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EXAMPLES:
1. Verbally: s(t) is speed of a car at time t
2. Visually:
x f (x)
1 2
3. Numerically: 2 8
7 -1
10 5
4. Algebraically:
x 1 5 sin x 4
(i) f (x) = 1, g(x) = , h(x) = x2 , F (x) = , y =
x x ln x
1
(ii) f (x) = , x>5
x
( 2
x if x 2
(iii) f (x) =
x + 1 if x > 2
1
Section 1.1 Functions and their Representations 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
EXAMPLES:
1. f (x) = x2
Domain: All real numbers or (, ).
Range: {y | y 0} or [0, ).
1
2. f (x) =
x
Domain: {x | x 6= 0} or (, 0) (0, ), since x 6= 0.
Range: {y | y 6= 0} or (, 0) (0, ).
1
3. f (x) = , x2
x
Domain: {x | x 2} or [2, ), since x 2.
Range: {y | 0 < y 1/2} or (0, 1/2].
1
4. f (x) =
x+5
Domain: {x | x 6= 5} or (, 5) (5, ), since x + 5 6= 0.
Range: {y | y 6= 0} or (, 0) (0, ).
x2
5. f (x) =
x2 3
2
3} or(, 3) ( 3, 3) ( 3, ), since x 3 6= 0.
Domain:{x | x 6=
1 1
Range: , , .
6 2
6. f (x) = 2x
2
Section 1.1 Functions and their Representations 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
6. f (x) = 2x
Domain: {x | x 2} or (, 2], since 2 x 0.
Range: {y | y 0} or [0, ).
1
7. f (x) =
2x
Domain: {x | x < 2} or (, 2), since 2 x > 0.
Range: {y | y > 0} or (0, ).
1
8. f (x) =
2x x2
3
Section 1.1 Functions and their Representations 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
1
8. f (x) =
2x x2
Domain: {x | 0 < x < 2} or (0, 2), since 2x x2 = x(2 x) > 0.
Range: {y | y 1} or [1, ).
1
9. f (x) =
x2 + 3x + 2
Domain: {x | x < 2 or x > 1} or (, 2) (1, ), since x2 + 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2) > 0.
Range: {y | y > 0} or (0, ).
10. f (x) = x2 + 3x + 2
Domain: {x | x 2 or x 1} or (, 2] [1, ), since x2 + 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2) 0.
Range: {y | y 0} or [0, ).
11. f (x) = x2 + 2
4
Section 1.1 Functions and their Representations 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
11. f (x) = x2 + 2
2
Domain: All realnumbers,
or (, ), since x + 2 is always > 0.
Range: {y | y 2} or [ 2, ).
12. f (x) = x 1x
Domain: {x | 0 x 1} or [0, 1], since x 0 and 1 x 0.
Range: {y | 1 y 1} or [1, 1].
13. f (x) = x x1
Domain: {x | x 1} or [1, ), since x 0 and x 1 0.
Range: {y | 0 < y 1} or (0, 1].
14. f (x) = x6 + x2 + x 1
Domain: (, ).
Range: {y | y 1.2392} or [1.2392, ).
5
Section 1.1 Functions and their Representations 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
EXAMPLES:
1. The function f (x) = x2 is decreasing on (, 0) and increasing on (0, ).
2. The function f (x) = x3 is increasing everywhere, that is on (, ).
1
3. The function f (x) = is decreasing on (, 0) and on (0, ).
x
f (x) = f (x)
for every number x in its domain is called an even function. A function f that satisfies
f (x) = f (x)
PROPERTY: Graphs of even functions are symmetric with respect to the y-axis. Graphs of
odd functions are symmetric with respect to the origin.
6
Section 1.1 Functions and their Representations 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
EXAMPLES:
1. Functions f (x) = x2 , x4 , x8 , x4 x2 , x2 + 1, |x|, cos x, etc. are even. In fact,
if f (x) = x2 , then f (x) = (x)2 = x2 = f (x)
if f (x) = x4 , then f (x) = (x)4 = x4 = f (x)
if f (x) = x8 , then f (x) = (x)8 = x8 = f (x)
if f (x) = x4 x2 , then f (x) = (x)4 (x)2 = x4 x2 = f (x)
if f (x) = x2 + 1, then f (x) = (x)2 + 1 = x2 + 1 = f (x)
if f (x) = |x|, then f (x) = | x| = |x| = f (x)
if f (x) = cos x, then f (x) = cos(x) = cos x = f (x)
One can see that graphs of all these functions are symmetric with respect to the y-axis.