PRIMARY SOURCES

Anthony, J. Garner. "Hawaiian Martial Law in the Supreme Court." The Yale Law Journal 57.1

(1947): 27. Web. 13 Jan. 2017.

J. Garner Anthony was a key player in the dismantling of martial law in Hawaii. Through this

document, we were able to understand his perspective of martial law and exactly why he thought

it was an injustice in Hawaii.

Basque, Grace. "Civilian Life During Martial Law." Telephone interview. 01 Feb. 2017.

Grace Basque was a young teen during the period of martial law in Hawaii. From a telephone

interview with her, we were able to get a better picture of what martial law was like for an

everyday civilian.

"Civil Function Must Go On." Honolulu Advertiser 20 Oct. 1942: 1. Print.

Not only was this an excellent image to use on the website, but it provided reasoning as to why

people wanted to end martial law. We obtained this newspaper article via microfilm.

Corddry, Charles. "Interior Department Favors Restoration of Civilian Control." Honolulu

Advertiser 12 Apr. 1944: 1+. Print.

This newspaper article showed us that even facets of the government, not just individuals,

wanted martial law in Hawaii to end.

Corddry, Charles. "Martial Law Tangle Gets New Attention." Honolulu Advertiser 2 Apr. 1944:

1-2. Print.
In the months leading up to martial laws expiration in Hawaii, Hawaiis army rule was gaining

national attention. Understanding this was crucial to piecing together how President Franklin D.

Roosevelt officially ended the army rule.

"FDR Expected to End Martial Law in Hawaii." Honolulu Advertiser 24 Sept. 1944: 1. Print.

At this point in time, most civilians expected martial law to come to an end in a few months.

This newspaper article explained exactly how FDR would go about dismantling martial law and

what would happen (and remain) once its ended.

"How Martial Law Protects Hawaii." Honolulu Advertiser 12 Sept. 1943: 1. Print.

This newspaper article consisting of several public opinions was crucial to understanding the

counters point of view. We used this article as a basis for acknowledging the counter argument.

Martial Law Court in Hawaii. N.d. Hawaii Public Radio. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.

<http://hawaiipublicradio.org/post/face-enemy>.

This gave us a visual of how cases were held in military court. During martial law, civilians

were tried by the military and were often unfairly judged.

"Martial Law Still Necessary, Authorities Say." Honolulu Advertiser 30 Mar. 1944: 1. Print.

This primary article allowed us to recognize why authorities and facets of the government

wanted to maintain martial law.

Tanks on Beretania Street. 1942. N.p.

A very powerful picture. As residents of Hawaii, it was eye opening for us to see such a well-

known street bombarded by military personnel. It gave us a deeper understanding of how

civilians might have felt during that time period.

US Geological Survey. Topographic Map of the Island of Oahu. 1930. The Library of Congress.

University of Hawaii Windward Community College. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.

We used this image to build our interactive map of Oahu internment camps. During martial law,

internment camps were used to unjustly hold Japanese-Americans living in Hawaii.

USS Arizona - Pearl Harbor. 1941. Honolulu. History. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.

<http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/pictures/pearl-

harbor/mortally-wounded-and-sinking>.

The bombing of Pearl Harbor is what prompted martial law in the first place. This is a powerful

image of the USS Arizona sinking after the Japanese planes attacks.

Waikiki Beach behind Barbed Wire Fence. N.d. National Archives, US Navy. Web. 01 Feb.

2017. <http://www.policestateusa.com/2014/ww2-hawaii-martial-law/>.

Another very powerful image that helps to paint the picture of restrictive civilian life. Even

everyday recreational activities like going to the beach were impacted by the armys occupation

of the island.
SECONDARY SOURCES

Anthony, Joseph Garner. Hawaii under Army Rule. Honolulu: U of Hawaii, 1975. Print.

J. Garner Anthony served as Duncans lawyer in the infamous Duncan v. Kahanamoku case. His

work helped to end the tyrannous army rule. Published 30 years after martial law, Anthony goes

over civilian life in-depth. This book was our main resource for this project.

Coffman, Tom. I Respectfully Dissent: A Biography of Edward H. Nakamura. Honolulu: U of

Hawaii, 2012. Print.

Edward Nakamura was another key player in the resistance against martial law. Tom Coffmans

book gave us insight into who Nakamura was and how he viewed the law.

Coffman, Tom. Nation Within: The Story of America's Annexation of the Nation of Hawaii.

Kaneohe, Hawaii: Tom Coffman/EPICenter, 1998. Print.

The unjust army rule came after the illegal annexation of Hawaii to the United States. One of the

main reasons Hawaii was annexed to the US in the first place was for the islands military

potential. We felt that understanding the annexation would give us a better picture of why the

military wanted martial law in Hawaii.

J. Garner Anthony. N.d. Honolulu. Hawaii Under Army Rule. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print.

This is a picture of Anthony at work on the Duncan case. We used this on his feature page of the

website.

Government under Martial Law: A Humanities Exhibit, & Duncan v. Kahanamoku, a Living
 History Program. Honolulu, HI: Judiciary History Center, 1991. Print.

This presentation depicted the events of the Duncan v. Kahanamoku case. This case was crucial

to overturning military rule.

Herreria, Carla. "Forbidden Photos Reveal What Life In Hawaii Was Like After Pearl Harbor."

The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 07 Dec. 2016. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.

<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hawaii-pearl-harbor-attacks-

photographs_us_58462170e4b055b313990dad>.

This website provided us with powerful photos of martial law in Hawaii. We were able to

understand the impact it had on civilian life, and how daily duties were halted for the military.

"Martial Law Ends - Hawaii History - Short Stories." Martial Law Ends - Hawaii History - Short

Stories. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2017. <http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?

fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=35&returntoname=Short%2BS..>.

This website was one of the first ones we visited to get a short summary of martial law in

Hawaii.

Scheiber, Harry N., and Jane L. Scheiber. Bayonets in Paradise: Martial Law in Hawaii during

World War II. Honolulu: U of Hawaii, 2016. Print.

Aside from J. Garner Anthonys book, this book by Harry and Jane Scheiber was a primary

resource for our whole project. It introduced key players like Judge Metzger and Duncan who

were crucial to martial laws dismantling.

Site Staff. "Hawaii under Martial Law Was 'military Dictatorship' (1941-1944)." Police State

USA. N.p., 12 Dec. 2014. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.

This website provided us with another opinion of why martial law was, in essence, a

dictatorship. In addition, it had several powerful pictures that only heightened our

understanding of why and how martial law was instituted.

Whitehead, John S. Completing the Union: Alaska, Hawai'i, and the Battle for Statehood.

Albuquerque: U of New Mexico, 2004. Print.

This book briefly touched upon martial law while discussing the annexation and statehood for

Hawaii. Again, understanding the annexation was important to comprehend why the military

was so quick to institute martial law.