CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE

LOCAL

George P. Moya (October 17, 2014) Public hanging: Manilas homeless and the
Philippines' dirty linen.- http://www.rappler.com/corruption/72272-manila-homeless-
poverty

According to George P. Moya MANILA, PhilippinesThe skyline of Metro Manila is

rising. The construction of high-rise residential condominiums is in full swing. Real
estate is again booming.
But homelessness is ironically increasing, too. Metro Manila holds the dubious record of
having the largest homeless population than any other city in the world. Over 3 million,
or one-fourth of the total urban population in Metro Manila, are living in informal
settlements.
While the price tag on a basic and bare 30-square-meter condo unit is around P2 million
($44,600*), many of those who have been relocated to out-of-city resettlement areas
cannot even pay for the P350 (US$7.80) monthly amortization of their 25-square-meter
housing units.

Stacey Tee-bagang(November 24,2015) Homelessness in The Philippines and Five

Pointers You Need to Know When Helping.-
https://medium.com/@basicallystacey/homelessness-in-the-philippines-and-5-pointers-
you-need-to-know-when-helping-cc9d4dd73df9#.75y9q4gty.

According to Stacey Tee-bagang Homelessness can be a result of various reasons,

predominantly due to poverty caused by unemployment. It could also be a result of
domestic violence, disability, or both. There are many other reasons for people to lose their
homes and it wouldnt hurt for us to help.
She is the one who tips the people what will do to help the homeless people she was
helping homeless people by saying to others what are we going todo to help them.she have
many tips to help the homeless people.(1) Food & Drinks. Avoid giving food items that
need cooking as they do not have quick access to stoves or microwave oven. When
preparing help packages, bear in mind that they dont have regular access to healthcare
too. (2) First Aid Kits. These are good to add in any care package. Include ethyl alcohol,
povidone-iodine (Betadine), antibiotic ointment (Terramycin), bandages and cotton balls.
How to Give. You can donate to charitable groups that collect help packages for the
homeless, but if you wish to give your package directly to someone that you spotted, it is
safer to go with a group of fellows that you know.
FOREIGN

Eric M. Johnson. More than 500,000 people homeless in the United States.
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-homelessness-idUSKCN0T908720151120.

More than 500,000 people - a quarter of them children - were homeless in the United
States this year amid scarce affordable housing across much of the nation, according to a
study released on Thursday.
The report, from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), said
the number was down slightly from 2014. Many U.S. cities are confronting a sluggish
economic recovery, stagnant or falling wages among the lowest-income earners and
budget constraints for social welfare programs.
Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland, Oregon and Hawaii have all recently declared
emergencies over the rise of homelessness, and on Thursday Seattle's mayor toured a new
encampment for his city's dispossessed.

Eduardo Munoz. America, we have a problem: Homelessness is out of control.

https://www.rt.com/op-edge/337192-homeless-poverty-us-crisis/

Its hard to imagine that the country that controls so much nuclear firepower and drops so
many bombs every day is unwilling to educate its children and house its own people.
The poor have been with us since there was an us. And, as much as I would like to see
zero poverty in the United States, a country that spends trillions on its domestic and
international security apparatuses, I know that the political will for such policies is just
not there today. This, despite the efforts of thousands of people just like me all over the
country to alleviate the unnecessary suffering of the poor in the US. Instead, it has
become clear from the rhetoric of the 2016 Presidential campaigns, that it is easier to
preen oneself by boasting of increasing such security spending, and almost never to
decrease it. Not even Democratic Party Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders discusses
cutting back on military spending and cutting weapons systems. Thus, we can have a
Presidential election and not one word is uttered about the criminalization of the poor and
now the crisis of homelessness that afflicts a growing number of cities on the west coast
of the US.

JOURNAL

Cate Bearsley and Robert Cummins. No Place Called Home: Life Quality and Purpose of
Homeless Youths.Published july 07,2016. Pg.207-226

This article stated that Subjective quality of life (SQOL) has been reported to display
remarkable resilience to objective circumstances. This is thought to derive from the
capacity to interpret experience in positive ways, but is defeated by very adverse
circumstances. This raises the question of whether such positive mental devices are able
to adequately protect the SQOL of homeless youths, who typically face substantial
objective trials. This study compares youths who are homeless or at risk of homelessness
with youths living consistently with their families (control group). It was found that both
the homeless and at risk youths reported significantly lower SQOL. These youths also
reported lower levels of personal meaning than the control group, and higher existential
vacuum. Of the variables measured, personal meaning provided the strongest prediction
of SQOL, challenging theories that would predict choice/responsibleness to provide the
predominant contribution. Lack of differences in response between homeless and at
risk youths suggests that subjective difficulties may precede homelessness rather than
stem from it. A model is proposed to describe the possible factors involved in the
maintenance and erosion of SQOL.
Key words: Homelessness, Youth, Quality of life.

Robert Bickel and Linda Spatig. Early Achievement Gains and Poverty-Linked Social
Distress: The Case of Post-Head Start Transition.Published july,7,2016.Pg.241-254.

Public policymakers in West Virginia have an intense interest in early and continuing
educational intervention for the poor. In this view, interventions such as Head Start are a
good idea, but they start too late and end too soon. Properly executed, early and
continuing intervention is expected to provide a basis for later achievement-driven
improvements in occupational and income attainments. Rural poverty and its correlates,
which manifest and cause social distress in a variety of forms, is then diminished. We
report on an evaluation of the West Virginia site of a federally-funded program intended
to maintain early achievement gains viewed as crucial in alleviating poverty-linked social
distress. Results of the evaluation of Post-Head Start Transition show no achievement
gains. This undercuts the rationale for the program. Furthermore, it provides no support
for a general policy of early and continuing educational intervention to foster
achievement-driven diminution of poverty. It seems reasonable to consider the possibility
that achievement rises and falls in response to the prevalence and intensity of social
distress. Context determines educational outcomes, not the other way around. Reasons
are suggested for this.
Key words: Rural poverty, Early intervention, Education, Children.