Cash & cash equivalents

1. 1. "Rather fail with honor than succeed by fraud." --Sophocles (496-406 BC)
2. 2. CASH - belongs to broad category of assets called financial assets FINANCIAL ASSET - cash or contractual right to receive cash or
another financial instrument in the future other example: *receivables * investments in debt and securities
3. 3. CASH ITEM - any item used as standard medium of exchange - for a limited viewpoint, it refers to currency and coins in the circulation -
for accounting purposes, an item is considered cash if it is acceptable by bank or other financial institution for deposit at face value
4. 4. - not all cash items qualify for reporting as part of the account title cash or Cash on Hand and in Banks on the statement of financial
position - the cash item must be unrestricted and must be immediately available for use in current operations to qualify for presentation as
part of Cash on the statement of financial position
5. 5. CASH ITEMS Unrestricted and immediately available for use in current operations For use other than for current operations For
payment of operating expenses For payment of current liabilities For acquisition of current asset CASH in the current asset section Other
non-current financial asset
6. 6. CASH ON HAND a. Undeposited cash collections currencies such as bills and coins b. Cash items awaiting deposit customers
checks, travelers checks, bank drafts, money orders. CASH IN BANK includes demand deposits. There are unrestricted funds deposited
in a bank that can be withdrawn upon demand such as amounts in checking and savings account.
7. 7. WORKING FUNDS cash segregated for current use in the ordinary conduct of business. a. Petty cash fund b. Change fund c. Payroll
fund d. Dividend fund e. Tax fund f. Interest fund
8. 8. CASH EQUIVALENTS These are highly liquid financial instruments that are so near their maturity and that there is insignificant risk of
change in value due to fluctuation of interest rates Maturity dates start from the date of acquisition of the instrument and not from the date
indicated on the face of the instrument.
9. 9. TEMPORARY INVESTMENTS These are not included as part of cash equivalents because these equity securities do not have
maturity dates. Redeemable preference shares that are to be reacquired by the issuing corporation at a determined redemption date,
qualify to be reported as cash equivalents if purchased within three months or less before redemption date.
10. 10. Although cash equivalents are not cash, they are generally presented on the statement of financial position together with cash using
the account title Cash and Cash Equivalents
11. 11. CASH is generally measured at face value, which is its fair value. DEMAND DEPOSITS are measured using the exchange rate in
effect on the reporting date. Not necessary to classify cash to distinguish between currencies on hand, cash in banks, or deposits at
various locations.
12. 12. FOREIGN CURRENCY should be translated to Philippine currency using exchange rate at the reporting date. CASH IN CLOSED
BANKS OR BANKS HAVING FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY OR IN BANKRUPTCY should be reclassified as receivable and should be written
down to its recoverable amount.
13. 13. CUSTOMERS POST-DATED CHECKS AND NSF CHECKS AND IOUS should be reported as receivables rather than cash. EXPENSE
ADVANCES such as advances for employee travel, and postage stamps should be reported as prepaid expenses and not as cash. BANK
OVERDRAFTS should be reported as a current liability, except when the depositor has sufficient funds in another account with the same
bank.
14. 14. UNDELIVERED OR UNRELEASED CHECKS are the companys checks drawn and recorded but are not actually issued or delivered
to the payees as of the reporting date. COMPANYS POSTDATED CHECK which has been recorded as issued and delivered to payees
before or at the reporting date should be reverted to cash.
15. 15. COMPENSATING BALANCES are minimum amounts that a company agrees to maintain in bank checking account as support or
collateral for a loan by the depositor. CASH SET ASIDE FOR LONG-TERM SPECIFIC PURPOSE is reported as non-current financial
asset.
16. 16. Segregation of duties for handling cash and recording cash transactions. Imprest system Voucher system Internal audits at
irregular intervals Periodic reconciliation of bank statement balance and cash balance in the companys accounting records.
17. 17. Under this system of cash control, all cash receipts are deposited intact and all cash payments should be made by means of checks.
However, an enterprise considers it inconvenient and impractical to write checks for such small items as taxi fares, newspaper delivery
charges, postage, express charges, and minor supplies. A company usually pays for these kinds of items from a An imprest petty cash
fund is established for a fixed amount and allows a company to effectively control small amounts of cash fairly simply. petty cash fund.
18. 18. A responsible employee is designated as petty cashier. A check drawn payable to petty cash is encashed, and the petty cashier places
the money in the petty cash fund (which is often kept in a locked box or petty cash drawer). The check, which establishes the fund, is
usually for an amount that the company estimates will last from two to four weeks. Journal entry for the establishment of the petty cash
fund is as follows: Petty Cash Fund Cash in Bank xxx xxx
19. 19. As time passes, the petty cashier disburses money from the fund, but only upon authorization of a responsible officer designated to
authorize payment from the fund. To request payment from the petty cash fund, a petty cash voucher must be prepared by the petty cash
custodian for payment. Upon payment, the petty cashier keeps the petty cash voucher, and he shall have it signed by the person receiving
cash. Any receipt or invoice supporting the payment must be attached to the signed voucher. Ideally at anytime, the remaining bills and
coins and the total amount of the paid petty cash fund was established.
20. 20. When the amount of cash in the fund is low, the petty cashier submits the signed petty cash vouchers and accompanying receipts and
invoices to the general cashier to request for reimbursement. Reimbursement is made equal in amount to the sum of the petty cash
vouchers submitted. The reimbursement, therefore, is for an amount that will increase the amount of bills and coins remaining in the fund
to its original amount. The replenishment of the fund is recorded as: Expenses Cash in Bank xxx xxx
21. 21. At year-end, prior to the preparation of financial statements, an adjusting entry is made to recognize the payments from the fund that
are not replenished. This adjustment likewise updates and brings the petty cash fund general ledger account to an amount equal to actual
cash items in the petty cash fund as of the reporting date. This avoids understatement of expenses and overstatement of cash. This
adjustment is usually reversed at the beginning of the ensuring period. Year-end adjustment is recorded as follows: Expenses Petty Cash
Fund xxx xxx
22. 22. In instances that the amount in the petty cash fund may be deemed inadequate to satisfy the companys needs, the fund balance is
increased and the following journal entry is made: Petty Cash Fund Cash in Bank xxx xxx
23. 23. Is a nominal account that is debited for shortages and credited for overages in the petty cash fund. Such shortages and overages
usually result from errors in making change or failure to obtain receipts for very small amounts. In addition, receipts may have been
written for an incorrect amount, or money from the fund may have been lost or stolen.
24. 24. Petty Cash Fund 10 000 Cash in Bank 10 000 *Establishment of petty cash fund Transportation Expense 2 300 Representation
Expense 3 400 Office Supplies Expense 4 200 Cash in Bank *Replenishment 9 900
25. 25. Transportation Expense 1500 Office Supplies Expense 2500 Advances to Employees 3000 Representation Expense 720 Cash Short
and Over Petty Cash Fund *Adjusting Entry 80 7800
26. 26. The balances of the bank statement and the bank account in the cash book rarely agree because of the timing difference, omissions
and errors made by the bank or the firm itself.
27. 27. Bank reconciliation statements can be used to explain the reasons for the differences and to identify errors and omissions in both
documents, so that corrections can be made as soon as possible.
28. 28. DEPOSIT IN TRANSIT or UNDEPOSITED COLLECTION These are amounts already received and recorded by the company, but are
not yet recorded by the bank, either because it is not yet received by the bank as of cutoff time (deposit in transit) or it has not yet been
deposited as of the end of the month (undeposited collection) * It understates the bank balance.
29. 29. OUTSTANDING CHECKS These are checks that have been written and recorded in the company's Cash account, but have not yet
cleared the bank account. Checks written during the last few days of the month plus a few older checks are likely to be among the
outstanding checks. * It overstates the bank balance.
30. 30. BANK ERRORS These are mistakes made by the bank. Bank errors could include the bank recording an incorrect amount, entering an
amount that does not belong on a company's bank statement, or omitting an amount from a company's bank statement. The company
should notify the bank of its errors. Depending on the error, the correction could increase or decrease the balance shown on the bank
statement. * (Since the company did not make the error, the company's records are not changed.)
31. 31. Balance per bank statement on Sept. 30, 2011 Adjustments: Add: Deposits in transit Deduct: Outstanding checks Add or Deduct: Bank
errors Adjusted/corrected balance per bank
32. 32. DEBIT MEMOS BANK SERVICE CHARGE These are fees deducted from the bank statement for the bank's processing of the
checking account activity (accepting deposits, posting checks, mailing the bank statement, etc.) The bank might deduct these charges or
fees on the bank statement without notifying the company. When that occurs the company usually learns of the amounts only after
receiving its bank statement.
33. 33. DEBIT MEMOS NSF, DAIF, DAUD These are checks that were not honored by the bank of the person or company writing the check
because that account did not have a sufficient balance. As a result, the check is returned without being honored or paid. When the NSF
check comes back to the bank in which it was deposited, the bank will decrease the checking account of the company that had deposited
the check. The amount charged will be the amount of the check plus a bank fee.
34. 34. DEBIT MEMOS CHECK PRINTING CHARGES This occurs when a company arranges for its bank to handle the reordering of its
checks. The cost of the printed checks will automatically be deducted from the company's checking account.
35. 35. CREDIT MEMOS INTEREST EARNED It will appear on the bank statement when a bank gives a company interest on its account
balances. The amount is added to the checking account balance and is automatically on the bank statement. Hence there is no need to
adjust the balance per the bank statement. However, the amount of interest earned will increase the balance in the company's Cash
account on its books.
36. 36. CREDIT MEMOS NOTES RECEIVABLE These are assets of a company. When notes come due, the company might ask its bank to
collect the notes receivable. For this service the bank will charge a fee. The bank will increase the company's checking account for the
amount it collected (principal and interest) and will decrease the account by the collection fee it charges.
37. 37. ERRORS It is in the company's Cash account result from the company entering an incorrect amount, entering a transaction that does
not belong in the account, or omitting a transaction that should be in the account. Since the company made these errors, the correction of
the error will be either an increase or a decrease to the balance in the Cash account on the company's books.
38. 38. Balance per books on Sept. 30, 2011 Adjustments: Deduct: Bank service charges Deduct: NSF , DAIF, DAUD checks & fees Deduct:
Check printing charges Add: Interest earned Add: Notes receivable collected by bank Add or Deduct: Errors in company's cash account
Adjusted/corrected balance per books
39. 39. CASH BOOK DEBIT CREDIT It represents an increase It represent a decrease
40. 40. BANK STATEMENT DEBIT It represents a decrease CREDIT BALANCE It represent an increase It represents the amount owed to the
clients
41. 41. Company A's bank statement dated Dec 31, 2011 shows a balance of $24,594.72. The company's cash records on the same date
show a balance of $23,196.79. Following additional information is available: 1.Following checks issued by the company to its customers
are still outstanding: No. 846 issued on Nov 29 No. 875 issued on Dec 26 No. 878 issued on Dec 29 No. 881 issued on Dec 31 $320.00
49.21 275.00 186.50
42. 42. 2.A deposit of $400.00 made on Dec 31 does not appear on bank statement. 3.An NSF check of $850 was returned by the bank with
the bank statement. 4.The bank charged $50 as service fee. 5.Interest income earned on the company's average cash balance at bank
 was $1,250. 6.The bank collected a note receivable on behalf of the company. Amount received by the bank on the note was $550. This
includes $50 interest income. The bank charged a collection fee of $10. 7.A deposit of $430 was incorrectly entered as $340 in the
company's cash records.
43. 43. Company A Bank Reconciliation December 31, 2011 Balance as per Bank, Dec 31 Add: Deposit in Transit Less: Outstanding Checks:
No. 846 issued on Nov 29 No. 875 issued on Dec 26 No. 878 issued on Dec 29 No. 881 issued on Dec 31 Adjusted Bank Balance
$24,594.72 400.00 $24,994.72 $320.00 49.21 275.00 186.50 830.71 $24,164.01
44. 44. Balance as per Books, Dec 31 Add: Interest Income from Bank Note Receivable Collected by Bank Interest Income from Note
Receivable Deposit Understated $23,196.79 $1,237.22 500.00 50.00 90.00 1,877.22 $25,074.01 Less: NSF Check Bank Service Fee
Bank Collection Fee Adjusted Book Balance 850.00 50.00 10.00 910.00 $24,164.01
45. 45. A PROOF OF CASH is essentially a roll forward of each line item in a bank reconciliation from one accounting period to the next,
incorporating separate columns for cash receipts and cash disbursements. The columns (and formula) used for a proof of cash are:
Beginning balance + Cash receipts in the period - Cash disbursements in the period = Ending balance
46. 46. When used for each line item in a bank reconciliation, the proof of cash highlights areas in which there are discrepancies, and which
may therefore require further investigation, and probably some adjusting entries. A proof of cash would be used in situations where controls
over cash are weak. It essentially combines two bank reconciliations, reconciling all transactions that occurred during the period to the
clients Cash Receipts Journal and Cash Disbursements Journal.
47. 47. A proof of cash can indicate an array of other reconciliation issues that will require adjustments to a company's accounting records,
including: Bank fees not recorded Not sufficient funds checks not deleted from the deposit records Interest income or expense not
recorded Checks or deposits recorded by the bank in different amounts than what they were recorded by the company Checks cashed
that the company voided Cash disbursements and/or receipts recorded in the wrong account
48. 48. A PROOF OF CASH can also uncover instances of fraud. If there is a difference between the totals, it can indicate the presence of
unauthorized borrowings and repayments within the time period covered by a single bank statement. Thus, if a controller were to illegally
withdraw 100,000 from the company accounts near the beginning of the month for his personal use, and replaced the funds before the end
of the month, the issue would not appear in a normal bank reconciliation as a reconciling item. However, a proof of cash would be more
likely to flag the extra cash withdrawal and cash return.
49. 49. A PROOF OF CASH is more complicated to complete than a bank reconciliation. However, it provides a greater degree of detail, and
so makes it easier to locate errors than a bank reconciliation. Thus, it may be cost-effective to use a proof of cash when you expect to find
a large number of different cash-related errors within an accounting period.
50. 50. 1. The balance on the bank statement with the general ledger balance at the beginning of the proof-of-cash period 2. Cash receipts
deposited per the bank with the cash receipts journal for a given period 3. Cancelled checks clearing the bank with those recorded in the
cash disbursements journal for a given period 4. The balance on the bank statement with the general ledger balance at the end of the
proof-ofcash period
51. 51. Test cash transactions for a given period to verify the following existence and completeness assertions, as it relates to transactions,
when internal controls over cash transactions are not effective in design or performance and an audit of the ending cash balance is not
enough because of corollary misstatements to other accounts that result from unrecorded cash transactions or fictitious transactions.
52. 52. All recorded (on the client's books) cash receipts were actually deposited. (existence) All receipts deposited in the bank were
recorded on the client's books. (completeness) All recorded cash disbursements were processed by the bank. (existence) All
disbursements processed by the bank were recorded. (completeness)
53. 53. The standard 4 column proof of cash reconciles client books and records with 3rd party bank records for beginning (column 1) and
ending (column 2) balances, as well as cash receipts/deposits (column 2) and cash disbursements/charges (column 3) for a given period.
Usually one starts with amounts from the bank statement(s) and reconciles to what is reflected in the client's general ledger and/or cash
receipts and disbursements journal, as explained below:
54. 54. Reconciling Item Column Affected Explanation Ending DIT 1 You must add this amount to the beginning cash balance per bank
because the bank did not receive the deposits before the prior month cut off. 2 Beginning DIT You must subtract this amount from the
deposits shown by the bank for the period because these were recorded on the client's books in prior period. 2 You must add this amount
to the deposits shown by the bank for the period because these were recorded on the client's books this period, but will not be received by
the bank until next period. 4 You must add this amount to the ending balance per the bank because the bank did not received them until
after the end of the period, but they were recorded on the client's books this period.
55. 55. Beginning Outstanding Checks Ending Outstanding Checks Explanation 1 You must subtract this amount from the beginning cash
balance per bank because the bank did not receive the checks for processing before the prior month cut off. 3 Reconciling Item Column
Affected You must subtract this amount from the disbursements/charges shown by the bank for the period because they were recorded on
the client's books in the prior period. 3 4 You must add this amount to the disbursements/charges shown by the bank for the period
because they were recorded on the client's books in this period, but will not be received by the bank for processing until next period. You
must subtract this amount from the ending cash balance per bank because the bank did not receive the checks for processing until after
this month's cut off, but have been recorded on the client's books.
56. 56. Reconciling Item Customer NSF Checks redeposited by client in same period Column Affected Explanation 3 Customer NSF Checks
redeposited by client in the following period 2 You must subtract this amount from deposits per bank because the client did not record the
second deposit as an additional receipt. You must subtract this amount from disbursements/charges per bank because the return of the
NSF check was not recorded on the client's books as a cash disbursement. 3 4 You must subtract this amount from
disbursements/charges per bank because the return of the NSF check was not recorded on the client's books as a cash disbursement. You
must add this amount to the ending balance per the bank because the bank reduced the balance when the check was returned NSF by the
customer's bank and the client did not record it as an additional disbursement and it is basically a DIT at period's end.
57. 57. http://www.accountingtools.com/questions-andanswers/what-is-a-proof-of-cash.html
http://www.mccc.edu/~horowitk/documents/arens12e_23.pdf http://www.principlesofaccounting.com/chapter6/chapter6.ht
ml#Reconciliation proflorsbach.tripod.com/Proof.doc http://accountingexplained.com/financial/cash-andequiv/bank-reconciliation
http://accountingcoach.com Intermediate Accounting Vol 1 (Nenita S. Robles & Patricia Empleo)