System Architecture Education in Vain

Prof. Dr. John Slater Prof. Roberto Leme. Dr. Marcelo de Andrade Romero Prof. Dr
. Claudia Oliveira
FAUUSP - AUT March 2005
Summary
1. Introduction 6. Joinery rigid PVC. Historical aspects, attributes 2. Vain sys
tem of technical and construction details • Introduction 7. Joinery • Special Co
nditions • Performance Solutions: Unifedo, Alcoa - Skin Types • 'basic vain - Gl
ass, Panorama frames. 8. Glaze 3. Joinery timber • Definition, types of glasses.
• General, Materials • Glass reflectors of solar energy. used and construction
details • Establishing, clearances. 4. Frames of bent sheet metal fastening syst
em • glass tempered steel freestanding. • General, • Other materials - fittings,
joints and construction details and materials used for sealing. 5. Aluminium Jo
inery 9. Final Remarks Bibliography. • Historical aspects, anodized aluminum and
construction details
1.Introduction
1.Introduction
• Teaching System Architecture Vain (open / frames internal and external) of the
building, The Department of Technology and Architecture - Construction Group, F
AUUSP follows the systematization implanted by Prof.. Ariosto Milan, becoming a
reference for some courses, schools and colleges of the City of São Paulo. • His
systematization believes that the building is composed of bodies (elements, acc
ording to Technical Standards). • Each agency is responsible for specific functi
on. • To ensure the function is executed certain works and services, using mater
ials, techniques and technologies.
1.Introduction
Openings • The body has the function to seal and communication of internal and e
xternal environments of the building. Both, as stated, require works and service
s carried out with materials, according to certain techniques and technologies t
o meet the requirements of technical performance and quality-constructive to the
satisfaction of users. • This is an important organ in the design / constructio
n of buildings, it represents, according to scholars of the costs of the AUT, ab
out 7.0% and 16.5% respectively for single-family residence and apartment buildi
ngs average standard of finishing - about the cost of the work (Cobra). • Given
the above should be in the teaching of architecture, emphasis on building an int
egration and interaction of knowledge, mastery and use of materials, techniques
and technologies in the design, implementation, use,
2. SYSTEM SPANS
2. System Vain
2.1. Introduction • This system is linked to the body (Element) - go (opening) o
f the building whose function is communication between the internal and external
environments. • To ensure this function works have been as frames (doors and wi
ndows) laternins, domes and curtain castings. • For its construction, use is mad
e of materials: wood, steel, aluminum, PVC, glass, concrete, mortar, combogó. •
The works are realized through the techniques related to materials used: carpent
ry / joinery, metalwork metal (steel and aluminum), techniques of plastic (PVC),
concrete and mortar. 2.2. Performance conditions - • According to ISO6241 - use
r requirements: stability, fire safety, safety in use, leaks, hygrothermal, air
cleanliness, comfort, thermo-acoustic - visual, dynamic, hygiene, convenience of
spaces for specific uses, durability and economy. • Lighting, ventilation and h
eat stroke are needed, whose openings are linked to the minimum floor area of th
e space environment are explained in the Building Code of the City of São Paulo.
2. System Vain
s an example in the area of residential buildings and teaching:
Local use of space / environment AP = floor area minimum area p / p Minimum area
lighting / ventilation
Space / environment to remain
1 / 10 AP ≥ 0.3 m2
50% of area
transient (kitchen, bathroom, as) Space / Environment prolonged stay (rooms, dor
ms) classrooms, reading, labs, libraries and / or
Seventh AP ≥ 0.7 m
2
lighting ≥ 50% of 015 m2 area of 035 m2 lighting ≥ 60% of the lighting area ≥ 04
2 m2
1 / 5 AP ≥ 0.7 m2
2.3. Basic types of voids - frames • windows: open, swing, reversible, pivoting,
running, guillotine, Maxim-AR, fall.
3. Joinery timber
3. Materials and construction details Joinery timber
• The life of the frames is linked to their constituent materials, their suitabi
lity to the environment, way of use, maintenance, construction and construction
details, cost, appearance, final (equilibrium between spans and vedos).€Wood Mou
ldings • - • General - the life of wood depends on the botanical species (natura
l resistance to termites and fungi - biological degradation) and exposure condit
ions, linked to weathering (sun, rain, humidity). • To do so you must treat the
wood against insects and wood decay dry it in an oven or in the shade to contain
around 10% humidity. • Timber appropriate: angico - black, cabriúva - brown, re
d, black rosewood, combaru, Copaiba, favereiro, Guaratira, Ipêpardo, Jatoba, Mah
ogany, Sucupira, Vinhático, Imbuia and Jacaranda da Bahia (Palace of Dawn). • Fi
nishes: polished (carnauba wax), varnish (gloss, semi-matte and matte), paint (e
namel, epoxy), with skilled labor.
3. Materials and construction details Joinery timber
4. Materials and construction details frames of bent steel plate
4. Frames of bent steel plates
4.1. General points • Steel is an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon (0.
002 to 2.0% with excellent properties of strength and ductility (main). • Invent
ed in 1856 by Henry Bessen that "injecting air jets "molten iron in eliminating
carbon, converting the iron - pig iron into steel. • From the fact that steel te
chnology develops international and national level since 1946, with CSN - Cia Si
derurgica Nacional. • In Brazil, several steel, for emphasis COSIPA (1963 - come
s into operation), produces steel sheets, galvanized after they are used in the
production of window frames.
4. Materials and construction details 4.2. Material used - features frames of be
nt steel plate
• Profiles (folded sheets and / or) with thicknesses of less plating 60-10 micro
ns must be protected with paintings of red lead. Care should be adopted in areas
of welding and cutting. • Steels aclimatáveis - those who receive small amounts
of alloying elements, especially copper, which reacts with sulfur, form sulfate
s precipitate from the pores of the oxide layer, forming a protective layer - th
e patina. • Painting of steel - when it slows down the corrosion features: unifo
rm, resistant to harsh environment, low porosity, adequate thickness and good ad
hesion to the base. 4.3. Construction details - Generic • You must choose correc
tly the profiles as a function of (s): mechanical resistance to wind, impact on
a forward, transverse (unless requested) observing a cost-benefit compatible. •
Among the usual profiles, have the following:
4. Materials and construction details frames of bent steel plate
Basic profiles
4. Materials and construction details frames of bent steel plate
Venetian window
5. Materials and construction details Aluminium Joinery
5.Caixilharia aluminum
5.1. Historical Aspects • Aluminum has good performance in terms of: lightness,
mechanical strength and biological agents, versatility, durability and recyclabi
lity. Historically in 1809 - Humphrey Davy, melts the iron in the presence of al
umina getting a league called "Alumium / aluminuim" • 1821 - Berthier is bauxite
in the region of Le Baux - France, (its name comes from this fact / region). •
Canada, United States - highlighted in the production (Alcan and Alcoa). • In Br
azil, the processing of bauxite, alumina begins with the Engineer Americo Gianne
tti, formed in Ouro Preto - MG, in Mining and Metallurgy. • Several industries a
re formed as: Cia Paulista de Aluminio Artifacts (1917), Rolling Metal Clement (
1940), Saramenha (1945),
• CBA (1946) - de Carvalho Dias association with the Votorantim group. • 1947 -
a watershed in the production of aluminum with the arrival of the Alcan - Alumin
ium Limited of Canada to Brazil. • From 1955 to 1970 - several companies are dev
eloping in the country, major discoveries of bauxite (Amapa / Pará) by Vale do R
io Doce, becoming self-sufficient and exporter. 5.2. The anodized aluminum frame
s in aluminum has good resistance to atmospheric corrosion due to formation of a
protective oxide layer (passivation), which can be improved by anodizing. The l
ife of anodized aluminum, made in various colors, is linked to: anodic layer thi
ckness and frequency of washing. Minimum film thickness for anodizing - outdoor
in areas of marine and atmospheric pollution, which do not occur frequently wash
es is 25 micrometers. 5.3. Construction details - The following generic profiles
and aluminum producing companies. Profiles and requadro set of windows for maxi
m-air and shutter the following:
5. Materials and construction details Aluminium Joinery
5.€Materials and construction details Aluminium Joinery
5.4. Companies producing profiles. Alcan, Alcoa, CBA, Ryval SA - Metal Frames, A
RC Inc., Alinco, ACRO Extrusion of Metals, Alubras, Alumicon. Prototype frame fo
r proper testing, emphasis on tightness.
windows MAXIM-AR
5. Materials and construction details Aluminium Joinery
sliding windows with Venetian
6. Materials and construction details of rigid PVC Joinery 6. Rigid PVC Joinery
6.1. Historical aspects - key facts: • PVC - Poly Vinyl Chloride in Portuguese p
oly (vinyl chloride) is a polymer (resin), consisting of giant molecules in whic
h one or more basic units, called monomers are repeated numerous times. • The PV
C resin is presented in the form of a white powder that, mixed with the additive
is composed of PVC. • Historically, PVC falls in 1835 with the discovery of vin
yl chloride by Regnault. • Century Twentieth - (start) - Germany Research acetyl
ene linkage to obtain a vinyl chloride. Klatte (1912) patented the results. • 40
s - during the 2nd war it increments its use, replacement of rubber, greatly inc
reases its production. • 1955/1960 - PVC is used for profiles of frames in Germa
ny and other European countries and South America, including Brazil. • 1985 - ma
nufacturers of PVC profiles for windows and ABNT / CB - 2, combine to establish
standards for windows Multiplast
6. Materials and construction details are hard PVC Joinery • 1990/2000 - several
empresasde settle in the country as PAVEC
Windows (1996) and Fenster Weiku Frames Special (1998), Tiger (1999), New Way PV
C Windows, Medabil, Tessenderlo (lines of frames).
6.2. Technical attributes and its PVC window frames • Attributes: Self extinguis
hing the fire, thermally stable, recyclable, durable, good resistance to water v
apor and maritime atmosphere, chemical agents and excellent resistance to biolog
ical agents. • Performance of frames - features: • Mechanical resistance to hand
ling (when reinforced internally) • Leak - water, air, dust, odors. • Good looks
, lack of maintenance, ease of cleaning. Note: for optimization of rigid PVC win
dow frames should meet the APA and the NT CEDIPIAC - Centre for Development and
Documentation of the Plastics Industry for Construction. The following general c
onstruction details.
6. Materials and construction details of rigid PVC Joinery
hes constructive generic - PVC profiles
7. Joinery - Special
7. Joinery - Special
• Given the problems thermo-acoustic-luminous buildings: Hospitals, Airports, Sc
hools, Museums, Shopping, Service Providers such as banks, currently has been us
ing special frames. • Architects, designers, industry and other segments of Cons
truction have imported and developed solutions for frames as 7.1. Solution Unife
do - • It is a reversible aluminum window with two panes separated by an air cha
mber, in which he inserts a plastic shutter. • Physical characteristics: • Acous
tic Insulation - glass 4 mm, internal and external - 34 db. • Mechanical strengt
h and corrosion - good, ditto for the leaks. • Solar protection - 100% Kcal / h
incident on the ceiling, penetrates into the environment only 34 Kcal / n.
7. Joinery - Special
Construction details - overall Note: 1. This solution was adapted by FUNDUSP (70
) for the frames of buildings: Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences FFLC
H and Department of Civil Engineering EPUSP
7. Joinery - Special
7.2. Solution ALCOA - glass skin This is a frames whose structure consists of al
uminum profiles placed internally to the environments of the building. The syste
m consists of requadro releasing screws. Quality accessories and special finishe
s offer harmony to all, with rates of minimum maintenance as detail.
7. Joinery - Special
7.3. Solution Overview - • A system that uses the structural silicone requadro w
ith anodized aluminum and glass, resulting facades without interruption. • Main
Specifications: • Fixing of glass by means of structural silicone forming requad
ro been applied in the factory, allowing for quality assurance. • The visual res
ult is unique both artistically and physically for the inviolability of the glas
s and structural silicone chemically as it presents a perfect adhesion between t
he components
8.1. Definition
8. Glaze
• It is an inorganic substance, and physically homogeneous amorphous obtained by
cooling a molten mass, which hardens by the continuous increase in viscosity.ۥ
Industrially glass fusion of oxides and their derivatives and having, as the ma
in constituent in silica, which associated with oxygen to form silicon oxide tha
t REFries heated and hardens. • Composition - 72% - Silico, 15% sodium, calcium
9%, 4% other. • The weight of the various types of glass is 2.5 kg/m2 x mm (thic
kness). 8.2. Types of glasses - • Common and float (better quality), printed fan
cy term Reflectors (mirror), special colored and colorless. • Various types of g
lass frames are used in: • Joint R Glass, tempered, laminated, laminated anti-bu
llets, wired, double insulated and solar reflectors. • Focus on the physical cha
racteristics of glass reflectors and solar energy etails of attachment of temper
ed glass
8. Glaze
Glass reflectors of solar energy • The energy that enters the environment Prosol
depends on the type of glass, the facade orientation and position of glazing an
d seasons. • There are windows that reduce the incidence of light, such as the T
ropical Providro: • Prosol - reflects and radiates outward - 33 to 47.5% of ener
gy; Tropical - reflects and radiates outwards 15-40% of energy.
8. Glaze
• Establishing, gaps, joints and accessories in frames - • Taxation - the frame
must be rigid to deform and not have gaps (recesses) to receive the glass and al
low its attachment, whose dimensions range from 12 to 27mm (depends on the profi
le adopted) . • Gaps - peripheral and side • For laminated and tempered: between
3-5 mm • For temperate freestanding (without requadração / frames): • = 2mm bet
ween ports, between ports and flags = 3mm; between panels fixed = 1.5 mm between
doors and fixed cloth = 3mm; between doors and floor = 7mm; embedded = 20mm (de
pth). • System setting of tempered glass freestanding • Adoption of specific har
dware, provided the design production. • Examples using the line 3000 - Group 31
- Online Hardware Blindex • 3000 Group 3.1. (Hinged) doors with transom and fix
ed banners and flags with the following fixed set of hardware and its indication
s for fixation of tempered glass freestanding.
8. Glaze
8. Glaze
• Other accessories - are needed, such as: • Locks: internal drive for sliding d
oor, and external drive. • Locks for two leaves (the center of meeting), Pulleys
"SKF" • Stem type latches for windows MAXIM-AR leverage, Cremona, nail. • Arms
reversal, hinges, pivots (for special windows). • Note: material of latches, hin
ges are brass, lever-arm - aluminum or steel plate, ditto pulleys (stainless ste
el). • Gaskets and sealing materials • They must be airtight next to (the): Marc
h and counter-March, in March with sash, cloth and glass platters / amounts, cra
cks profiles of DM and leaves the windows. • Types of sealants - Neoprene, putty
, butyl, acrylics, polysulfides, polyurethanes and silicones. • Who should provi
de compatibility with the substrate and profiles as well as facililidade of appl
ication and durability.
9. Concluding Remarks
9. Final Thoughts - • The teaching of Architecture in Vain must be detailed, bas
ed on knowledge of technical attributes and conditions of performance of materia
ls, techniques and technologies in the market. • There is need for an effective
interaction between the Construction Group of AUT and the area of Industrial Des
ign at the College to develop the knowledge and technological innovation, the fa
ll in production design of the frames of buildings: concrete, mortar, plastic ,
wood, steel, aluminum and gold materials. Necessity is valid for the other facul
ties, courses of Architecture.
9. Concluding Remarks
9. Final Thoughts - • The theoretical knowledge acquired at undergraduate level
should be linked to practices "of learning by doing in an experimental plot," an
d visits to works and industries, raising awareness of alunato for the system of
openings, which represents 7% the cost of work-family residential and 16.5% of
multi-family, that has técnicoconstrutivo performance and quality to meet the ne
eds of users, the emphasis on durability, comfort, thermo-acoustic, rationalizat
ion of energy, harmony, balance between full spans and vedos and aesthetic beaut
y in a way to value the heritage of the built environment - the building. • The
following series of photos of buildings that depict details of the system spans.
9. Concluding Remarks - Pictures
9. Final Thoughts - Photos
9. Final Thoughts - Photos
9. Final Thoughts - Photos
9. Final Thoughts - Photos
Bibliography
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Group. PVC Systems in Construction. 1996. • Finestra. Mitre - Truck frame. Fines
tra technical supplement. Year 3. n.o10. São Paulo, 2003. • ABCI - Manual Techni
cal Mouldings / Windows. CIP - Brazilian Book Chamber. Editora Pini, São Paulo,
1991. • ABA. Aluminum siding - a noble product. Aluminum magazine. São Paulo, 19
88. • Monsanto Saflex. The plastic film in laminated glass São Paulo • Brasken.
PVC window frames. Editorial Ass Pro Ltda. São Paulo. 2003. • Trikem. PVC window
frames - Technology, Specification, Projects. Odebrecht Group. São Paulo. 1997.
• Mila, Ariosto. The Building. FAUUSP. São Paulo, 1970. • Ed Pini Building Syst
ems. Ed Annual 1988. Ed Pini. S.Paulo.1988. • L'Hermite, Robert. At the foot of
the wall. Translation L. A. Bauer Falcon. SENAI, and Construction Technology Cen
ter. Taguatinga - Distrito Federal / Goias • Vidor, Elizabeth. Construction Mate
rials - Specify. Menasce Publications. Sao Pulo, 1994. • ABCI - Brazilian Ass Co
nst. Industrialized. Manual Technical Mouldings / Windows. Editora Pini. São Pau
lo, 1991.