > 2 kcal/g or > 8,36 kJ/g
ADI: not specified
Toxicity study:
GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe)
Not causing dental caries, diabetes mellitus type I and II
Regulation Status:
JECFA stated that isomalt is safe to be used as a food additive.
CFR, CAC and ANZFA already regulated this FA
POLYOLS
Xylitol, sorbitol, maltitol, lactitol, erythritol, mannitol
Relative sweetness < 1 x sucrose
Can be as humectant, thickener, etc
ADI: Not specified
Toxicity study:
GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe)
Not causing dental caries.
Daily consumption above certain levels could cause
laxative.
Regulation status:
JECFA stated that this sweetener is safe.
CFR, CAC and ANZFA already regulated .
Thaumatin
Aspartame
For foods and drinks containing aspartame, on the
label it must be stated clearly for the statement of
Phenilketonuria: containing phenylalanine.
Saccharin 5 300
Cyclamate 0-11 500
Xylitol Not specified (GRAS)** GMP
ACK/APM/Sucralose (30/35/35)
ACK/Sucralose (50/50)
ACK/CYC/Sucralose (45/15/40)
ACK/APM/Sucralose (50/25/25)
ACK/APM/SAC (15/40/45)
ACK/APM/SAC (20/45/35)
SAC/APM (30/70)
SAC/APM (50/50)
ACK/APM (30/70)
ACK/APM (70/30)
ACK/APM (50/50)
ACK/APM/CYC/SAC (15/15/20/50)
ACK/APM/CYC (35/35/30)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Sinergi (%)
24% 16%
1%
56%
Aspartame
Aspartam - Sorbitol
- Sorbitol Aspartam
Aspartame Saccharin
- Sakarin
Aspartame
Aspartam - Acesulfame-K
- Asesulfam K Aspartame
Aspartam Cyclamate
- Siklamat
Aspartame
Aspartam - Acesulfame-K
- Asesulfam -
K - Sorbitol Aspartame
Aspartam Cyclamate
- Siklamat Acesulfame-K
- Asesulfam K
Sorbitol