Professional Documents
Culture Documents
h i g h l i g h t s
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In this study, the effectiveness and efficiency of two different techniques for strengthening of reinforced
Received 23 September 2016 concrete (RC) beams using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) was investigated
Received in revised form 18 December 2016 i.e.; (i) by sand blasting RC beams surfaces and casting UHPFRC in-situ around the beams inside a mold
Accepted 19 December 2016
and (ii) by bonding prefabricated UHPFRC strips to the RC beams using epoxy adhesive. Beams under each
technique were strengthened in three different strengthening configurations; (i) bottom side strengthen-
ing (ii) two longitudinal sides strengthening (iii) three sides strengthening. Bond strength tests were car-
Keywords:
ried out to ascertain the bond between normal concrete and the UHPFRC, for both sand blasting and
Strengthening and retrofit
Ultra-high performance fiber reinforced
epoxy adhesive techniques. Test results for retrofitted beams under flexure regarding various behavioral
concrete attributes such as crack propagation, stiffness and failure load indicated significant positive develop-
Sand blasting ments resulting from the two strengthening techniques. Beams strengthened on three sides showed
Epoxy adhesive the highest capacity enhancement, while beams strengthened only at the bottom side showed the least
Enhancement of capacity enhancement. However, there were some concerns regarding loss of ductility with increased use of
Loss of ductility UHPFRC as part of the tensile retrofit. Finite element (FE) and analytical models were developed to pre-
Bond strength dict the behavior of the beam specimens. The result of the models showed good agreement with exper-
Crack pattern
imental results, as they were able to predict the behavior of the beams with high accuracy.
Finite element model
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Analytical model
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.094
0950-0618/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
280 M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296
Abbreviations
0
au reduction factor for width of UHPFRC equivalent rectan- fc compressive strength of concrete
0
gular stress block f uc compressive strength of UHPFRC
bc reduction factor for depth of concrete equivalent rectan- f ut cracking stress of UHPFRC
gular stress block f ut;n tensile strength of UHPFRC corresponding to a strain eut,n
bu reduction factor for depth of UHPFRC equivalent rectan- hc height of RC beam
gular stress block hu height of UHPFRC bottom jacket
ec strain in the uppermost compressive layer of the beam x neutral axis position
eut strain at the bottom tensile layer of the beam y depth of cracking strain from neutral axis on strain dis-
eut;crack cracking strain of UHPFRC in tension tribution diagram
ey yield strain in steel reinforcing bars Cc compressive force in concrete
ac depth of concrete equivalent rectangular stress block Cu compressive force in UHPFRC
au depth of UHPFRC equivalent rectangular stress block Tu tensile force in UHPFRC
bc width of RC beam Ts tensile force in steel reinforcing bars
bu overall width of sides (longitudinal) UHPFRC jackets
bu;b width of bottom UHPFRC jacket
are more flexible. Research works conducted on strengthening the damaged beams. Lampropoulos et al. [15] reported that
with CFRP have yielded many positive results. Flexural behavior strengthening RC beam specimens with UHPFRC at different loca-
of RC slab-column joint having CFRP at the tension side was inves- tions showed an increased yielding and ultimate moment capacity
tigated by El-Enein et al. [1]. Results showed a significant increase for all strengthened specimens. Alaee and Karihaloo [16] used a
in flexural strength and stiffness at the joint. Monti and Liotta [2] high-performance fiber reinforced concrete known as CARDIFRC
carried out an experimental and analytical study on the shear to retrofit damaged RC beams using various strengthening config-
strengthening of RC beams using CFRP and where it showed urations. Test results showed an increase in failure load of the ret-
promising shear enhancement. Furthermore, closed-form design rofitted beams for all strengthening configurations. Noshiravani
equations for strengthening with CFRP were formulated. A lot and Brhwiler [17] carried out investigations on the flexural-
more research work has been currently conducted on the effective- shear response of RC beams strengthened with either UHPFRC or
ness of using CFRP as a strengthening material. However, strength- reinforced-UHPFRC. Using a cantilever span, stirrup spacing and
ening with CFRP comes with its own shortcomings among which area of reinforcement in UHPFRC layer as design variables was con-
are; CFRP does not perform effectively in compression under cyclic ducted. The strengthened beams showed improved resistance to
loading, and also its behavior depends on the strength of the parent both tensile and bending stresses in contrast to the control speci-
concrete and CFRP-concrete bond as well as that the long-term men. Mohammed et al. [3] tested RC beam specimens having no
durability remains of great concern [3]. stirrups, strengthened with UHPFRC using three different strength-
A more recent material developed and used for both repair and ening patterns under torsional moment. Results showed a signifi-
strengthening of RC structures is the ultra-high performance fiber cant increase in torsional strength with beam specimen
reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). Research work conducted on both strengthened on all four sides showing the highest increase. A
its durability and structural performance has so far shown promis- two-layered composite concrete beam having normal concrete in
ing results in References [48]. The mechanical properties of the the compression zone and steel fiber reinforced concrete in the
UHPFRC showed high compressive strength up to 163 MPa, with tension zone tested under four-pint loading arrangement showed
elastic modulus up to 57 GPa as reported by Hakeem [9]. The an increase in failure load and a more ductile behavior up to failure
results also showed that the flexural strength increases with the compared to other strengthening techniques using the same mate-
increasing percentage volume of steel fibers. In addition, the com- rial has been reported by Iskhakov et al. [18].
pressive strength and flexural strength of Ultra-High Performance Despite these valuable research works on using UHPFRC in
Concrete (UHPC) could be 23 times and 26 times greater than repairing and strengthening of RC beams, it can be noted that none
high-performance concrete (HPC), respectively, as reported by Lub- of these consider the individual contribution of longitudinal sides
bers [10]. Investigation of the shear capacity of UHPFRC using strengthening on the flexural strength of beams. In addition, infor-
normal strength concrete and UHPFRC (high strength concrete) mation regarding a comparison of the various techniques for which
composite beams was conducted and reported by Hussein and UHPFRC can be used for strengthened RC beams is lacking in the
Amleh [11]. The beam specimens used UHPFRC in tension and nor- literature. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the indi-
mal or high strength concrete layer in compression. Test results vidual (bottom side strengthening and two longitudinal sides
revealed that the performance of the proposed composite system strengthening) as well as the combined (both bottom side and
was successfully enhanced in both flexural and shear capacity. two longitudinal sides) effect of jacketing or retrofitting of RC
Habel et al. [12] investigated the structural response of full-scale beam with UHPFRC. Additionally, comparison of the two tech-
UHPFRC-reinforced concrete beams. The beams were cast with niques used to apply UHPFRC strengthening to the beams, using
UHPFRC layer in tension and were tested in flexure. It was either cast in place on sand blasted RC beams or by using epoxy
observed that the UHPFRC layer significantly improved the struc- adhesive to bond prefabricated UHPFRC strips, has been illustrated.
tural capacity of the beams. Martinola et al. [13] conducted an
experimental and numerical investigation on the effect of fiber 2. Experimental program
reinforced concrete in the repair and strengthening of full-scale
RC beams. Results showed the effectiveness of the proposed tech- Experimental investigations comprising of component material
nique both at ultimate and at serviceability limit state. Prem et al. strength tests, bond strength test and flexural strength test were
[14] studied the behavior of damaged RC beams repaired and ret- conducted. The material strength tests were carried out to
rofitted with UHPFRC strips as overlays on the tension side. The determine the uniaxial stress-strain behavior of both UHPFRC
results showed a significant increase in load carrying capacity of and normal concrete in compression as well as in tension. This data
M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296 281
was useful not only during the finite element modelling (FEM) of A mixture of two different sizes of steel fibers i.e. hooked end
the beams, but also the material behavior gave a clear idea of the and straight fibers were used in the ratio of 1:1. The hooked-end
likely response of the beam specimens under flexural testing. This steel fibers were 0.2 mm diameter, 25 mm long and with a tensile
behavioral data was used to develop the FEM and the analytical strength of 2500 MPa, while the straight steel fibers had a length of
model for the beam specimens. Bond strength tests, slant shear test 0.1 mm, 12.5 mm in diameter and a tensile strength of 2500 MPa.
and split cylinder tensile strength test, were conducted on compos- The mix used in the experimental program was a UHPFRC mix
ite UHPFRC-normal concrete composite cylinders to ascertain the without heat treatment. The UHPFRC elements were cast in Jan-
bond characteristics of the two strengthening techniques. The pre- uary/February at a temperature of about 14 C. The mix proportion
pared beams specimens were tested under four-point loading of UHPFRC is presented in Table 1. The uniaxial compression
arrangement after curing for 28 days. behavior of UHPFRC obtained from testing cylinder specimens
according to ASTM-C496 is shown in Fig. 3. The mean values of
2.1. Specimen preparation mechanical properties of UHPFRC after testing multiple cylinder
and prism samples at 28 days are illustrated in Table 2. Similarly,
Eight RC beams were prepared. The RC beams were reinforced the uniaxial tensile behavior of UHPFRC obtained from testing
with two 10 mm diameter bars at top and bottom and 8 mm diam- dog bone specimens having a square cross section of dimensions
eter stirrups spaced at 50 mm center to center as shown in Fig. 1. 40 x 40 mm is shown in Fig. 4. This behavior shows an essentially
To ensure quality control, fabrication of molds, reinforcement linear elastic response followed by gradual softening in the neigh-
bending and concreting works were all carried out in a precast con- borhood of 7 MPa, with a tensile rupture strain slightly in excess of
crete company. 0.005.
Fig. 1. Geometry and details of concrete beam specimens (all dimensions in mm).
282 M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296
Table 1 Table 2
UHPFRC mix proportion.[9] Mechanical properties of UHPFRC at 28 days (average values).
Strengthening configurations (thickness of UHPFRC To ascertain the bond strength between UHPFRC and normal
Jacket = 30 mm) concrete substrates, split cylinder tensile strength test and slant
Strengthening pattern Specimen identification shear strength test, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8, were conducted on
RC-Control
composite UHPFRC-normal concrete cylinders in accordance with
ASTM C496 and ASTM C882, respectively.
The summary of the bond strength test is demonstrated in
RC-BOT SJ Table 4. The condition of the specimens after testing for both split
cylinder and slant shear strength test is shown in Figs. 9 and 10,
respectively.
RC-2 SJ It was observed that the bond strength of the epoxy bonded (EP)
specimens was highly dependent on the property of the epoxy
material used. For the case under discussion, FOSROC NITOBOND
RC-3 SJ EP having a compressive strength of 50 MPa, tensile strength of
20 MPa and shear strength of 25 MPa was used. However, these
are design values that can be achieved under optimal conditions
(particularly under desirable curing temperature), as such the
epoxy used may have values less than the design values.
The sandblasting technique (SB) was found to have higher slant
The 3rd item represents configuration/positions of jacketing
shear strength as shown in Table 4 and failure was largely inside
BOTSJ Bottomside the normal concrete substrate as shown in Fig. 10(b). The EP spec-
imens failed at lower strength than SB specimens with most of the
2 SJ Two longitudinal sides failure along the interface along the epoxy layer as shown in Fig. 10
(c). This is because sandblasting the concrete substrate surface is
3 SJ Three Bot Two longitudinal sides more effective in resisting transfer of shear and normal stresses
Fig. 5. Strengthening process using sandblasting and UHPFRC cast in-situ strengthening technique.
Fig. 6. Strengthened beams specimens prefabricated UHPFRC strips using epoxy adhesive bonding.
284 M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296
Table 4
Bond strength test results.
Substrate surface preparation Split cylinder tensile strength Slant shear strength
Average strength (MPa) Failure mode Average strength (MPa) Failure mode
Plain surface 2.58 A 21.56 A
Sand blasted 3.73 B 27.01 C
Epoxy bonded 5.89 C 23.15 B
Where: A = Interface failure; B = Interface + partial concrete substrate failure and C = Concrete substrate failure.
M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296 285
Fig. 9. Condition after split-cylinder test (a) Plain surface (b) SB technique (c) EP technique.
Fig. 10. Damaged cylinders after slant shear strength test (a) Plain surface (b) SB technique (c) EP technique.
Fig. 11. Instrumentation for the beam flexural test (all dimensions in mm).
a number of flexural cracks similar to those in RC SB BOTSJ and bonding the UHPFRC jacket to the beam has high tensile strength,
a dominant branching crack developed to become the failure crack thereby delaying the crack propagation through it, and making the
of the beam as observed in Fig. 13(b). However, the cracking load cracks invisible for a little longer period. RC EP 2 SJ also
was higher than in the case of RC SB BOTSJ as shown in Table 5. showed similar crack pattern to RC SB 2 SJ with a flexural fail-
This is because the cracks did not become visible early as the epoxy ure crack developing very close to the mid-span of the beam as
286 M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296
Fig. 12. Crack patterns for RC beam specimens (a) RC Control (b) RC SB BOTSJ (c) RC SB 2 SJ (d) RC SB 3 SJ.
Table 5
Properties of tested beam specimens.
Specimen Residual crack width (mm) Cracking load (kN) Crack width at peak load (mm) Failure crack type
Fig. 13. Crack patterns for (a) RC-Control (b) RC EP BOTSJ (c) RC EP 2 SJ (d) RC EP 3 SJ.
shown in Fig. 13(c). Similarly, crack patterns for RC EP 3 SJ strength of the beams. Beam specimens strengthened on their
resembled that of RC SB 3 SJ as shown in Fig. 13(d). Interest- three sides i.e. RC SB 3 SJ; RC EP 3 SJ yielded the highest
ingly, the cracking load for the 3SJ specimens more than doubled load enhancement, whereas beams strengthened at the bottom
over the other retrofit configurations one probable cause being only i.e. RC SB BOTSJ; RC EP BOTSJ, the least load enhance-
the increased moment of inertia with the bottom layer retrofit ment as the tension active amount of UHPFRC was applied only to
together with the additional side jacketing provided on the two the bottom of the beam. It was also observed that beams strength-
sides of the beam. ened by bonding UHPFRC strips using epoxy adhesives EP
It was observed that both strengthening techniques increased showed relatively higher cracking loads than their counterparts
the cracking load of the beam specimens, decreased the number strengthened by casting UHPFRC on sand blasted surfaces (SB).
and spread of cracks along the span as well as reduced the crack This was as a result of the higher tensile strength of the epoxy
width openings. In addition, flexure-shear cracks that were adhesive which resisted the hairline cracks from going through
observed towards the supports in the case of RC Control were to the main reinforcement until its tensile strength was exceeded
eliminated because the UHPFRC jacket increased the shear after which the cracks became visible.
M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296 287
2.6. Load deflection behavior as it moves lower with increasing amounts of tension effective
UHPFRC, the normal concrete or the UHPFRC compressive strain
Load-deflection behavior of RC Control was a familiar one, will approach the crushing strain value prior to any significant
similar to most types of normal under reinforced RC beams with post-yielding of the steel and will lead to the undesirable brittle
substantial ductility. The load increased linearly, with a slight mode of failure .
reduction in stiffness upon cracking, up to yielding of the steel In the case of RC SB 3 SJ, the beam showed higher load
reinforcement at a load level of equal to 51 kN. Thereafter, it increase and reduced deformation up to yielding of reinforcement,
showed more than expected hardening (consistent with the uniax- which occurs at a higher load equal to 124 kN. However, the load
ial tensile properties of the local steel) and with considerable increased after the yield up to 133 kN with a slight reduction in
reduction in stiffness and large deformations up to failure as stiffness, followed by a sudden fall in load in a softening mode,
shown in Fig. 14. Failure was eventually due to crushing of con- indicating a significantly less ductile failure as compared to
crete in compression. RC Control, RC SB BOTSJ and RC SB 2SJ and as can be
Beams RC SB BOTSJ and RC SB 2 SJ exhibited similar visualized in Fig. 14a.
behavior as RC Control except that load increased rapidly with The brittle nature of failure of RC SB 3 SJ may be attributed
more improved stiffness up to yielding of reinforcement at 64 kN to the crushing of the UHPFRC at strain levels in the vicinity of
and 91 kN, respectively as shown in Fig. 14a. Maximum concrete 0.00150.002. Although all beams failed by crushing, the lack of
strains at instance of steel yielding increased as the load to yield ductility for this particular configuration can be attributed to the
increased. This indicates a lowering of the neutral axis at steel yield fact that at the time of steel yielding, the UHPFRC compressive
with the application of the jacketing. After yielding, the load strain was almost in the neighborhood of 0.0013. This was the
increase tapered off as the UHPFRC underwent softening, precipi- highest recorded concrete strain of all the beams tested indicat-
tated by gradual rupture of the UHPFRC in regions of tensile strain ing the lowering of the neutral axis as happens in classical over
in excess of 0.005. Peak compressive strains recorded also indicate reinforced concrete beams and an accompanying reduction in duc-
that actual failure was by crushing of concrete, normal concrete tility. This can be seen from the experimental data for steel and
(NC) for the case of the bottom jacketing, and either of UHPFRC compressive strains in the UHPFRC and NC for RC EP 3 SJ spec-
or NC for the case of side jacketing. imen (Figs. 15 and 16b). Once crushing is initiated in the UHPFRC,
The UHPFRC provides tensile forces of a magnitude similar to compression cannot be transferred in a stable manner to the NC, as
that developed in the steel bars i.e. the rupture force for a bottom its crushing strain is in the vicinity of the UHPFRC and its peak
UHPFRC laminate of 30 mm thickness is of the order of 30 kN, compressive strength much lower.RC EP 3 SJ shows exactly
assuming a UHPFRC tensile strength of 7 MPa. This compares well similar behavior to RC SB 3 SJ (Fig. 14b). Both ultimate load
with the yield force in the two steel bars of 92 kN. The comparison and displacement are approximately equal. RC EP
of these quantities indicates that addition of tension effective BOTSJ and RC EP 2 SJ despite showing similar behavior to
UHPFRC essentially can transform the behavior of the originally RC SB BOTSJ and RC SB 3 SJ; respectively, showed lower
under reinforced section to that of an over reinforced one. As the ultimate load and reduced stiffness as shown in Fig. 14 and Table 6.
strains on the tension side increase, the UHPFRC picks up tensile Looking at steel strains for RC EP BOTSJ, RC EP 2 SJ
force, the beam steel yields at strain levels close to 0.003, and then and RC EP 3 SJ, as shown in Fig. 15, it was observed that steel
continues to harden and increase its tensile force contribution. The has already yielded, although at different load levels for the three
beam steel and the UHPFRC continue to work in unison, until the cases. For RC EP BOTSJ, there is no load increase once the steel
strains start to reach the vicinity of 0.005 at which point the starts to yield, as the UHPFRC is significantly ruptured in tension at
UHPFRC begins to rupture and release its tensile contribution. strain levels higher than yield strain levels of the steel reinforce-
The ductility index depends on the location of the neutral axis ment. For RC EP 2 SJ, there is an increase in load following
(c) RC-EP-3SJ
Fig. 15. Load-strain of main beam steel reinforcement with EP techniques.
the yielding of the reinforcement, as there are portions of the the behavior becomes more brittle by virtue of sudden crushing of
UHPFRC on the sides with low strain levels that continue to carry the UHPFRC in compression at strain levels in the vicinity of
increasing amounts of tensile force prior to softening and eventual 0.00150.002 (Fig. 16b). The neutral axis position would be lower
rupture. Failure for both of these cases can be classified as being for this case as compared to the other cases, leading to higher con-
ductile. Behavior for RC EP 3 SJ is a bit more complex, with crete compressive strains at instance of yielding of beam main
nominal increase in load following yielding of the steel reinforce- reinforcement, allowing them to reach the crushing values soon
ment, but with a significant reduction in the ductility. For this case, after yielding of the beam main tensile reinforcement.
M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296 289
Table 6
Load deflection properties of tested beam specimens.
Specimen Displacement at peak load (kN) Residual displacement (mm) Peak load (kN) Moment capacity enhancement (%) Failure type
Table 7
Elastic properties of concrete and UHPFRC.
load increments of 46 and 36%, respectively. Information on the sponding to compressive stress; bc constant with range 0 < bc < 1.
effect of this particular strengthening configuration has been lack- however, concrete tension damage parameter that is used in the
ing from the available literature. The reduction in ductility appears model is given as [25]:
to be a function of the amount of main steel reinforcement pro-
rt E1
vided in relation to the amount and configuration of UHPFRC pro- dt 1 c
2
vided. As this ratio is decreased, there is an increasing reduction in 2pl
t
1
bt
1 rt E1
c
Fig. 18. Nonlinear behavior of (a) concrete in compression (b) concrete in tension (c) UHPFRC in compression (d) UHPFRC in tension.
Steel is simulated by an elastic-perfectly plastic relationship This element type is suitable for both linear analysis and for com-
whose parameters were obtained by experimental testing plex non-linear analysis [26].
f y 590 MPa; E 200 GPa as shown in Fig. 19. A 2-noded linear 3 D truss element was used to model the
A 3 D stress 8 noded linear brick element (solid continuum) steel reinforcing bars and stirrups. This element is a long, slender
was used to model both the NC and UHPFRC as shown in Fig. 20. structural member that transmits only axial load. Assuming perfect
bond, a tie constraint was used to fuse together the UHPFRC jacket
and the concrete beam that was confirmed by bond test mentioned
before.
Experimental and finite element model (FEM) load deflection
behavior shows that the FEM captures both load increase and stiff-
ness of RC Control with high accuracy as shown in Fig. 21(a). Sim-
ilarly, in the case of RC SB=EP BOTSJ and RC SB=EP 2 SJ, the
FEM was able to predict the experimental behavior with good
accuracy as seen in Fig. 21(b) and (c), respectively. RC-SB/EP-3 SJ
FEM showed similar behavior with the experiment. However, a
sudden reduction in stiffness of the FEM was observed just after
the elastic range as shown in Fig. 21(d). This resulted in failure load
to be lower in FE simulation as compared to the experimentally
observed failure load. This difference is likely because both exper-
imental failure load and stiffness of the beam were highly affected
by the orientation and concentration of steel fibers across the path
Fig. 19. Behavior of steel reinforcing bar in tension. of crack propagation. Fig. 22 shows experimental crack and FEM
M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296 291
Fig. 21. Experimental and finite element load deflection behavior (a) RC-Control (b) RC-BOT SJ (c) RC-2 SJ (d) RC-3 SJ.
292 M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296
Fig. 22. Crack Pattern of Control beam specimen and specimens with SB techniques.
crack patterns for RC-Control, RC-SB-BOT SJ, RC-SB-2-SJ and RC-SB- based on the sectional stress-strain distribution to predict internal
3SJ, respectively. It was observed that there is a high resemblance forces. Failure moment was calculated from the internal forces at
between the experimental and FEM crack pattern. This further equilibrium of the member at that particular cross section. The
shows that how effective the FEM was in predicting the behavior model was developed based on the materials test results expressed
of the beams specimens. It can be concluded that the as material laws that serve as input data to the model. A bilinear
RC Control having no UHPFRC was simulated more accurately stress-strain curve was used for modelling the steel reinforcing
by the FEM and the prediction accuracy of the FEM was found to bars in tension (i.e. elastic, perfectly plastic) as shown in Fig. 23
decrease with an increase in the volume of UHPFRC present in (a). UHPFRC behavior in tension was assumed as bilinear stress-
the beam specimen. This effect of steel fibers orientation and con- strain curve, resembling the experimental behavior as shown in
centration usually arises during mixing and due to the effect of Fig. 24. Concrete in compression was represented using the Whit-
vibration during compaction. ney stress block (i.e. equivalent rectangular stress distribution) in
accordance with ACI Code Section 10.2.7 as shown in Fig. 23(c).
4. Analytical investigation In addition, UHPFRC in compression was represented by an equiv-
alent rectangular stress block for high strength concrete proposed
The moment capacity of both control and UHPFRC strengthened by Mertol et al. [27]. With UHPFRC being a lot more ductile than
beam specimens were analyzed using an analytical/mechanistic NC, then it would be appropriate to use a rectangular stress block,
model of their cross section. The analysis used internal stresses similar to the stress block for ordinary steel.where
M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296 293
Fig. 23. Material laws (a) steel tensile behavior (b) UHPFRC tensile behavior (c) concrete compressive stress distribution (d) UHPFRC compressive stress distribution.
0
f c 28 0 T u1 0:5f ut bu y 9
bc 0:85 0:05 f c > 28 MPa 3
7
( T u2 0:5f ut f ut;1 bu hc x y 10
0
0:85 f uc 6 69 MPa
au 0 0 27 4 T u3 bu hu x yf ut;1 11
0:85 0:0029f uc 69 P 0:75 f uc > 69 MPa
( 0 T u4 0:5hu f ut f ut;2 bu;b 12
0:85 f uc 6 28 MPa
bu 0 0 27 5
0:85 0:00725f uc 28 P 0:65 f uc > 28 MPa T u5 hu bu;b f ut;2 13
Internal forces were expressed as the product of stress and the Strain at the bottom of the beam is selected eut and Eqs. (6)(10)
cross-sectional area covered by the stresses as given in Eqs. (6) are simplified and expressed in terms of the neutral axis depth x.
(14) The value of x at failure is obtained by iteration until equilibrium
0
C c 0:85f c bc xbc 6 of forces is attained.
RF C c C u T s T u1 T u2 T u3 T u4 T u5 0 14
0
C u au f uc bu xbu 7
The predicted flexural moment capacity is computed by taking
moment of forces about the neutral axis location as given below.
T s As f y 8
294 M.A. Al-Osta et al. / Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017) 279296
ac au 2y Table 9
M pred C c x Cu x T s d x T u1 Analytical model results of tested beam specimens.
2 2 3
Specimen MExp : (kN.m) M pred (kN.m) MExp
1 1 ratio
T u2 hc x y y T u3 hc x y y M pred
Fig. 26. Comparison between analytical model and experimental failure loads.
strengthened concrete beams strengthened with UHPFRC [11] L. Hussein, L. Amleh, Structural behavior of ultra-high performance fiber
reinforced concrete-normal strength concrete or high strength concrete
jacketing, irrespective of the material property of UHPFRC
composite members, Construction and Building Materials 93 (2015) 1105
mix used. 1116.
[12] K. Habel, E. Denari, E. Bruhwiler, Experimental investigation of composite
ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete and conventional concrete
members, ACI Struct. J. 104 (2007) 1020.
Acknowledgements [13] G. Martinola, A. Meda, G.A. Plizzari, Z. Rinaldi, Strengthening and repair of RC
beams with fiber reinforced concrete, Cement Concrete Compos. 32 (2010)
This study was made possible with the support of Department 731739.
[14] P.R. Prem, A.R. Murthy, G. Ramesh, B.H. Bharatkumar, N.R. Iyer, Flexural
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Research institute at behavior of damaged RC beams strengthened with ultra-high performance
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Saudi Arabia. concrete, Adv. Struct. Eng. 3 (2015) 20572069.
The authors would like to express their appreciation to Prainsa [15] A.P. Lampropoulos, S.A. Paschalis, O.T. Tsioulou, S.E. Dritsos, Strengthening of
reinforced concrete beams using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced
Precast Concrete for their assistance in casting of the RC beams. concrete (UHPFRC), Engineering Structures 106 (2016) 370384.
[16] F.J. Alaee, B.L. Karihaloo, Retrofitting of reinforced concrete beams with
References CARDIFRC, J. Compos. Constr. 7 (2003) 174186.
[17] T. Noshiravani, E. Brhwiler, Experimental investigation on reinforced ultra-
high performance fiber-reinforced concrete composite beams subjected to
[1] H.A. El-Enein, H. Azimi, K. Sennah, F. Ghrib, Flexural strengthening of
combined bending and shear, ACI Struct. J. 110 (2013) 251262.
reinforced concrete slab-column connection using CFRP sheets, Construction
[18] I. Iskhakov, Y. Ribakov, K. Holschemacher, T. Mueller, High-performance
and Building Materials 57 (2014) 126137.
repairing of reinforced concrete structures, Materials and Design 44 (2013)
[2] G. Monti, M.A. Liotta, FRP strengthening in shear: tests and design equations,
216222.
ACI Struct. J. 230 (2005) 543562.
[19] M.M. Springkel, C. Ozyildirim, Evaluation of High-Performance Concrete
[3] T. Mohammed, B.H. Abu Bakar, N.M. Bunnori, Torsional improvement of
Overlays Placed on Route 60 over Lynnhaven Inlet in Virginia, Technical
reinforced concrete beams using ultra high-performance fiber reinforced
Note: VTRC 01-R1, Virginia Department of Transportation, 2000.
concrete (UHPFC) jackets experimental study, Construction and Building
[20] G. Chynoweth, R.R. Stankie, W.L. Allen, R.R. Anderson, W.N. Babcock, P. Barlow,
Materials 106 (2016) 533542.
Concrete Repair Guide, Vol. 546R, ACI Committee, Concrete Repair Manual,
[4] S. Rahman, T. Molyneaux, I. Patnaikuni, Ultra high-performance concrete.
1996. pp. 287327.
Recent applications and research, Aust. J. Civil Eng. 2 (2005) 1320.
[21] J. Lubliner, J. Oliver, S. Oller, E. Onate, A plastic-damage model for concrete,
[5] B. Graybeal, Ultra-High Performance Concrete, Tech. Note, FHWA-HRT-11-038,
International Journal of Solids and Structures 25 (1989) 299326.
Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, 2011.
[22] J. Lee, G.L. Fenves, Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete
[6] B. Graybeal, Material Characterization of Ultra-High Performance Concrete,
structures, J. Eng. Mech. ASCE 124 (1998) 892900.
Tech. Note, FHWA-HRT-06-103, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA,
[23] J. Rodriguez, F. Martinez, J. Marti, Concrete Constitutive Model, Calibration and
2006.
Applications, SIMULIA Community Conference, 2013.
[7] T.M. Ahlborn, D.K. Harris, D.L. Misson, E.J. Peuse, Strength and durability
[24] S.V. Chaudhari, M.A. Chakrabarti, Modelling of concrete for nonlinear analysis
characterization of ultra-high performance concrete under variable curing
using finite element code ABAQUS, International Journal of Computers and
conditions, J. Transport. Res. Board Struct. 2251 (2012) 6875.
Applications 44 (2012) 1418.
[8] Y.S. Tai, H.H. Pan, Y.N. Kung, Mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced
[25] V. Birtel, P. Mark, Parameterised Finite Element Modelling of RC Beam Shear
reactive powder concrete following exposure to high temperature reaching
Failure, presented at the ABAQUS Users Conference, (2006).
800 C, Nuclear Engineering and Design 241 (2011) 24162424.
[26] ABAQUS 6.13 User Manual, Online Documentation Simulia, Dassault Systems.
[9] I.Y.A. Hakeem, Characterization of an Ultra-High Performance Concrete (MS
[27] H.C. Mertol, S. Rizkalla, P. Zia, A. Mirmiran, Characteristics of compressive
Thesis), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia, 2011.
stress distribution of high strength concrete, ACI Struct. J. 105 (2008) 626633.
[10] A. Lubbers, Bond Performance of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete and
Prestressing Strands, MS Thesis, Ohio University, 2003.