Diversity in the Biosphere

1. The Biosphere 2. The Cellular Basis of Life

Biology / Geology - 10th grade
Prof. Steven Casteleiro
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Particularities of Planet Earth
Externally distance from the Sun (150 million km)
Liquid water
Temp. mild :20-22 º C
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Particularities of Planet Earth
Internally
Mass
Internal Energy
Force of Gravity
Hydrodynamic shape Stable
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Internally
Particularities of Planet Earth
Internal Energy
Volcanoes
Geological Activities
Earthquakes
Dynamic Planet
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Presence of Life on Earth
• Biology - Science of Life
Study of the diversity of life on Earth
Biodiversity
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Biosphere Biosphere
• It is the largest ecosystem that exists; • Includes all ecosystems
Since the Mariana Trench - 11 022 m
To Mount Everest in the Himalayas, with 8848m
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Organization of the Living World
Atoms and Molecules organelles - Prokaryotic - Eukaryotic Tissue Organ Systems O
ffice Population Community Ecosystem
BIOSPHERE
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5 Kingdoms - Second Whittaker
Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista
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Biodiversity - broad term - Includes: • Species Diversity - variety of species o
f different kingdoms, which exists in a particular place • Genetic Diversity - e
ach individual within each species is single-Ecological Diversity • The differen
t terrestrial environments and the species that inhabit
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Concept of Species
Mare Equus cabalus (No chromosomes = 64c.) X Donkey Equus asinus (No. = 62 chrom
osomes c.)
Mule or Mule (or Beast Male)
Another example Lion
X
Tigress
Liger, the male is sterile but the female is fertile 11
Donkey with zebra crossing, Colchester Zoo, England
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Biodiversity in Danger
• • We share the earth with other living beings The disappearance of a link in a
chain can lead to the extinction of another species.
Man Belongs to Earth or the Earth belongs to man??
• • • • Guilt of Man. Reasons?? Consequences of extinctions and species loss?? T
he case of the Iberian Lynx The case of invasive species
Acacias Mimosas
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Beings on their way to extinction or already extinct ...
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Biologists estimate that 200 species undergo daily extinction 15
Dynamics of an Ecosystem
• Open System - exchange of matter and
energy with the environment; • Living organisms interact among themselves and be
tween; • Examination of case studies to better understand and present solutions
to the problems of the environment; • Study of concrete cases - Ecological Varia
bles.
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Food Chains and Webs
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The pace of species extinction today is one thousand to ten thousand times highe
r than the rates of extinction of the past of Earth's history (since there is 60
0 m above).
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Cellular basis of life discovery of the cell
- Robert Hooke (1665) - 1 which used the term "cell" to describe the units that
observed when analyzing cork under the microscope
- Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (XVII) - observed water of ponds and described that co
ntained a variety of animalcules (bacteria)
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- Mathias Shleiden (1838) - found that despite the difference in the structure o
f various tissues, plants consist of cells and that a plan is formed from a sing
le cell.
- Theodor Schwann (1839) - concluded that animal and plant cells have similar st
ructures. He proposed that all organisms are composed of one or more cells and t
he cell is the structural motif of life.
- Rudolf Virchow (1858) - "cell theory" - each animal represents the sum of vita
l units, each of which fully meets all properties of life. Each cell division co
mes from a pre-existing
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Cellular basis of life
The cells represent the structural and functional unit of all living beings. In
other words, each cell has a molecular organization that allows you to perform t
he functions that characterize life: grow, reproduce and adapt to the external e
nvironment.
Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus
Plasma membrane Cell wall Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplast Nucleus
Golgi complex
Ribosome Ribosome Lysosome Centriole plasma membrane Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic
reticulum Mitochondria
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Metabolic map
Are summarized the different metabolic pathways essential for cell metabolism.
Cells are highly complex and organized!
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MOC vs ME
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Cell Theory - Assumptions
Today
The cell is the basic unit of life: All living things consist of cells, the cell
is the basic unit of structure and function of all beings; Any cell that exists
comes from another that has produced it; The cell allows playback growth and ma
intenance of hereditary characteristics of all living beings.
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As for the Cellular Organization
• Prokaryotic - Simple structure, no cellular organization, Absence of Core. Cas
e of Bacteria: Bacillus of Koch. • Eukaryotic - more complex structure - With ce
llular organization: tasks performed by numerous organelles - Presence of nucleu
s containing the genetic material. If the cells of multicellular organisms.
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Animal and Plant Cell
• Constituents in common - Cytoplasmic Membrane
or Mobile - Nucleus - Cytoplasm - ribosomes - Mitochondria - Apparatus or Golgi
apparatus - Digestive Vacuoles - Inclusions (grits lipid seeds) - smooth endopla
smic reticulum (REL) and Rough - RER;
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Exclusive constituent of plant cells:
Cell Wall-or skeletal nature of cellulose in the outer part. It exists in many b
acteria and fungi, but with different composition. - Plaster - in algae and plan
ts. Classification based on its content: Amyloplasts, Oleoplastos, Chromoplasts,
etc ... Chloroplasts: contains photosynthetic pigments of green (chlorophyll);
oval shaped organelle where photosynthesis occurs. -Vacuoles - in plant cells ar
e large and few. Contain water and dissolved substances.
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Practical Exercise - Identification of organelles
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Practice Activity 2 ... All different all equal
Composite material equipment Optical Microscope Dissecting Needle Blades and Sci
ssors Forceps lamellae Biological material sticks onion bulb cells of the tongue
or cheek Reagents Distilled water solution of methylene blue Lugol's Solution o
f Neutral Red
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Biomolecules that constitute the cell
inorganic are: Water Minerals
organic are: Sugars Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
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