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Landsat8
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Landsat8isanAmericanEarthobservationsatellite
launchedonFebruary11,2013.Itistheeighth Landsat8
satelliteintheLandsatprogramtheseventhtoreach
orbitsuccessfully.OriginallycalledtheLandsatData
ContinuityMission(LDCM),itisacollaboration
betweenNASAandtheUnitedStatesGeological
Survey(USGS).NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter
inGreenbelt,Maryland,provideddevelopment,
missionsystemsengineering,andacquisitionofthe
launchvehiclewhiletheUSGSprovidedfor
developmentofthegroundsystemsandwillconduct
ongoingmissionoperations.

ThesatellitewasbuiltbyOrbitalSciences
Corporation,whoservedasprimecontractorforthe
mission.[3]Thespacecraft'sinstrumentswere
constructedbyBallAerospaceandNASA'sGoddard
SpaceFlightCenter,[4]anditslaunchwascontracted
toUnitedLaunchAlliance.[5]Duringthefirst108
daysinorbit,LDCMunderwentcheckoutand
verificationbyNASAandon30May2013operations
weretransferredfromNASAtotheUSGSwhen
LDCMwasofficiallyrenamedtoLandsat8.[6] Landsat8duringgroundtesting

Missiontype Earthimaging

Contents Operator NASA/USGS

COSPARID 2013008A
1 History SATCATno. 39084
1.1 Launch
2 Missionoverview Website landsat.usgs.gov/landsat8(http://landsat.
3 Technicaldetails usgs.gov/landsat8.php)
3.1 Spacecraft Missionduration 510years(planned)
3.2 OperationalLandImager
3.3 ThermalInfraRedSensor Spacecraftproperties
3.4 Groundsystem
Bus LEOStar3
4 Seealso
5 References Manufacturer OrbitalSciences(prime)
6 Externallinks BallAerospace(OLI)
NASAGSFC(TIRS)
Launchmass 2,623kilograms(5,783lb)
History Drymass 1,512kilograms(3,333lb)

TheoriginalLandsat8planscalledforNASAto Startofmission
purchasedatameetingLandsat8specificationsfroma Launchdate 11February2013,18:02UTC
commerciallyownedandoperatedsatellitesystem
however,afteranevaluationofproposalsreceived Rocket AtlasV401AV035
fromindustry,NASAcancelledtheRequestfor Launchsite VandenbergSLC3E
ProposalsinSeptember2003.InAugust2004,a Contractor UnitedLaunchAlliance
memorandumfromtheWhiteHouseOfficeof
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ScienceandTechnologyPolicy(OSTP)directed Enteredservice 30May2013

FederalagenciestoplaceLandsattypesensorsonthe
NationalPolarorbitingOperationalEnvironmental Orbitalparameters
SatelliteSystem(NPOESS)platform.Followingan Referencesystem Geocentric
evaluationofthetechnicalcomplexityofthistask,the
Regime Sunsynchronous
strategywasadjustedandonDecember23,2005,the
OSTPissuedamemorandumdirectingNASAto Semimajoraxis 7,080.48kilometers(4,399.61mi)[1]
implementtheLandsat8intheformofafreeflyer
Eccentricity 0.0001310
spacecraftcarryinganinstrumentreferredtoasthe
OperationalLandImager(OLI).InDecember2009,a Perigee 701.0kilometers(435.6mi)
decisionwasmadetoaddathermalinfraredsensor Apogee 703.0kilometers(436.8mi)
(TIRS)tothemissionpayload.[7] Inclination 98.2248

Launch Period 98.8minutes

RAAN 219.1493degrees
ThesatellitewaslaunchedaboardanAtlasV401 Argumentof 91.0178degrees
carrierrocketwithanExtendedPayloadFairing.[8] perigee
Thelaunchtookplaceat18:02UTC(10:02PST)on
11February2013,fromSpaceLaunchComplex3Eat Meananomaly 269.1170degrees

VandenbergAirForceBase.[9]Seventyeightminutes Meanmotion 14.57127432

andthirtysecondslater,thespacecraftseparatedfrom Epoch 28May2016,04:43:16UTC[2]
theAtlasVupperstage,successfullycompletingthe
launch.[10]

Firstimagesfromthespacecraftwerecollectedon
March18,2013.[11]Landsat8joinsLandsat7on
orbit,providingincreasedcoverageoftheEarth's
surface.

Missionoverview
WithLandsat5retiringin
early2013,leavingLandsat
7astheonlyonorbit
Landsatprogramsatellite,
Landsat8ensuresthe
continuedacquisitionand
availabilityofLandsatdata NASA'sEarthObservingFleet(includingLandsat
utilizingatwosensor 8).
Landsat8launchesatopan payload,theOperational
AtlasV LandImager(OLI)andtheThermalInfraRedSensor(TIRS).Respectively,
thesetwoinstrumentscollectimagedatafornineshortwavebandsandtwo
longwavethermalbands.Thesatellitehasbeendevelopedwitha5.25years
missiondesignlifebuthasenoughfuelonboardtoprovideforupwardsoftenyearsofoperations.

Landsat8consistsofthreekeymissionandscienceobjectives:

Collectandarchivemediumresolution(30meterspatialresolution)multispectralimagedataaffording
seasonalcoverageofthegloballandmassesforaperiodofnolessthan5years
EnsurethatLandsat8dataaresufficientlyconsistentwithdatafromtheearlierLandsatmissionsinterms
ofacquisitiongeometry,calibration,coveragecharacteristics,spectralcharacteristics,outputproduct
quality,anddataavailabilitytopermitstudiesoflandcoverandlandusechangeovertime
DistributeLandsat8dataproductstothegeneralpubliconanondiscriminatorybasisatnocosttothe
user.[12]
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Technicaldetails
Thepictureissatelliteimageof
irrigatedcropsandKahovirrigation
canal.Itiscaptured7Aug2015by
Landsat8(OLI).Theimageiscreated
asTrueColorComposite,whereR
RedBand(0.640.67m),G
GreenBand(0.530.59m)andB
BlueBand(0.450.51m).This
bandcombinationissuitableforcrop
monitoring.Foremphasizing
characteristics,theimagewaspan
sharpenedbypanchromaticband.
Nonlinearadaptiveprocedureof
contrastingwasappliedtoo.
Orientation:Northup(map)
Resampling:Cubicconvolution
Accuracy:
OLI:12meterscircularerror,90percentconfidence
TIRS:41meterscircularerror,90percentconfidence
Providingmoderateresolution
imagery,from15metersto100
meters,ofEarthslandsurface
andpolarregions,Landsat8
operatesinthevisible,near
infrared,shortwaveinfrared,
andthermalinfraredspectrums.
Landsat8capturesmorethan FirstimagefromLandsat8.Thearea
700scenesaday,anincrease isFortCollins,Colorado,USAand
fromthe250scenesadayon theimageisshowninnaturalcolor
Landsat7.TheOLIandTIRS usingtheOperationalLandImager
sensorswillseeimprovedsignal (OLI)spectralbands2(blue),3
tonoise(SNR)radiometric (green),and4(red).
performance,enabling12bit
quantizationofdataallowingfor
morebitsforbetterlandcover
characterization.
Plannedparametersfor
Landsat8standardproducts[7]
Producttype:Level1T(terrain
corrected) FirstimagefromLandsat8.Thearea
Outputformat:GeoTIFF isFortCollins,Colorado,USAand
Pixelsize:15meters/30 theimageisfromtheOperational
meters/100meters LandImager(OLI)spectralbands3
(green),5(nearinfrared),and7
(shortwaveinfrared2)displayedas
blue,greenandred,respectively.
(panchromatic/multispectral/thermal)
Mapprojection:UTM(PolarStereographicforAntarctica)
Datum:WGS84

Spacecraft

TheLandsat8spacecraftwasbuiltbyOrbitalSciencesCorporation,undercontracttoNASA,anduses
Orbital'sstandardLEOStar3satellitebus.Orbitalwasresponsibleforthedesignandmanufactureofthe
Landsat8spacecraftbus,theintegrationofthecustomerfurnishedpayloadinstruments,andfullobservatory
testing,includingenvironmentalandEMI/EMC.[13]Thespacecraftsuppliespower,orbitandattitudecontrol,
communications,anddatastorageforOLIandTIRS.

Allcomponents,exceptforthepropulsionmodule,aremountedontheexterioroftheprimarystructure.A
singledeployablesolararraygeneratespowerforthespacecraftcomponentsandchargesthespacecrafts125
amphournickelhydrogen(NiH2)battery.A3.14terabitsolidstatedatarecorderprovidesdatastorageaboard
thespacecraftandanXbandantennatransmitsOLIandTIRSdataeitherinrealtimeorplayedbackfromthe
datarecorder.TheOLIandTIRSaremountedonanopticalbenchattheforwardendofthespacecraft.[14]
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OperationalLandImager

Landsat8'sOperationalLandImager(OLI)improvesonpastLandsat
sensorsandwasbuilt,undercontracttoNASA,byBallAerospace.OLI
usesatechnologicalapproachdemonstratedbytheAdvancedLand
ImagersensorflownonNASAsexperimentalEO1satellite.TheOLI
instrumentusesapushbroomsensorinsteadofwhiskbroomsensorsthat
wereutilizedonearlierLandsatsatellites.Thepushbroomsensoraligns
theimagingdetectorarraysalongLandsat8'sfocalplaneallowingitto
viewacrosstheentireswath,115miles(185kilometers)crosstrack
fieldofview,asopposedtosweepingacrossthefieldofview.Withover
7,000detectorsperspectralband,thepushbroomdesignresultsin
increasedsensitivity,fewermovingparts,andimprovedlandsurface
information.

OLIcollectsdatafromninespectralbands.SevenoftheninebandsareconsistentwiththeThematicMapper
(TM)andEnhancedThematicMapperPlus(ETM+)sensorsfoundonearlierLandsatsatellites,providingfor
compatibilitywiththehistoricalLandsatdata,whilealsoimprovingmeasurementcapabilities.Twonew
spectralbands,adeepbluecoastal/aerosolbandandashortwaveinfraredcirrusband,willbecollected,
allowingscientiststomeasurewaterqualityandimprovedetectionofhigh,thinclouds.

SpectralBand Wavelength Resolution SolarIrradiance

Band1Coastal/Aerosol 0.4330.453m 30m 2031W/(mm)
Band2Blue 0.4500.515m 30m 1925W/(mm)
Band3Green 0.5250.600m 30m 1826W/(mm)
Band4Red 0.6300.680m 30m 1574W/(mm)
Band5NearInfrared 0.8450.885m 30m 955W/(mm)
Band6ShortWavelengthInfrared 1.5601.660m 30m 242W/(mm)
Band7ShortWavelengthInfrared 2.1002.300m 30m 82.5W/(mm)
Band8Panchromatic 0.5000.680m 15m 1739W/(mm)
Band9Cirrus 1.3601.390m 30m 361W/(mm)
OLISpectralBands[15]

ThermalInfraRedSensor

TheThermalInfraRedSensor(TIRS),builtbytheNASAGoddard
SpaceFlightCenter,conductsthermalimagingandsupportsemerging
applicationssuchasevapotranspirationratemeasurementsforwater
management.TheTIRSfocalplaneusesGaAsQuantumWellInfrared
Photodetectorarrays(knownasQWIPs)fordetectingtheinfrared
radiationafirstfortheLandsatprogram.TheTIRSdatawillbe
registeredtoOLIdatatocreateradiometrically,geometrically,and
terraincorrected12bitLandsat8dataproducts.[7]LikeOLI,TIRS
employsapushbroomsensordesignwitha185kilometerswathwidth.
Datafortwolongwavelengthinfraredbandswillbecollectedwith
TIRS.ThisprovidesdatacontinuitywithLandsat7'ssinglethermalIR
bandandaddsasecond.

WithTIRSbeingalateadditiontotheLandsat8satellite,thedesignlife
requirementwasrelaxedinordertoexpeditedevelopmentofthesensor.
ThermalInfraredSensorDesign
Assuch,TIRSonlyhasathreeyeardesignlife.

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SpectralBand Wavelength Resolution

Band10LongWavelengthInfrared 10.3011.30m 100m
Band11LongWavelengthInfrared 11.5012.50m 100m
TIRSSpectralBands[15]

Groundsystem

TheLandsat8groundsystemperformstwomainfunctions:commandandcontrolofthesatelliteand
managementofmissiondatasentfromthesatellite.SatellitecommandandcontrolisprovidedbytheMission
OperationsCenteratNASA'sGoddardSpaceflightCenter.CommandsaresentfromtheMissionOperations
CentertothesatelliteviaaGroundNetworkElement(GNE).Missiondatafromthesatelliteisdownlinkedto
receivingstationsinSiouxFalls,SD,GilmoreCreek,AK,andSvalbard,Norway.Fromthere,thedataissent
viatheGNEtotheUSGSEarthResourceObservationandScience(EROS)CenterinSiouxFalls,whereitis
ingestedintotheDataProcessingandArchiveSystem.[16]

Seealso
Landsatprogram

References
1."LANDSAT8Satellitedetails2013008ANORAD39084".N2YO.24January2015.Retrieved25January2015.
2."Landsat8Orbit".HeavensAbove.28May2016.Retrieved28May2016.
3."FactSheetLDCMEarthImageCollectionSatellite"(PDF).OrbitalSciencesCorporation.Retrieved12February
2013.
4."LDCMSpacecraft".NASA.Retrieved12February2013.
5."UnitedLaunchAllianceSuccessfullyLaunchesSecondNASAPayloadinJust12Days".UnitedLaunchAlliance.11
February2013.Retrieved12February2013.
6."Landsat8SatelliteBeginsWatch".NASA.20130530.
7.U.S.GeologicalService."LDCMHistory"(PDF).Retrieved12February2013.
8.Krebs,Gunter."Atlas5(401)".Gunter'sSpacePage.Retrieved12February2013.
9.Ray,Justin(11February2013)."Atlas5rocketlaunchcontinueslegacyofLandsat".SpaceflightNow.Retrieved
12February2013.
10."AtlasLaunchReportMissionStatusCenter".SpaceflightNow.Retrieved12February2013.
11."ACloserLookatLDCM'sFirstScene".NASA.20130321.
12.U.S.GeologicalSurvey(July2012)."LandsatDataContinuityMission"(PDF).RollaPublishingServiceCenter.
Retrieved12February2013.
13.OrbitalSciencesCorporation."LDCMFactSheet"(PDF).Retrieved12February2013.
14.NASA."LDCMPressKit"(PDF).Retrieved12February2013.
15.NASA."LandsatDataContinuityMissionBrochure"(PDF).Retrieved12February2013.
16."Landsat8GroundSystem".(http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ldcmgroundsystem/)LandsatScience.Retrieved:3
January2017.

Jhabvala,M.Choi,K.Waczynski,A.La,A.Sundaram,M.Costard,E.Jhabvala,C.Kan,E.Kahle,D.
Foltz,R.Boehm,N.Hickey,M.Sun,J.Adachi,T.Costen,N.Hess,L.Facoetti,H.Montanaro,
M."PerformanceoftheQWIPfocalplanearraysforNASA'sLandsatDataContinuityMission",Proceedingsof
SPIE,InfraredTechnologyandApplicationsXXXVIIvol.8012(1)April,2011.

Externallinks
NASA'sLandsatWebsite(http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov)
USGSLandsatWebsite(http://landsat.usgs.gov) WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoLandsat8.
EarthNow!LandsatImageViewer(http://earthnow.usgs.gov)
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KennedyLandsat8MediaGallery(http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/search.cfm?cat=265)

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landsat_8&oldid=763135787"

Categories: Landsatprogram Spacecraftlaunchedin2013 SpacecraftlaunchedbyAtlasrockets

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