08/03/2017 UnitedStatesPatentApplication:0170025191

(1 of1)

UnitedStatesPatentApplication 20170025191
KindCode A1
KotziasBernhard January26,2017

Materialarrangementforfusionreactorandmethodforproducingthesame

Abstract

Amaterialarrangementforafusionreactorcomprisingatleastonematerialwhichisconfiguredasafoam
likecarriermaterialforcondensablebindingandfusingofhydrogen.Thecarriermaterialisprovidedwith
positivelychargedvacanciesforcondensinghydrogenatoms,smallporesforreceivingthecondensateand
foracceleratingthecondensationafterpreviouspenetrationofatomsormoleculesintothese,andlargepores
fortransportingacatalystintothesmallpores.Furthermore,amethodforproducingthematerial
arrangementisdisclosed.

Inventors: KotziasBernhard(Bremen,DE)
Applicant: Name City State Country Type

AirbusDSGmbH Taufkirchen DE
FamilyID: 56853222
Appl.No.: 15/070172
Filed: March15,2016

CurrentU.S.Class: 1/1
CurrentCPCClass: B01J8/027820130101B01J8/028520130101B01J21/063
20130101B01J2208/0220130101C01B3/003120130101
Y02E60/32420130101G21Y2004/10120130101C01B3/02
20130101G21B3/0020130101Y02E30/1820130101G21B
1/1920130101
InternationalClass: G21B1/1920060101G21B001/19

ForeignApplicationData

Date Code ApplicationNumber

Mar16,2015 DE 102015103843.9
Sep3,2015 DE 102015114749.1

Claims

115.(canceled)

16.Amaterialarrangementforafusionreactorcomprising:atleastonematerialwhichisconfiguredasa
foamlikecarriermaterialforcondensablebindingandfusingofhydrogen,thecarriermaterialhaving
positivelychargedvacanciesforcondensinghydrogenatoms,smallporesforreceivingatomsormolecules,
andlargeporesfortransportingatomsormoleculesintothesmallpores.

17.Thematerialarrangementaccordingtoclaim16,whereinthecarriermaterialismeltableduringafusion,
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atleastincertainareas,and,afterameltingprocess,hasitsinitialstructure.

18.Thematerialarrangementaccordingtoclaim16,whereinthecarriermaterialisprovidedwithpositively
chargedvacanciesbydoping.

19.Thematerialarrangementaccordingtoclaim16,whereinafurthermaterialisprovidedwhichisapplied
asacatalystcoatingforatleastoneofmechanicalstabilization,chemicalstabilizationoracceleration.

20.Thematerialarrangementaccordingtoclaim19,whereinthecatalystcoatinghaspositivelycharged
vacancies.

21.Thematerialarrangementaccordingtoclaim16,whereinthecarriermaterialismixedwithpositively
chargedvacanciesbydopingandbyacatalystcoating.

22.Thematerialarrangementaccordingtoclaim19,whereinthecatalystcoatingismeltableduringafusion,
atleastincertainareas,and,afterameltingprocess,hasitsinitialstructure.

23.Thematerialarrangementaccordingtoclaim16,whereinatleastoneofthefoamlikecarriermaterialor
thecatalystcoatingisfusiontemperatureresistant.

24.Thematerialarrangementaccordingtoclaim16,whereinthecarriermaterialisoneofametaloxide,a
transitionmetal,aceramicoracarbonstructure.

25.Thematerialarrangementaccordingtoclaim16,whereinasuperconductingliquidcanbeformedonthe
carriermaterialandincreasesaprobabilityofanelectromagneticresonance.

26.Amethodforproducingamaterialarrangementforafusionreactorcomprisingatleastonematerial
whichisconfiguredasafoamlikecarriermaterialforcondensablebindingandfusingofhydrogen,the
carriermaterialhavingpositivelychargedvacanciesforcondensinghydrogenatoms,smallporesfor
receivingatomsormolecules,andlargeporesfortransportingatomsormoleculesintothesmallpores,
comprisingthesteps:providingacarriermaterialrawmaterial,transferringthecarriermaterialrawmaterial
intoafoamlikecarriermaterial,andintroducingpositivelychargedvacanciesatleastoneofintoorontothe
foamlikecarriermaterial.

27.Themethodforproducingamaterialarrangementaccordingtoclaim26,whereinthefoamlikecarrier
materialisstabilizedwithacatalystcoating.

28.Themethodforproducingamaterialarrangementaccordingtoclaim27,whereindopingisappliedto
introducepositivelychargedvacanciesintoatleastoneofthecarriermaterialorthecatalystcoating.

29.Themethodforproducingamaterialarrangementaccordingtoclaim26,whereintransitionmetalsor
metalloidsareusedforthedopingofthecarriermaterial.

30.Themethodforproducingamaterialarrangementaccordingtoclaim26,whereinthecatalystcoatingis
usedforintroducingpositivelychargedvacanciesontothecarriermaterial.

Description

CROSSREFERENCESTORELATEDAPPLICATIONS

[0001]ThisapplicationclaimsthebenefitoftheGermanpatentapplicationNo.102015114749.1filedon
Sep.3,2015andoftheGermanpatentapplicationNo.102015103843.9filedonMar.16,2015,theentire
disclosuresofwhichareincorporatedhereinbywayofreference.

BACKGROUNDOFTHEINVENTION

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[0002]Theinventionrelatestoamaterialarrangementforafusionreactorwhichisconfiguredasafoam
likecarriermaterialforcondensablebindingandfusingofhydrogenaswellastoamethodforproducingthe
materialarrangement.

[0003]Inmanyareasalternativeenergysourcesarebeingsoughtwhichshould,inparticular,obviatethe
problemsofenergysourcesbasedonnuclearreactionsorfossilfuels.Herementionisusuallymadeoffusion
processeswhichshouldhavethepotentialtobedurable,environmentallyfriendlyandreliable.

[0004]Inadditiontohotfusion,variousfusionprocessesinthefieldofcoldfusionhavealreadybeen
described.Inthiscasethesefrequentlylackdemonstrablefunctionalityandefficiency.Adevelopmentinthe
fieldofcoldfusiontowardstheuseofcondensedmatterisincreasinglyindicated.

[0005]Forexample,EP2680271A1thusdisclosesamethodandanapparatusforgeneratingenergyby
nuclearfusion.Inthiscase,gaseoushydrogeniscatalyticallycondensedtoultradensehydrogenand
collectedonacarrier.Thecarrieristhenbroughtintoaradiationchamberinwhichtheultradensehydrogen
canundergofusion.Difficultiesarisehere,inparticular,fromthefactthatthecarriermustbetransported
underconstantboundaryconditionssuchas,forexample,vacuum,sothatthehydrogencannotvolatilize
fromitscondensedstate.Thetechnicalimplementationofthemethodonanindustriallyusableapparatuscan
thusbeverycumbersome.

[0006]InadditiontoEP2680271A1,mentioncanalsobemadeofEP1551032A1.Thisdescribesamethod
forgeneratingheatbasedonhydrogencondensates.Inparticular,hydrogengascanbecondensedon
nanoparticles.Forthispurpose,thehydrogengasmustbeexposedtohighpressure.Duetoultrasoundwaves
thecondensedhydrogenatomscanfusewithoneanotherandthusgenerateheat.Problematicalhereisthe
useofnanoparticlessince,asaresultoftheirreactivity,theeffectsontheenvironmenthavehithertoonly
beenlittleclarified.

[0007]FurtherknownfromWO2009/125444A1isamethodandanapparatusforcarryingoutexothermic
reactionsbetweennickelandhydrogen.Hydrogengasisbroughtunderpressureintoatubefilledwithnickel
powder.Undertheactionofheat,thesystemcanbebroughttofusion.Inparticular,thereuseorremovalof
nickelasapoisonousheavymetalappearsproblematicalinthispatentspecification.

[0008]Fortechnicalapplicationsundermechanicallyandthermallyloadedenvironmentalconditions,ithas
beenfoundthatmetallicorceramicfoamsspecificallyforthematerialofafusionreactoraresubjectedto
appreciablerequirementswithregardtothetemperatureresistance.Ifastabilityaboveatemperatureof2000
oCistobeachieved,onlymaterialssuchas,forexample,zirconiumoxide,siliconcarbide,nitrideceramic,
carbonstructuresorthelikeremain.Theseareeithernotsufficientlytemperatureresistantunderanoxygen
atmosphereorareverybrittleandthereforemechanicallyunstable.Zirconiumoxideceramic,forexample,is
alsonotverystableinitspureformandisparticularlyaffectedbydecompositionduringuse.Furthermore,it
isalsonotsuitableto"survive"forlonginamechanicallyseverelyloadedenvironmentwithmany
vibrations.Eventransporthasconsiderableriskswithregardtothemechanicalstabilityofthematerial.

[0009]Furthermore,acontrolledstatemustbepresent.Nomeltingofthecarriermaterialmustoccur.The
catalystmustnotexperienceanychangeinstructureandundergoeffectsofheatfromthefusionoritmust
reverttoitsoldstructureafterthemeltingprocess.Thus,atemperaturerangeforapracticablefusionprocess
canbelimited.

[0010]Furthermore,theprocesscontrolofafusionprocessconstitutesaproblemofreactiondelays.Ifthe
processtakesplacetooslowlyortooweakly,thisisunfavorablefortheefficiency.Acertainreactivityis
thereforerequiredsothattheprocessstartssufficientlyrapidlywhenenergyisrequired.

[0011]Inaddition,radioactivereactionchannelscanoccurorneutronscanappear.Theseshouldbe
minimizedinordertoimplementapracticalapplicationofthesystem.Finally,thegeneratedenergyshould
endasheatandlessasradiation.Amodelofthereactionchannelsisthereforeessential.

SUMMARYOFTHEINVENTION

[0012]Itisanobjectoftheinventiontoprovideamaterialarrangementforafusionreactorwhichcan
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condensehydrogentotheultradensestateandstoreitandwhichremainsthermallyandmechanicallystable
underreactionconditionsorreturnstoastablestate.Furthermore,itisanobjectoftheinventiontoprovidea
reliablemethodforproducingsuchamaterialarrangement.

[0013]Amaterialarrangementforafusionreactorcomprisesatleastonematerialwhichisconfiguredasa
foamlikecarriermaterialforcondensablebindingandfusingofhydrogen.Accordingtotheinvention,the
carriermaterialisprovidedwithpositivelychargedvacanciesforcondensinghydrogenatomsandhassmall
orsmallerporesforreceivingatomsormoleculesandlargeorlargerporesfortransportingatomsor
molecules,includingonefortransportingasecondmaterial,namelyacatalyst,intothesmallpores.The
materialarrangementcaninthiscasecompriseapluralityofdifferentcarriermaterials.

[0014]Positivechargesexertanattractiveforceonthenegativeelectronsofthehydrogenmoleculesaswell
asthelatticeenvironment.Ifpositivechargeisintroducedintoacarriermaterial,thecarriermaterial
frequentlyhasafunctionfortheformationofultradensehydrogen.Thepositivechargescan,forexample,
bepositivevacanciesorlocalchargeshiftsduetopolarizationorinfluenceinthecarriermaterial.

[0015]Inadditiontosmallporesoftheorderofmagnitudeof140.mu.m,thecarriermaterialhaslarge
pores.ThesmallporesandthesurfacethereofexertCasimirandcapillaryforcesandhaveapositiveeffect
onthecondensationofhydrogenandcanstorethecondensedhydrogen.Thespecificsurfaceofthefoam
structureusedfortheformationofultradensehydrogenisobtainedsubstantiallyfromthesepores.

[0016]Thelargeporesarebetween40.mu.mand100.mu.mindiameterandhaveonlyasmallfractionin
theformationofultradensehydrogen.Theseporesareusedtoenableacoatingwithcatalystsothatcatalyst
materialintheformofasolutionorplasmacanbetransportedtothesmallpores.Consequently,thespecific
surfaceinafoamlikecarriermaterialisfurtherenlargedsincetheentirecarriermaterialvolumecanbemore
reactive.

[0017]Preferablytheporesizeisselectedsothatitcorrespondsinthewavelengthrangetothemaximum
Planckradiationpowerinthetemperatureabove200oC.

[0018]Inthiscase,thematerialarrangementcancompriseacommoncarriermaterialwhichismechanically
andthermallystableuptoabove2000oCandpreferablyisnottoxicandalsohasnonanostructuressothat
manufactureisnotmadedifficultbytakingintoaccountworkplacesafetyguidelinesfornanotechnology.

[0019]Thiscanbeimplemented,forexample,byopenporemicroporousoxidematerials.Thecarrier
materialcan,forexample,beproducedbysintering.Thestartingmaterialforthiscarrier,oralsosinter
structureneednotnecessarilybeactiveperseandthuscondenseultradensehydrogen.Thepropertyfor
formingultradensehydrogencanbeintroduced,forexample,byaddingcatalystmaterial.Thecatalystcan,
forexample,introducepositivelychargedvacanciesintothesinteredstructureofthecarriermaterialorbe
appliedasacoatingtothecarriermaterial.Consequently,thecarriermaterialcanbeactivatedandstabilized
atthesametime,wherethecapacitytostorecondensedhydrogenissimultaneouslyincreasedbyproduced
furtherintermediatespacesorcavities.

[0020]Theactivecarriermaterialhereformstheultradensehydrogenintwosteps.Firstly,molecular
hydrogenissplitintoatomsandthenboundintothemateriallatticeofthecarriermaterial,withtheresult
thatthehydrogenatomscondensetoultradensehydrogen.Thepresenceofpositivevacanciesanddefined
spinflowinthiscaseresultsintheformationofcollapsedstatesofhydrogenandhydrogenlikesystems.An
exampleforanoxidecarriermaterialiszirconiumdioxidewhichmustbemechanicallystabilized,in
particular,inamicroporousform.Thestabilizationofzirconiumdioxidecan,forexample,beaccomplished
byintroducingalkalineearthmetalsoryttriumorotheratomsormoleculeshavingoneortwofreevalence
electrons.

[0021]Accordingtooneexemplaryembodimentofthematerialarrangement,thecarriermaterialismeltable
duringafusion,atleastincertainareasandafterameltingprocessandsubsequentsolidificationhasits
initialstructure.Asaresultofthehightemperaturesduringafusion,itcannotbeexcludedthatthecarrier
materialmeltsatleastincertainareas.Itisadvantageousifthecarriermaterialhasan"alpha"lattice
structure(cubicordifferentlyspacecentered).Thecarriermaterialshouldbeselectedinthiscasesothat
evenwhiledeliveringthehighestpossibleenergyduringafusion,thematerialdoesnotchangeitsalpha
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latticestateorifthisischanged,forexampleduetomelting,thealphalatticestateisachievedagainafterthe
solidification.

[0022]Inafurtherexemplaryembodimentofthematerialarrangement,thecarriermaterialisprovidedwith
positivelychargedvacanciesbydopingwhichspecificallycontainspincurrentsfromthedopingmaterial.By
thismeans,thecarriermaterialcanbeflexiblydopedbyapluralityofmethodsandwithdifferentmaterials
withpositivelychargedvacancies.

[0023]Accordingtoapreferredexemplaryembodimentofthematerialarrangement,afurthermaterialis
providedwhichisappliedasacatalystcoatingforthemechanicaland/orchemicalstabilizationand/or
acceleration.Thecatalystcoatingcanbeappliedinthiscasebymeansofatransportliquid.Thelargepores
canbeusedheretobringthecatalystinthetransportliquidontothesurfaceofthesmallporeswhichadjoin
thelargepores.Thecoatingofthecatalystmustbeaccomplishedheresothatthelargeandthesmallpores
arenotclosedasaresult.Asaresultofthecatalystcoating,thematerialarrangementismorespontaneous
andmoreactiveintheprocessofcondensationofhydrogentoultradensehydrogen.Thestorageofthe
condensedultradensehydrogenissubstantiallytakenoverbythesmallpores.

[0024]Forexample,titaniumoxidecanbeusedaloneorwithadditionalmaterialsascatalyst.Thismaterial
canalsoformsuperconductinghydrogenathightemperaturesandthusmakesthematerialarrangementmore
reactiveforafusion.Alternatively,nickelwithupto20mass%coppercanbeusedascatalyst.Thismaterial
canalsoformalargeamountofultradensehydrogencapableoffusion.Alternatively,bothcatalystscanbe
mixedinordertoreducethetransitionofthetransitiontemperatureatwhichthematerialarrangementisno
longerreactive.

[0025]Dependingonthematerial,thecatalystcanbeactivebetween600and725Katanegativepressureof
lessthan0.1bar.Alternatively,apluralityofcatalystcoatingscanbeapplied.Inthepreferredexample,two
layersareapplied.

[0026]Accordingtooneexemplaryembodimentofthematerialarrangement,thecatalystcoatinghas
positivelychargedvacancies.Thecatalystcan,forexample,betitaniumoxide,withembeddedelementssuch
asantimony,nickel,aluminumorothertransitionmetalsormetalloidswhichformapositivelycharged
vacancyinthegrainregionoftheelement.Withthismethodthematerialarrangementismechanicallymore
stableanditisactiveintheformationofultradensehydrogen.

[0027]Inafurtherexemplaryembodimentofthematerialarrangement,thecarriermaterialismixedwith
positivelychargedvacanciesbydopingandbyacatalystcoating.Thecapabilityofthematerialarrangement
tocondensehydrogentoultradensehydrogenisimprovedbythismeasure.

[0028]Accordingtoafurtherexemplaryembodimentofthematerialarrangement,thecatalystcoatingis
meltableduringafusion,atleastincertainareasandafterameltingprocesshasitsinitialstructureSimilarly
tothecarriermaterial,thecatalystcoatingcanalsomeltincertainareasduringafusion.Hereitis
advantageousifthecatalystcoatinginthemoltenstatecannotcauseanydamagetothecarriermaterialand
doesnotclosethepores.Furthermore,itisadvantageousifthecatalystcoatingrecrystallizesintoitsoriginal
structureduringsolidificationandthusisavailableforfurtherfusionprocesses.

[0029]Inafurtherexemplaryembodimentofthematerialarrangement,thefoamlikecarriermaterialand/or
thecatalystcoatingis/arefusiontemperatureresistant.Ifthematerialsareselectedsothatthesedonotmelt
duringafusion,damagetothematerialarrangementduringafusioncanbeminimized.Alternatively,the
reactionheatcanberemovedsorapidlyduringafusionthatthemeltingpointsofthematerialsusedinthe
materialarrangementarenotreached.

[0030]Accordingtoafurtherexemplaryembodiment,thecarriermaterialisametaloxide,aceramicora
carbonstructure.Thisgivesapluralityofpossibilitiesforimplementingamaterialarrangement.

[0031]Inapreferredexemplaryembodimentofthematerialarrangement,asuperconductingliquidcanbe
formedonthecarriermaterialsothataprobabilityofanelectromagneticresonanceisincreased.Theratio
Q/V,i.e.,theQfactoroftheresonanceofanelectromagneticwavetothevolumeinwhichthewaveexciting
thistakesplaceisanimportantparameterinthequantumelectrodynamicsofcavities.ThehighertheQ
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factor,thelowerthedampingandthemoredefinedtheresonancesorinotherwords,thelowertheenergy
lossfromthecavityorthehollowbody.Thesmallerthevolume,thehighertheenergydensitypervolume
andthereforethehigherthegeneratedenergy.

[0032]IftheratioQ/Visselectedtobesufficientlyhigh,positivereversiblethermodynamiceffectsare
obtained.WithincreasingQfactor,thecavitiesreflecttheelectromagneticwavesincreasinglyeffectivelyand
thereforereducepossiblelosses.

[0033]Inamethodforproducingamaterialarrangementforafusionreactoraccordingtotheinvention,a
carriermaterialrawmaterialisprovidedwhichisconvertedintoafoamlikecarriermaterial.Accordingto
theinvention,positivelychargedvacanciesareintroducedintoand/orontothefoamlikecarriermaterial.A
foamlikecarriermaterialhasalargespecificsurfaceareawhichisrelevantforthegenerationandfusionof
ultradensehydrogen.Byintroducingfurthermaterialsintothecarriermaterial,positivelychargedvacancies
canbeformedtherein,forexample,bydoping.Thishasaneffectonthematerialpropertiesofthecarrier
material.Advantageouslythecompositionisselectedsothatthemeltingpointandthemechanicaland
chemicalstabilityofthecarriermaterialareincreased.

[0034]Inapreferredexemplaryembodimentofthemethodforproducingamaterialarrangement,thefoam
likecarriermaterialismixedwiththecatalystandbroughttosintering.Thechemicalandmechanical
stabilityofthecarriermaterialistherebyincreased.Bysubsequentcatalystcoatinginparticularthe
reactivitywithregardtotheformationofultradensehydrogenandfusionisincreased.

[0035]Inafurtherexemplaryembodimentofthemethodforproducingamaterialarrangement,dopingis
appliedtointroducepositivelychargedvacanciesintothecarriermaterialand/orintothecatalystcoating.
Themethodofdopingisalreadyknownfromthefieldofsemiconductortechnologyandoffersahigh
flexibilityintheproductionofthematerialarrangement.

[0036]Accordingtoafurtherexemplaryembodimentofthemethodforproducingamaterialarrangement,
transitionmetalsormetalloidsareusedforthedopingofthecarriermaterial.Theseformpositivelycharged
vacanciesintheatomicrangeofthecarriermaterialandimprovethecapabilityofthematerialarrangement
tocondensehydrogenatomsandmoleculestoultradensehydrogen.

[0037]Accordingtoafurtherexemplaryembodimentofthemethodforproducingamaterialarrangement,
thecatalystcoatingisusedforintroducingpositivelychargedvacanciesontothecarriermaterial.Inthis
case,thedopingofthecarriermaterialcanbeomitted,wherebythemethodcanbesimplified.

BRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFTHEDRAWINGS

[0038]Inthefollowingapreferredexemplaryembodimentoftheinventionisexplainedindetailwith
referencetohighlysimplifiedschematicdiagrams.Inthefigures:

[0039]FIG.1showsasectionthroughanexemplaryembodimentoftheapparatusaccordingtothe
invention,

[0040]FIG.2showsanenlargedviewofsectionAfromFIG.1

[0041]FIG.3showsanenlargedviewofsectionBfromFIG.2,

[0042]FIG.4showsaschematicviewofachargingprocessaccordingtothemethodaccordingtothe
invention,

[0043]FIG.5showsaschematicviewofafusionprocessaccordingtothemethodaccordingtothe
invention,

[0044]FIG.6showsasectionthroughanexemplaryembodimentofthematerialarrangementaccordingto
theinvention,

[0045]FIG.7showsaschematicviewofamethodaccordingtotheinventionforproducingamaterial
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arrangement.

[0046]Inthedrawingsthesameconstructiveelementseachhavethesamereferencenumbers.

DETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPREFERREDEMBODIMENTS

[0047]FIG.1showsasectionthroughanexemplaryembodimentoftheapparatus1accordingtothe
inventionforcarryingoutthemethodaccordingtotheinventionforproducingandforfusingultradense
hydrogen.

[0048]Theapparatus1accordingtotheexemplaryembodimentcomprisesacavity2whichisopeninplaces
forreceivingagas.Thegashereispreferablyahydrogengasinitsmolecularformexposedtonegative
pressure,whichisimmediatelyconvertedintoanatomicplasmainthecavity2.

[0049]Thecavity2isaporeofanopenporemetalfoamorceramicfoam4.Thematerialofthemetalfoam
orceramicfoam4shouldbeselectedinthiscasesothatevenwhiledeliveringthehighestpossibleenergy
duringafusion,thematerialdoesnotchangeitsalphalatticestateorifthisischanged,thealphalatticestate
isachievedagain.

[0050]Accordingtotheexemplaryembodiment,theporeofthemetalfoam4isatleastpartiallyprovided
withacatalystcoating6intheinnerside.Thecatalystcoating6herehasagranularstructureandaccording
totheexemplaryembodiment,containstitaniumoxide.Thecatalystcoatingcanalsobeconstructedof
Fe2O3,Ni,MnOandothermaterialswhichcanbeappliedtothemetalfoamortheceramicfoamasathin
perturbedregularlatticestructurehavingalayerthicknessof10nmto4.mu.m.

[0051]Furthermore,theapparatus1hasaninitiatingsource8whichcantriggerafusionprocessinacavity
2.Accordingtotheexemplaryembodimentshown,theinitiatingsource8isasourceofcoherent,
monochromaticlight8whichcanactuponthecavity2withelectromagneticradiation.Theinitiationis
accomplishedbythethermalradiationofthecavitywallswhereduetoresonanceeffectswiththewallsnow
mirrorcoatedbythesuperfluidhydrogen,preferredwavelengthsorfrequenciesoccurwithhighfield
intensity.Therepulsivepotentialbetweenprotonsisveryhigh.Theprotonsarethenucleiofthehydrogen.
Theyundergotheirrepulsionduetotheirpositivecharge(Coulombrepulsion).Inultradensehydrogenthe
nucleiareverytightlypackedandthereforeveryclose.Therepulsivepotentialofthenucleiisreducedhere
bythesphericalexpansionofthechargeandmattercloudoftheproton.Furthermore,thisrepulsionisvery
severelyreducedbyotherforcessuchasstronginteraction,weakinteractionandgravitationandbythe
shieldingofelectronstates.Ifultradensehydrogen12isformed,thedensityisveryhighandthefusion
partners,herehydrogenatoms12,arethereforeclosetothefusionbarrier.Accordingly,asmallenergy
contributionisalreadysufficienttoinitiateafusion.Accordingtotheexemplaryembodiment,suchan
ignitionofthefusionprocessiseitherexecutedbyacoherentmonochromaticlightsource8orbythenatural
blackbodyradiationofthecavity2,butcanalsobeaccomplishedbyexternalionization,forexample,by
highvoltage.Alternatively,asimplesparkplugcanalsobeusedasinitiatingsource8forthispurpose.

[0052]FIG.2showsanenlargedviewofthesectionAfromFIG.1.Inparticular,thegranularstructureof
thecatalystcoating6isillustratedhere.Asaresult,aCasimirgeometryiscreatedwithapluralityofcavities
10whichexertcapillaryand/orCasimirforcesonmatter.Thus,correspondingforcescanalsoactona
molecularhydrogenintroducedintothecavity2.Furthermore,the"PurcellEffect"isknownforsuch
structures,whichamplifieselectromagneticprocessesmanytimes.

[0053]FIG.3showsafurtherenlargementofthestructurefromtheexemplaryembodimentoftheapparatus
1accordingtotheinventionofsectionBfromFIG.2.Hereitisillustratedthatthegranularstructureofthe
catalystcoating6splitsmolecularhydrogenintoatomichydrogenandthisthencondensesintoultradense
hydrogen12inthecavities10ortheCasimirgeometries10.Thiscorrespondstoachargedstateofthe
apparatus1.

[0054]Themethodaccordingtotheinventionforgeneratingandfusingultradensehydrogenisexplained
hereinafter.FIG.4showsaschematicviewofachargingprocessoftheapparatus1accordingtothemethod
accordingtotheinvention.Inthiscase,agas(referencenumber14)isintroducedintothecavity2,whichis
tobecatalyzedandcondensed.Accordingtotheexemplaryembodiment,thegasismolecularhydrogen.
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Throughcontactofthehydrogengaswiththecatalystcoating6,theenergyrequiredforaplasmaformation,
andalsoforacondensateformation,isreducedtosuchanextent(referencenumber16)thatthiscantake
placespontaneouslyatroomtemperatureandevenlowertemperatures.Accordingtotheexemplary
embodiment,thecondensateisatomichydrogenwhichhasbeencatalyticallysplit.Theatomichydrogen
thencondenses(referencenumber20)intheCasimirgeometryandbecomesembeddedinthecatalyst
coating6andisthuspresentincondensedformasultradensehydrogen12.

[0055]FIG.5showsapossiblefusionprocessaccordingtothemethodaccordingtotheinvention.An
apparatus1charged,forexampleaccordingtoFIG.4,isassumed.Anembedded(referencenumber20)
condensedultradensehydrogen12isexcitedenergeticallybyaninitiatingsource8.Thecondensed
hydrogenformsclusters12.Theselietightlysqueezedtogetherandbetweentheheavycatalystparticles7.
Thehydrogenprotonsareverytightlypackedthepackingdensitybeingobtainedfromthequantum
mechanicalstateofthebindingelectronsincooperationwiththeprotons.Thenearfieldofthecatalyst
particles7assiststhecondensation.Thepackingdensityoftheprotonslieswithinthecriticaldensityfor
penetrationofthefusionbarrier.Theenergycontribution22fromtheinitiatingsource8thusinducesa
fusionprocess24oftheultradensehydrogen.Inparticularhelium,whichcanvolatilizefromthecatalyst
coating6,isformedbythefusionprocess24.Inadditiontohelium,reactionenergy26intheformofheatis
produced.Thisreactionenergy26isthenguidedoutfromtheapparatus1viathemetalfoam/ceramicfoam4
bymeansofheatconductionandatthesurfacethereofbymeansofthermalradiation(referencenumber28)
orisguidedintoadjacentregionsoftheapparatus.Thereactionenergy26canthusbeused,forexample,for
theignitionoffusioninneighboringapparatuses.Furthermore,thereactionenergy,inparticularreaction
heat,canalsobeconvertedconventionallyintomechanical,chemicalorelectricalenergyandutilized.

[0056]FIG.6showsasectionthroughanexemplaryembodimentofthematerialarrangement30according
totheinventionwhichcomprisesametalfoam4withacatalystcoating6(notvisibleinFIG.6).Thecavity
2showninFIG.1herecorrespondstoasmallpore32ofthematerialarrangement30.

[0057]Thematerialarrangement30furthermorehaslargepores34whichbindthesmallpores32,for
example,forthetransportofhydrogenmolecules.Thelargepores34arealsousedfortheapplicationand
transportofthecatalystcoating6sothatthesmallpores32arealsocoated.

[0058]FIG.7showsaschematicviewofamethod40accordingtotheinventionforproducingamaterial
arrangement30.Inthiscase,inthefirststepacarriermaterialrawmaterial42isprepared.Thecarrier
materialrawmaterial42ishereapowderandisthenconverted,forexamplebysinteringat1500degreesC.,
intoafoamlikecarriermaterial4andoptionallypreviouslyaswellasadditionallysubsequentlymade
reactiveforthecondensationandstorageofhydrogenbyintroducingpositivelychargedvacancies44.The
introductionofpositivelychargedvacanciesisaccomplished,accordingtotheexemplaryembodiment,by
introducingexternalcrystalsintothestartingmaterialtoproducethecarriermaterialorsubsequentlyby
coatingwithanoxidewhichformspositivelychargedvacanciesbyadditionofexternalatoms.

[0059]Positivelychargedvacanciesarementionedhereasasynonymforelectronicsystemswhichhavea
spincurrent(e.g.,twofreealignedelectronicspinstateshavinganintegerspinwhichcharacterizesaBosean
state.

[0060]Asapossibleexamplefortheproductionofthematerialarrangement30,ZrO2ismixedwith13mol.
%yttriumandacatalystsolutionof10weight%ofcatalystinheptane.Atthesametime,6070volume%
of150.mu.mlargecarbonparticlesisadded.Thismixtureisheatedto200oCwhilestirringuntilthe
heptanehasvolatilized.Amassremainswhich,whencooled,canbepressedintoamoldatapressureofat
least5kN.Inthiscase,theporesizeofthematerialarrangement30isdependentonthepressureapplied
here.Thehigherthepressure,thesmallerarethepores32,34.However,lowpressureherecanadversely
affectthemechanicalstability.Thepressedmoldisthenexposedtoheatandsinteredwhileaddingoxygen.
Asaresult,thecarbonparticlesreactwithoxygentocarbondioxideandvolatilizefromthemoldsothata
microporousstructureremains.

[0061]Then,aftercooling,afurthercatalystcoating6canbeapplied.Thisisaccomplished,forexample,by
dissolving25gofacatalystin6mlofmethanolandsubsequentimpregnationofthestructurewiththe
solution.Adryingprocesscanbeadvantageoushereat200oCforover6hourssothatthemethanolcan
volatilize.
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08/03/2017 UnitedStatesPatentApplication:0170025191

[0062]Disclosedisamaterialarrangement30forafusionreactorcomprisingatleastonematerialwhichis
configuredasafoamlikecarriermaterial4forcondensablebindingandfusingofhydrogen,wherethe
carriermaterial4isprovidedwithpositivelychargedvacanciesforcondensinghydrogenatoms,smallpores
32forreceivingatomsormoleculesandlargepores34fortransportingatomsormoleculesintothesmall
pores32.Furthermore,amethod40forproducingthematerialarrangement30isdisclosed.

[0063]Whileatleastoneexemplaryembodimentofthepresentinvention(s)isdisclosedherein,itshouldbe
understoodthatmodifications,substitutionsandalternativesmaybeapparenttooneofordinaryskillinthe
artandcanbemadewithoutdepartingfromthescopeofthisdisclosure.Thisdisclosureisintendedtocover
anyadaptationsorvariationsoftheexemplaryembodiment(s).Inaddition,inthisdisclosure,theterms
"comprise"or"comprising"donotexcludeotherelementsorsteps,theterms"a"or"one"donotexcludea
pluralnumber,andtheterm"or"meanseitherorboth.Furthermore,characteristicsorstepswhichhavebeen
describedmayalsobeusedincombinationwithothercharacteristicsorstepsandinanyorderunlessthe
disclosureorcontextsuggestsotherwise.Thisdisclosureherebyincorporatesbyreferencethecomplete
disclosureofanypatentorapplicationfromwhichitclaimsbenefitorpriority.

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