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Lecture (12)

Advanced Structure Systems

Lecturer:
Dr. Tamer Samir Mahmoud
E-Mail: Dr.Tamer.Samir@hotmail.com
Structure Systems
Different Types of Structure Systems

Form-Active Structure Systems


Redirection of external forces through
suitable material form

Vector-Active Structure Systems


Redirection of external forces through
suitable pattern of individual members

Section-Active Structure Systems


Redirection of external forces through rigid
material section

Surface-Active Structure Systems


Redirection of external forces through
material surface
Structure Systems: Form-Active

According to the magnitude of the horizontal force,


the load will be moved away from the suspension
Redirection of forces point. Through linkage with mirror-reflected system,
horizontal forces will be held in balance. The system
of stress redirection is closed within itself.

Non-rigid, flexible matter,


shaped in a certain way and
secured by fixed ends, can
support itself and span
space
They transmit loads only
through simple normal
stresses; i.e. either through
compression or through
tension.
Structure Systems: Form-Active

A suspension cable turned up forms a


funicular arch. The ideal form of an
arch for a certain load condition is the
corresponding funicular tension line
for the same loading.
Structure Systems: Form-Active

Distinction of the form-active structure systems then is that they redirect


external forces by simple normal stresses: the arch by compression, the
suspension cable by tension.
Structure Systems: Form-Active
The structure form of form-active structure
systems in the ideal case coincides precisely
with the flow of stresses. Form-active
structure systems therefore are the 'natural

Santiago Calatrava
path of forces expressed in matter.

The Milwaukee Art Museum


Structure Systems: Form-Active

Form-Active Structure Systems

Cable Structure Tent Structure Pneumatic Structure Arch Structure

Validity: 25-500m Validity: 5-150m Validity: 10-300m Validity: 4-150m


Recommendation: 50-500m Recommendation: 10-80m Recommendation: 20-220m Recommendation: 8-90m
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Cable Structure
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Cable Structure

Portuguese Pavilion, Architect: Alvaro Siza


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Cable Structure

Portuguese Pavilion, Architect: Alvaro Siza


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Cable Structure

Dulles International Airport, Architect Eero Saarinen


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Cable Structure

Yale University Hockey Rink, Architect Eero Saarinen


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Cable Structure

Yale University Hockey Rink, Architect Eero Saarinen


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Cable Structure

Madison Square Garden, Architect Charles Luckman


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Cable Structure

Madison Square Garden, Architect Charles Luckman


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Cable Structure

Sony Center, Landscaper Peter Walker


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Cable Structure

Sony Center, Landscaper Peter Walker


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Tent Structure
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Tent Structure

Munich Stadium, Architect Frei Otto


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Tent Structure

Munich Stadium, Architect Frei Otto


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Tent Structure

Denver International Airport, Fentress Architects


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Tent Structure

Hajj Terminal, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM)


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Tent Structure

Stellingen Ice Skating Rink and Velodrome, Architect: Silcher, Werner + Partners
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Tent Structure

Stellingen Ice Skating Rink and Velodrome, Architect: Silcher, Werner + Partners
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Tent Structure

Stellingen Ice Skating Rink and Velodrome, Architect: Silcher, Werner + Partners
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Tent Structure
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Tent Structure
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Pneumatic Structure
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Pneumatic Structure

The Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Pneumatic Structure

The Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Pneumatic Structure

The Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Pneumatic Structure
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Pneumatic Structure
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Pneumatic Structure

Tectoniks Supplies World of Coca-Cola touring structure


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Arch Structure
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Arch Structure

Gateway Arch, Architect Eero Saarinen


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Arch Structure

Paul Klee Museum, Architect Renzo Piano


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Arch Structure

Paul Klee Museum, Architect Renzo Piano


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Arch Structure

The Great Glasshouse, National Botanic Gardens of Wales


Architect: Wales, Foster and Partners
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Arch Structure

The Great Glasshouse, National Botanic Gardens of Wales


Architect Wales, Foster and Partners
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Arch Structure

The Great Glasshouse, National Botanic Gardens of Wales


Architect Wales, Foster and Partners
Structure Systems: Form-Active; Arch Structure

Pequot Museum, Polshek Partnership Architects


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Arch Structure

Pequot Museum, Polshek Partnership Architects


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Arch Structure

Pequot Museum, Polshek Partnership Architects


Structure Systems: Form-Active; Arch Structure

Pequot Museum, Polshek Partnership Architects


Structure Systems: Vector-Active

Vector-Active Structure Systems

Flat Trusses Curved Flat Trusses Space Trusses

Validity: 6-100m Validity: 8-200m Validity: 6-150m


Recommendation: 10-80m Recommendation: 12-160m Recommendation: 15-120m
Structure Systems: Vector-Active, Flat Trusses

Mont-Cenis Academy, Herne, Germany, Jourda & Perraudin Architects


Structure Systems: Vector-Active, Flat Trusses

Mont-Cenis Academy, Herne, Germany, Jourda & Perraudin Architects


Structure Systems: Vector-Active, Flat Trusses

Mont-Cenis Academy, Herne, Germany, Jourda & Perraudin Architects


Structure Systems: Vector-Active, Curved Flat Trusses

Virginia Air & Space Center, Mitchell, Giurgola Architects, LLP Architects
Structure Systems: Vector-Active, Curved Flat Trusses

Virginia Air & Space Center, Mitchell, Giurgola Architects, LLP Architects
Structure Systems: Vector-Active, Space Trusses

Heydar Aliyev Center, Zaha Hadid Architects


Structure Systems: Vector-Active, Space Trusses

Heydar Aliyev Center, Zaha Hadid Architects


Structure Systems: Vector-Active, Space Trusses

Science World, Vancouver, Canada, Architect: Bruno Freschi


Structure Systems: Vector-Active, Space Trusses

The Montreal Biosphere, World Fair, Architect: Fuller


Structure Systems: Surface-Active

Surface-Active Structure Systems

Plate Structure Folded Plate Structure Shell Structure

Validity: 3-60m Validity: 8-200m Validity: 10-200m


Recommendation: 5-50m Recommendation: 10-150m Recommendation: 20-150m
Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Folded Plate Structure

Riverside Museum, Glasgow, UK, Architect: Zaha Hadid


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Folded Plate Structure

Riverside Museum, Glasgow, UK, Architect: Zaha Hadid


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Folded Plate Structure

Mlimatt Sports Education and Training Centre, Architect:


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Folded Plate Structure

Air Force Academy Chapel - Colorado Springs - USA - Walter Netsch


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Folded Plate Structure

Air Force Academy Chapel - Colorado Springs - USA - Walter Netsch


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Shell Structure

Palazzetto dello Sport, Architect: Pier Luigi Nervi


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Shell Structure

Palazzetto dello Sport, Architect: Pier Luigi Nervi


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Shell Structure

Shell of Kresge Auditorium, MIT, Architect: Eero Saarinen


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Shell Structure

The TWA Flight Center, Kennedy International airport, Architect: Eero Saarinen
Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Shell Structure

The TWA Flight Center, Kennedy International airport, Architect: Eero Saarinen
Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Shell Structure

The TWA Flight Center, Kennedy International airport, Architect: Eero Saarinen
Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Plate Structure

Faculty of Journalism, Pamplona, Architect: Vicens and Ramos


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Plate Structure

Faculty of Journalism, Pamplona, Architect: Vicens and Ramos


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Plate Structure

Faculty of Journalism, Pamplona, Architect: Vicens and Ramos


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Plate Structure

Faculty of Journalism, Pamplona, Architect: Vicens and Ramos


Structure Systems: Surface-Active, Plate Structure

Faculty of Journalism, Pamplona, Architect: Vicens and Ramos


Structure Systems: Form-Active

Section-Active Structure Systems

Beam Structure Frame Structure Beam Grid Structure Slap Structure

Validity: 0-35m Validity: 7-90m Validity: 5-35m Validity: 0-20m


Recommendation: 4-30m Recommendation: 10-70m Recommendation: 8-30m Recommendation: 4-15m

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