You are on page 1of 15

37

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Abbas, H. A., F. M. Serry, dan E. M. EL-Masry. 2012. Combating Pseudomonas


aeruginosa biofilms by potensial biofilm inhibitors. Asian Pharma Press.
(2): 66-72.

Arciola, C. R., D. Campoccia, P. Speziale, dan L. Montanaro. 2012. Biofilm


formation in Staphylococcus implant infections, a review of molecular
mechanism and implications for biofilm-resistant materials. Biomaterial. 33:
5967-5982.

Aslam S., dan R. O. Darouiche. 2011. Role of antibiofilm-antimicrobial agents in


controlling device-related infection. International Journal Artificial Organs.
34(9): 752-758.

Azimi, S., H. S. Kafil, H. B. Baghi, S. Shokrian, K. Najaf, M. Asgharzadeh, M.


Yousefi, F. Shahrivar, dan M. Aghazadeh. 2016. Presence of exoY, exoS,
exoU, and exoT genes, antibiotic resistance and biofilm production among
Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Northwest Iran. GMS Hygiene and
Infection Control. 11.

Bhattacharya, S., R. Bir, dan T. Majumdar. 2015. Evaluation of Multidrug


Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their association with biofilm
production in a tertiary care hospital, Tripura, Northeast India. Journal of
Clinical and Diagnostic Research: DC01-DC04.

Borek, C. 2001. Antioxidant Health Effect of Aged Garlic Extract. American


Society of Nutritional Sciences: 1010S-1015S.

CDC. 2008. Public Health Image Library. http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp.


[diakses pada 12 Oktober 2016].

Chen, X., F. Shang, Y. Meng, L. Li, Y. Cui, M. Zhang, K. Qi, dan T. Xue. 2015.
Ethanol extract of Sanguisorba officinalis L. inhibits biofilm formation of
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an ica-dependent manner.
Journal Dairy Science. 98: 8486-8491.

Cucarella, C., C. Solano, J. Valle, B. Amorena, I. Lasa, dan J.R. Penades. 2001.
Bap, a Staphylococcus aureus surface protein involved in biofilm formation.
Journal of Bacteriology: 2888-2896.

Damanik, D. D. P., N. Surbakti, dan R. Hasibuan. 2014. Ekstraksi Katekin dari


Daur Gambir (Uncaria gambir roxb) dengan Metode Maserasi. Jurnal
Teknik Kimia USU.
38

Dinicola, S., S. D. Grazia, G. Carlomagno, dan J. P. Pintucci. 2014. N.


acetylcysteine as powerful molecule to destroy bacterial biofilm. A systemic
review. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 18:
2942-2948.

Eltaweel, M. A. 2014. Antibacterial Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) on


Staphylococcus aureus: An in vitro study. Intl conf of advances in
environment, agriculture, and medical sciences. 14:16-17.

Emerenini, O. E., B. A. Hense, C. Kuttler, dan H. J. Eberl. 2015. A mathematical


model of quorum sensing induced biofilm detachment. PLOS ONE. (10):
1371.

Gangadhar, M., K. Shraddha, dan M. Ganesh. 2012. Antimicrobial screening of


garlic (Allium sativum) extract and their effect of glucoamylase activity in-
vitro. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 02 (01): 106-108.

Gowrishankar, D. P., M. N. Duncun, dan P. S. Karutha. 2012. Coral-Assosiated


bacteria as a promising antibiofilm agent against methicillin-resistant and -
suspectible Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Alternat Med.

GRIN. 2008. US National Germsplasm System. http://www.ars-grin.gov.


[Diakses pada 22 September 2016].

Grusell, E. N., G. Dahlen, M. Ruth, L. Ny, M. Quiding-Jarbrink., H. Berquist, dan


M. Bove. 2013. Bacterial flora of the human oral cavity, and the upper and
lower esophagus. Diseases of the Esophagus. (26): 84-90.

Gull, I., M. Saeed, H. Shaukat, S. M. Aslam, Z. Q. Samra, dan A. M. Athar. 2012.


Inhibitory effect of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale extracts on
clinically important drug resistant pathogenic bacteria. Annals of Clinical
Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 11:8.

Gunardi,W. D. 2014. Peranan Biofilm dalam Kaitannya dengan Penyakit Infeksi.


Bagian Mikrobiologi UKRIDA.

Hernawan, U. E. dan A.D. Setyawan. 2003. REVIEW: Senyawa Organosulfur


Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.) dan Aktivitas Biologinya. Biofarmasi.
(2): 65-76.

Huang, J., X. Wang, Q. Cao, F. Feng, X. Xu, dan X. Cai. 2015. ClpP Participates
in Stress Tolerance and Negatively Regulates Biofilm Formation in
Haemophilus parasuis. Veterinary Microbiology. Vol. 182: 141-149.

ITIS. 2012. Bacterial Nomenclature. http://www.itis.gov. [Diakses pada 22


September 2016].
39

Jasamai, M., Hui, C. S., Azmi, N., dan Kumolosasi, E. 2016. Effect of Allium
sativum (Garlic) methanol extract on viability and apoptosis of human
leukemic cell lines. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 15(7):
1479-1485.

Jawetz, Melnick, dan Adelberg. 2013. Medical Microbiology Twenty-Sixth


Edition. US: LANGE.

Kasper, S. H., D. Samarian, A. P. Jadhav, A. H. Rickard, R. A. Musah, dan N. C.


Cady. 2014. S-Aryl-L-cysteine sulphoxides and related organosulphur
compounds alter oral biofilm development and AI-2-based cellcell
communication. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 117: 1472-1486.

Kiprono, S. K., J. E. Masenga., B. M. Chaula., B. Naafs. 2012. Skin flora:


Differences between people affected by Albinism andtose with normally
pugmented skin in Northern Tanzania cross sectional study. BMC
Dermatology 12. (1): 1

Kjelleber, S., dan S. Molin. 2002. Is there a role for quorum sensing signals in
bacterial biofilms?. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 5:254-258.

Kuntaman, K., U. Hadi, F. Setiawan, E. B. Koendori, M. Rusli, D.


Santosaningsih, J. Severin, dan H. A. Verbrugh. 2016. Prevalence of
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from nose and throat of
patients on admission to medical ward od Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya,
Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal Tropical Medicine Public Health Vol
47. (1): 1-5.

Kunthalert, D., S. Baothong, P. Khetkam, S. Chokchaisiri, dan A. Suksamrarn.


2014. A chalcone with potent inhibiting activity against biofilm formation
by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Microbiol Immunol. 58: 581-589.

Laspidou, C. S., dan R. Bruce. 2001. A unified theory for extracellular polymeric
substances, soluble microbial products, and active and inert biomass. Water
Research: 2711-2720.

Lee, S. N., N. S. Kim, dan D. S. Lee. 2003. Comparative study of extraction


techniques for determination of garlic flavor components by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem (377): 749-756.

Miljkovic-Selimovic, B., M. Dinic, J. Orlovic, dan T. Babic. 2015.


Staphylococcus aureus: Immunopathogenesis and human immunity. Acta
Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 32. (4): 243-257.

Mukhriani. 2014. Ektraksi, Pemisahan Senyawa, dan Identifikasi Senyawa Aktif.


Jurnal Kesehatan.
40

Ngajow, M., J. Abidjulu, dan V. Kamu. 2013. Pengaruh Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit
Batang Matoa (Pometia pinnata) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus
secara in vitro. Jurnal MIPA Unsrat. 2(2).

Nursalam. 2008. Konsep dan Penerapan Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu


Keperawatan. Jakarta: Salemba Medika.

Odutuga, A. A., J. O. Dairo, R. U. Ukpanukpong, dan R. N. Uyabema. 2014.


Antimicrobial and phytotoxic effect of Allium sativum methanolic extract.
Merit Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2(2): 034-037.

Okere, O. S., J. O. Sangodele, M. D. Adams, E. Ogunwole, dan M. O. Shafe.


2014. Antibacerial and antifungal activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Allium
sativum on selected pathogenic strains. International Journal of Tropical
Disease and Health. 4(11): 1146-1152.

Oliveira, A., V. C. Pereira, L. Pinhero, D. F. M. Riboli, K. B. Martins, dan M. L.


Cunha. 2016. Antimicrobial resistance profile of planktonic and biofilm
cells of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. (17): 1423.

Otto, M. 2012. MRSA Virulance and Spread. Cellular Microbiology: 14(10)


1513-1521.

Peterson, S. B., Y. Irie, B. R. Borlee, K. Murakami, J. J. Harrison, K. M. Colvin,


dan M. R. Parsek. 2011. Different methods for culturing biofilm in vitro.
Seattle: Springer Science.

Rabin, N., Y. Zheng, C. Opoku-Temeng, Y. Du, E. Bonsu, dan H.O. Sintim. 2015.
Agents that inhibit bacterial biofilm formation. Future Medical Chemistry.
647-671.

Ratthawongjirakul, P., dan V. Thongkerd. 2016. Fresh garlic extract inhibits


Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation under chemopreventive and
chemotherapeutic conditions. Songklanakarin Journal Science Technology.
38 (4): 381-389.

Redkank. Bawang Putih (Allium sativum). http://www.redkank.com. [Diakses


pada 1 Oktober 2016].

Santhosa, S. G., P. Jamuna, dan S. N. Prabhavathi. 2013. Bioactive components of


garlic and their physiological role in health maintenance: A review. Food
Bioscience. (3): 59-74.
41

Santiago, C., K. H. Lim, H. Loh, dan K. N. Ting. 2015. Inhibitory effect of


Duabanga grandiflora on MRSA biofilm formation via prevention of cell-
surface attachment and PBP2a production. Molecules. (20): 4473-4482.

Sarker, S. D., Z. Latif, dan A. I. Gray. 2006. Natural Products Isolation Second
Edition. Humana Press.

Soesatyo, B., dan M. Pinandito. 2007. Standar Filter untuk Kalibrasi Micro Plate
Reader.

Suleria, H. A. R., M. S. Butt, F. M. Anjum, F. Saeed, R. Batool, dan A.N. Ahmad.


2012. Aqueous garlic extract and its phytochemical profil; special reference
to antioxidant status. Internatonal Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition.
63(4): 431-439.

Suswati, E. dan D. C. Mufida. 2007. Petunjuk Praktikum Mikrobiologi II. Jember:


Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Jember.

Tan, X., D. Yang, G. Yang, J. Chen, W. Dong, J. Shi, dan A. Jia. 2015. The
investigation of inhibiting quorum sensing and methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Pak J Pharm Sci. Vol 28: 903-
908.

Yakandawala, N., P. V. Gawande, K. LoVetri, S.T. Cardona, T. Romeo, M. Nitz,


dan S. Madhyastha. 2011. Characterization of the Poly-B-1,6-N-
Acetylglucosamine Polysaccharide Component of Burkholderia Biofilms.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 77: 8303-8309.

Yuliani, S., dan S. Satuhu. 2012. Panduan Lengkap Minyak Asiri. Jakarta:
Penebar Swadaya.

Yuwono. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus dan Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus


aureus (MRSA). Palembang: Departemen Mikrobiologi FK Unsri.
42

LAMPIRAN

3.1 Sertifikat Bakteri MRSA


43
44

3.2 Persetujuan Etik


45
46

3.2 Gambar Penelitian


A.

Proses maserasi pembuatan ekstrak


Bawang Putih (Allium sativum)
metanol bawang putih

Proses sterilisasi alat sebelum


Proses filtrasi ekstrak bawang putih
digunakan
47

Bakteri MRSA dengan pewarnaan


Identifikasi bakteri
Gram (perbesaran 1000x)

Pembuatan konsentrasi ekstrak


Sediaan suspensi bakteri MRSA
metanol bawang putih
48

Bakteri dan ekstrak pada microplate Inkubasi bakteri pada inkubator

Pembacaan optical density pada


Bahan-bahan pemeriksaan biofilm
microplate reader
49

4.1 Hasil Uji Normalitas Shapiro-Wilk

Tests of Normality
a
Konsentras Kolmogorov-Smirnov Shapiro-Wilk
i Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
OD K(-) ,321 4 . ,904 4 ,451
K(+) ,250 4 . ,927 4 ,577
P1 ,265 4 . ,886 4 ,367
P2 ,249 4 . ,866 4 ,281
P3 ,281 4 . ,882 4 ,346
P4 ,154 4 . ,999 4 ,997
P5 ,261 4 . ,875 4 ,319
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

4.2 Hasil Uji Homogenitas

Test of Homogeneity of Variances


OD
Levene
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
,262 6 21 ,948

4.3 Hasil Uji One Way Anova

ANOVA
OD
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between
,027 6 ,005 59,167 ,000
Groups
Within Groups ,002 21 ,000
Total ,029 27
50

4.4 Hasil Uji LSD

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: OD
LSD
(I) (J) Mean 95% Confidence Interval
Konsen Konsen Difference Std. Lower Upper
trasi trasi (I-J) Error Sig. Bound Bound
K(-) K(+) ,102500* ,006173 ,000 ,08966 ,11534
P1 ,005500 ,006173 ,383 -,00734 ,01834
*
P2 ,033000 ,006173 ,000 ,02016 ,04584
*
P3 ,038000 ,006173 ,000 ,02516 ,05084
*
P4 ,041250 ,006173 ,000 ,02841 ,05409
*
P5 ,046250 ,006173 ,000 ,03341 ,05909
*
K(+) K(-) -,102500 ,006173 ,000 -,11534 -,08966
P1 -,097000* ,006173 ,000 -,10984 -,08416
*
P2 -,069500 ,006173 ,000 -,08234 -,05666
*
P3 -,064500 ,006173 ,000 -,07734 -,05166
P4 -,061250* ,006173 ,000 -,07409 -,04841
*
P5 -,056250 ,006173 ,000 -,06909 -,04341
P1 K(-) -,005500 ,006173 ,383 -,01834 ,00734
*
K(+) ,097000 ,006173 ,000 ,08416 ,10984
P2 ,027500* ,006173 ,000 ,01466 ,04034
*
P3 ,032500 ,006173 ,000 ,01966 ,04534
*
P4 ,035750 ,006173 ,000 ,02291 ,04859
P5 ,040750* ,006173 ,000 ,02791 ,05359
*
P2 K(-) -,033000 ,006173 ,000 -,04584 -,02016
*
K(+) ,069500 ,006173 ,000 ,05666 ,08234
P1 -,027500* ,006173 ,000 -,04034 -,01466
P3 ,005000 ,006173 ,427 -,00784 ,01784
P4 ,008250 ,006173 ,196 -,00459 ,02109
*
P5 ,013250 ,006173 ,044 ,00041 ,02609
P3 K(-) -,038000* ,006173 ,000 -,05084 -,02516
K(+) ,064500* ,006173 ,000 ,05166 ,07734
*
P1 -,032500 ,006173 ,000 -,04534 -,01966
P2 -,005000 ,006173 ,427 -,01784 ,00784
P4 ,003250 ,006173 ,604 -,00959 ,01609
P5 ,008250 ,006173 ,196 -,00459 ,02109
P4 K(-) -,041250* ,006173 ,000 -,05409 -,02841
K(+) ,061250* ,006173 ,000 ,04841 ,07409
*
P1 -,035750 ,006173 ,000 -,04859 -,02291
P2 -,008250 ,006173 ,196 -,02109 ,00459
51

P3 -,003250 ,006173 ,604 -,01609 ,00959


P5 ,005000 ,006173 ,427 -,00784 ,01784
*
P5 K(-) -,046250 ,006173 ,000 -,05909 -,03341
*
K(+) ,056250 ,006173 ,000 ,04341 ,06909
*
P1 -,040750 ,006173 ,000 -,05359 -,02791
*
P2 -,013250 ,006173 ,044 -,02609 -,00041
P3 -,008250 ,006173 ,196 -,02109 ,00459
P4 -,005000 ,006173 ,427 -,01784 ,00784
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

4.5 Hasil Uji Regresi Logaritmik

Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of
R R Square Square the Estimate
,891 ,795 ,783 3,237
The independent variable is Konsentrasi.

Coefficients
Standardize
Unstandardized d
Coefficients Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
ln(Konsentrasi) 20,180 2,418 ,891 8,345 ,000
(Constant) 15,686 ,731 21,451 ,000

Y = a + blnX
Y = 15,686 + 20,180lnX
Nilai X didapatkan dari perhitungan sebagai berikut :p
0 = 15,686 + 20,180lnX
-15,686 = 20,180lnX
lnX = -0,777
X = anti ln -0,777
X = 0,460

You might also like