Acts of Union 1707

Union of England and Scotland redirects here. It is not early 14th centuries were ultimately unsuccessful (see the
to be confused with Union of England and Scotland Act Wars of Scottish Independence). The rst attempts at
1603 or Treaty of Union. Union surrounded the foreseen unication of the Royal
lines of Scotland and England. In pursuing the Scottish
throne in the 1560s, Mary, Queen of Scots pledged her-
The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the [5]
Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament self to a peaceful union between the two kingdoms.
of England, and the Union with England Act passed England and Scotland were ruled by the same king for
in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into the rst time in 1603 when James VI of Scotland also
eect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been became the king of England. However they remained two
agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between separate states until 1 May 1707.
commissioners representing the parliaments of the two
countries. By the two Acts, the Kingdom of England and
the Kingdom of Scotlandwhich at the time were sep- 1.1.1 Early Stuart union
arate states with separate legislatures, but with the same
monarchwere, in the words of the Treaty, United into
One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain.[2]
The two countries had shared a monarch since the Union
of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland
inherited the English throne from his double rst cousin
twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I. Although described
as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two
separate Crowns resting on the same head (as opposed to
the implied creation of a single Crown and a single King-
dom, exemplied by the later Kingdom of Great Britain).
There had been three attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689
to unite the two countries by Acts of Parliament, but it The rst Union ag, created by James VI and I, symbolising the
was not until the early 18th century that both political es- uniting of England and Scotland under one Crown
tablishments came to support the idea, albeit for dierent
reasons. The rst attempt to unite the parliaments of England and
The Acts took eect on 1 May 1707. On this date, the Scotland was by Marys son, King James VI and I. On his
Scottish Parliament and the English Parliament united accession to the English throne in 1603 King James an-
to form the Parliament of Great Britain, based in the nounced his intention to unite his two realms so that he
Palace of Westminster in London, the home of the En- would not be guilty of bigamy. James used his royal
glish Parliament.[3] Hence, the Acts are referred to as the prerogative powers to take the style of 'King of Great
[6]
Union of the Parliaments. On the Union, the histo- Britain' and to give an explicitly British character to his
[7]
rian Simon Schama said What began as a hostile merger, court and person. Whilst James assumed the creation
would end in a full partnership in the most powerful going of a full union was a foregone conclusion, the Parliament
concern in the world ... it was one of the most astonishing of England was concerned that the formation of a new
transformations in European history.[4] state would deprive England of its ancient liberties, tak-
ing on the more absolutist monarchical structure James
had previously enjoyed in Scotland.[8] In the meantime,
James declared that Great Britain be viewed 'as presently
1 Historical background united, and as one realm and kingdom, and the subjects
of both realms as one people'.[9]
1.1 Previous attempts at union The Scottish and English parliaments established a com-
mission to negotiate a union, formulating an instrument
England and Scotland were separate states for several of union between the two countries. However, the idea of
centuries before eventual union, and English attempts to political union was unpopular, and when James dropped
take over Scotland by military force in the late 13th and his policy of a speedy union, the topic quietly disappeared

1
2 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

from the legislative agenda. When the House of Com- land and Scotland. Scottish members expelled from the
mons attempted to revive the proposal in 1610, it was Commonwealth Parliament petitioned unsuccessfully for
met with a more open hostility.[10] a continuance of the union. Cromwells union had simul-
taneously raised interest in and suspicion of the concept
of union and when Charles II attempted to recreate the
1.1.2 Union during the interregnum union and full the work of his grandfather in 1669, ne-
gotiations between Commissioners ground to a halt.[14]
Main article: Scotland under the Commonwealth
The Solemn League and Covenant 1643 sought a forced
1.1.3 Later attempts

An abortive scheme for union occurred in Scotland in

1670.[15]
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the records
of the Parliament of Scotland show much discussion of
possible union. William and Mary, whilst supportive of
the idea, had no interest in allowing it to delay their en-
thronement. Impetus for this incorporating union came
almost entirely from King William, who feared leaving
Scotland open to a French invasion. In the 1690s, the
economic position of Scotland worsened, and relations
between Scotland and England became strained.[16] In the
following decade, however, union again became a signif-
icant topic of political debate.

Rare Commonwealth-era ag depicting the union between Eng-

land and Scotland 1.2 Treaty and passage of the Acts of 1707
union of the Church of England into the Church of Scot-
land, and although the covenant referred repeatedly to
union between the three kingdoms of England, Scotland,
and Ireland, a political union was not spelled out.
In the aftermath of the Civil War, in which the
Covenanters had fought for the King, Oliver Cromwell
occupied Scotland and began a process of creat-
ing a 'Godly Britannic' Union between the former
Kingdoms.[11] In 1651, the Parliament of England issued
the Tender of Union declaration supporting Scotlands in-
corporation into the Commonwealth and sent Commis-
sioners to Scotland with the express purpose of securing
support for Union, which was assented to by the Com-
missioners (Members of Parliament) in Scotland. On
12 April 1654, Cromwell styling himself Lord Protec-
tor of England, Scotland and Ireland enacted An Or-
dinance by the Protector for the Union of England and
Scotland, which created 'one Commonwealth and under
one Government' to be known as the Commonwealth of
England, Scotland and Ireland.[12] The ordinance was rat-
ied by the Second Protectorate Parliament, as an Act of
Union, on 26 June 1657.[13] One united Parliament sat in
Westminster, with 30 representatives from Scotland and
30 from Ireland joining the existing members from Eng-
Articles of Union otherwise known as Treaty of Union, 1707
land. Whilst free trade was brought about amongst the
new Commonwealth, the economic benets were gener- Deeper political integration had been a key policy of
ally not felt as a result of heavy taxation used to fund Queen Anne from the time she acceded to the throne in
Cromwells New Model Army.[11] 1702. Under the aegis of the Queen and her ministers
This republican union was dissolved automatically with in both kingdoms, the parliaments of England and Scot-
the restoration of King Charles II to the thrones of Eng- land agreed to participate in fresh negotiations for a union
2.2 Scottish perspective 3

treaty in 1705.
Both countries appointed 31 commissioners to conduct
the negotiations. Most of the Scottish commission-
ers favoured union, and about half were government
ministers and other ocials. At the head of the list
was Queensberry, and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland,
the Earl of Seaeld.[17] The English commissioners in-
cluded the Lord High Treasurer, the Earl of Godolphin,
the Lord Keeper, Baron Cowper, and a large number
of Whigs who supported union. Tories were not in
favour of union and only one was represented among the
commissioners.[17]
Negotiations between the English and Scottish commis-
sioners took place between 16 April and 22 July 1706 at
the Cockpit in London. Each side had its own particular
concerns. Within a few days, England gained a guarantee
that the Hanoverian dynasty would succeed Queen Anne
to the Scottish crown, and Scotland received a guarantee
of access to colonial markets, in the hope that they would Portrait of Queen Anne in 1702, the year she became queen, from
the school of John Closterman
be placed on an equal footing in terms of trade.[18]
After negotiations ended in July 1706, the acts had to be
ratied by both Parliaments. In Scotland, about 100 of for much of the previous century, but the English were
the 227 members of the Parliament of Scotland were sup- concerned that an independent Scotland with a dierent
portive of the Court Party. For extra votes the pro-court king, even if he were a Protestant, might make alliances
side could rely on about 25 members of the Squadrone against England. The English succession was provided
Volante, led by the Marquess of Montrose and the Duke for by the English Act of Settlement 1701, which ensured
of Roxburghe. Opponents of the court were generally that the monarch of England would be a Protestant mem-
known as the Country party, and included various fac- ber of the House of Hanover. Until the Union of Parlia-
tions and individuals such as the Duke of Hamilton, Lord ments, the Scottish throne might be inherited by a dif-
Belhaven and Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, who spoke ferent successor after Queen Anne: the Scottish Act of
forcefully and passionately against the union. The Court Security 1704 granted parliament the right to choose a
party enjoyed signicant funding from England and the successor and explicitly required a choice dierent from
Treasury and included many who had accumulated debts the English monarch unless the English were to grant free
following the Darien Disaster.[19] trade and navigation. Many people in England were un-
In Scotland, the Duke of Queensberry was largely respon- happy about the prospect, however. English overseas pos-
sible for the successful passage of the Union act by the sessions made England very wealthy in comparison to
Scottish Parliament. In Scotland, he received much criti- Scotland, a poor country with few roads, very little indus-
cism from local residents, but in England he was cheered try and almost no Navy. This made some view unication
for his action. He had received around half of the fund- as a markedly unequal relationship.
ing awarded by the Westminster treasury for himself. In
April 1707, he travelled to London to attend celebrations
at the royal court, and was greeted by groups of noble- 2.2 Scottish perspective
men and gentry lined along the road. From Barnet, the
route was lined with crowds of cheering people, and once In Scotland, some claimed that union would enable Scot-
he reached London a huge crowd had formed. On 17 land to recover from the nancial disaster wrought by the
April, the Duke was gratefully received by the Queen at Darien scheme through English assistance and the lifting
Kensington Palace.[20] of measures put in place through the Alien Act to force
the Scottish Parliament into compliance with the Act of
Settlement.[21]
2 Political motivations The combined votes of the Court party with a majority of
the Squadrone Volante were sucient to ensure the nal
2.1 English perspective passage of the treaty through the House.
Personal nancial interests were also allegedly involved.
The English purpose was to ensure that Scotland would Many Commissioners had invested heavily in the Darien
not choose a monarch dierent from the one on the Scheme and they believed that they would receive com-
English throne. The two countries had shared a king pensation for their losses; Article 15 granted 398,085
4 2 POLITICAL MOTIVATIONS
10s sterling to Scotland, a sum known as The Equiva-
lent, to oset future liability towards the English national
debt. In essence it was also used as a means of compen-
sation for investors in the Company of Scotlands Darien
Scheme, as 58.6% was allocated to its shareholders and
creditors.[22]
18thC French illustration of an opening of the Scottish Parlia-
ment
Even more direct bribery was also said to be a factor.[23]
20,000 (240,000 Scots) was dispatched to Scotland for
distribution by the Earl of Glasgow. James Douglas, 2nd
Duke of Queensberry, the Queens Commissioner in Par-
liament, received 12,325, more than 60% of the fund-
ing. (Some contend that all of this money was properly
accounted for as compensation for loss of oce, pensions
and so forth not outwith the usual run of government. It is
perhaps a debate that will never be set to rest. However,
modern research has shown that payments were made to
supporters of union that appear not to have been over-
due salaries. At least four payments were made to people
who were not even members of the Scottish Parliament.)
Robert Burns referred to this:
We're bought and sold for English Gold,
Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation.
Some of the money was used to hire spies, such as Daniel
Defoe; his rst reports were of vivid descriptions of vi-
olent demonstrations against the Union. A Scots rabble
is the worst of its kind, he reported, for every Scot in
favour there is 99 against. Years later Sir John Clerk of
Penicuik, originally a leading Unionist, wrote in his mem-
oirs that,
(Defoe) was a spy among us, but not known
as such, otherwise the Mob of Edinburgh
would pull him to pieces.
The Treaty could be considered very unpopular at the Britain and Ireland was out of consideration until the
time. Popular unrest occurred in Edinburgh, as men- 1790s.
tioned above, with some lesser but still substantial riots in Irelands benets from the Union of 1707 were there-
Glasgow. The people of Edinburgh demonstrated against
the treaty, and their apparent leader in opposition to the
Unionists, was James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton.
However, Hamilton was actually on the side of the En-
glish Government. Demonstrators in Edinburgh were op-
posed to the Union, for many reasons: they feared the
Kirk would be Anglicised; that Anglicisation would re-
move democracy from the only really elementally demo-
cratic part of the Kingdom and they feared that tax rises
would come.[24]
Sir George Lockhart of Carnwath, the only member
of the Scottish negotiating team against union, noted
that The whole nation appears against the Union[25]
and even Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, an ardent pro-
unionist and Union negotiator, observed that the treaty
was contrary to the inclinations of at least three-fourths
of the Kingdom.[25] Public opinion against the Treaty
as it passed through the Scottish Parliament was voiced
through petitions from shires, burghs, presbyteries and
parishes. The Convention of Royal Burghs also petitioned
against the Union as proposed:
That it is our indispensable duty to signify
to your grace that, as we are not against an hon-
ourable and safe union with England far less
can we expect to have the condition of the peo-
ple of Scotland, with relation to these great
concerns, made better and improved without a
Scots Parliament.[26]
Not one petition in favour of an incorporating union was
received by Parliament. On the day the treaty was signed,
the carilloner in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, rang the
bells in the tune Why should I be so sad on my wed-
ding day?[27] Threats of widespread civil unrest resulted
in Parliament imposing martial law.
2.3 Irish perspective
Ireland, the third of the sister kingdoms, was not in-
cluded in the union. The eective government of Ireland
was in the hands of the 'Protestant Ascendancy', a mi-
nority elite (about 10% of the population). The Roman
Catholic majority were systematically excluded from po-
litical and military discourse through a series of post-
Cromwellian Penal Laws, limiting their rights to property,
education, and the franchise.
In July 1707 each House of the Parliament of Ireland
passed a congratulatory address to Queen Anne, praying
that May God put it in your royal heart to add greater
strength and lustre to your crown, by a still more compre-
hensive Union.[28] The British government did not re-
spond to the invitation and an equal union between Great
 5

fore few. Its preferential status in trade with England
now extended to Scotland. However, Ireland was left
unequal and unrepresented in the Parliament of Great
Britain. The Kingdom of Ireland was to remain separate,
and legally subordinate to Great Britain until 1784. The
union with Ireland nally came about on 1 January 1801.
3 Provisions of the Acts
send representative peers from the Peerage of Scotland to
sit in the House of Lords. It guaranteed that the Church
of Scotland would remain the established church in Scot-
land, that the Court of Session would remain in all time
coming within Scotland, and that Scots law would re-
main in the same force as before. Other provisions in-
cluded the restatement of the Act of Settlement 1701 and
the ban on Roman Catholics from taking the throne. It
also created a customs union and monetary union.
The Act provided that any laws and statutes that were
contrary to or inconsistent with the terms of the Act
would cease and become void.
Soon after the Union, the Act 6 Anne c.40later
infelicitously named the Union with Scotland (Amend-
ment) Act 1707united the English and Scottish Privy
Councils and decentralised Scottish administration by ap-
pointing justices of the peace in each shire to carry out
administration. In eect it took the day-to-day govern-
ment of Scotland out of the hands of politicians and into
those of the College of Justice.

4 Criticisms
The English and Scottish parliaments had evolved along
dierent lines; especially, the Parliament of Scotland
had been unicameral while that of England had been
bicameral. Following Union, the parliament at Westmin-
ster followed the English model.
Defoe drew upon his Scottish experience to write his
Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain, published
in 1726, where he admitted that the increase of trade and
population in Scotland, which he had predicted as a con-
sequence of the Union, was not the case, but rather the
contrary.
Royal heraldic badge of Queen Anne, depicting the Tudor rose
and the Scottish thistle growing out of the same stem. However, by the time Samuel Johnson and James Boswell
made their tour in 1773, recorded in A Journey to the
Main article: Treaty of Union Western Islands of Scotland, Johnson noted that Scotland
was a nation of which the commerce is hourly extending,
and the wealth increasing and in particular that Glasgow
The Treaty of Union, agreed between representatives of had become one of the greatest cities of Britain.
the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland
in 1706, consisted of 25 articles, 15 of which were eco-
nomic in nature. In Scotland, each article was voted on
separately and several clauses in articles were delegated 5 300th anniversary
to specialised subcommittees. Article 1 of the treaty was
based on the political principle of an incorporating union A commemorative two-pound coin was issued to mark
and this was secured by a majority of 116 votes to 83 on the tercentennial300th anniversaryof the Union,
4 November 1706. To minimise the opposition of the which occurred two days before the Scottish Parliament
Church of Scotland, an Act was also passed to secure the general election on 3 May 2007.[30]
Presbyterian establishment of the Church, after which the The Scottish Executive held a number of commemorative
Church stopped its open opposition, although hostility re- events through the year including an education project led
mained at lower levels of the clergy. The treaty as a whole by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical
was nally ratied on 16 January 1707 by a majority of Monuments of Scotland, an exhibition of Union-related
110 votes to 69.[29] objects and documents at the National Museums of Scot-
The two Acts incorporated provisions for Scotland to land and an exhibition of portraits of people associated
6 8 NOTES

The 2 coin issued in the United Kingdom in 2007 to commem-

orate the 300th anniversary of the Acts of Union

with the Union at the National Galleries of Scotland.[31]

6 Scottish voting records

7 See also
Acts of Union 1800 Map of commissioner voting on the ratication of the Treaty of
Union.
Andrew Fletcher
Daniel Defoe [2] Article I of the Treaty of Union
History of democracy [3] Act of Union 1707, Article 3
List of treaties [4] Simon Schama (presenter) (22 May 2001). Britannia In-
corporated. A History of Britain. Episode 10. 3 minutes
MacCormick v Lord Advocate in. BBC One.
Parliament of the United Kingdom [5] ABDN.ac.uk
Political union [6] Larkin, James F.; Hughes, Paul L., eds. (1973). Stuart
Royal Proclamations: Volume I. Clarendon Press. p. 19.
Real union
[7] Lockyer, R. (1998). James VI and I. London: Addison
English independence Wesley Longman. pp. 5152. ISBN 0-582-27962-3.
Scottish independence [8] Lockyer, op. cit., pp. 5459

Unionism in Scotland [9] Parliament.uk Archived 10 December 2008 at the

Wayback Machine.
Welsh independence
[10] Lockyer, op. cit., p.59

[11] Parliament.uk Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback

8 Notes Machine.

[1] The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by
section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Short Titles Act 1896.
Due to the repeal of those provisions, it is now authorised
by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978.
[12] Constitution.org
[13] The 1657 Acts long title was An Act and Declaration
touching several Acts and Ordinances made since 20 April
1653, and before 3 September 1654, and other Acts
 7

[14] C. Whatley, op. cit., p.95 Fletcher, Andrew (Saltoun). An Account of a Con-
versation
[15] C. Whatley, op. cit., p.30
Herman, Arthur. How the Scots Invented the Mod-
[16] Whatley, C. (2006). The Scots and the Union. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-7486-1685-3. ern World. Three Rivers Press, 2001. ISBN 0-609-
80999-7
[17] The commissioners. UK Parliament website. 2007.
Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved Lockhart, George, The Lockhart Papers, 1702
5 February 2013. 1728
[18] The course of negotiations. UK Parliament website.
2007. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Re-
trieved 5 February 2013. 10 External links
[19] Ratication. UK parliament website. 2007. Archived
Union with England Act and Union with Scotland
from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 5 February
Act Full original text
2013.

[20] 1 May 1707 the Union comes into eect. UK Par- Treaty of Union and the Darien Experiment, Uni-
liament website. 2007. Archived from the original on 19 versity of Guelph, McLaughlin Library, Library and
June 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2013. Archives Canada

[21] Whatley, C. A. (2001). Bought and sold for English Gold?
Explaining the Union of 1707. East Linton: Tuckwell
Press. p. 48. ISBN 1-86232-140-X.
[22] Watt, Douglas. The Price of Scotland: Darien, Union and
the wealth of nations. Luath Press 2007.
[23] Parliament.uk Archived 25 September 2008 at the
Wayback Machine.
Text of the Union with Scotland Act 1706 as in force
today (including any amendments) within the United
Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
Text of the Union with England Act 1707 as in force
today (including any amendments) within the United
Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk

[24] Bambery, Chris (2014). A Peoples History of Scotland.

Verso.

[25] Scottish Referendums. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-

16.

[26] The Humble Address of the Commissioners to the Gen-

eral Convention of the Royal Burrows of this Ancient
Kingdom Convened the Twenty-Ninth of October 1706,
at Edinburgh

[27] Notes by John Purser to CD Scotlands Music, Facts about

Edinburgh.

[28] Journals of the Irish Commons, vol. iii. p. 421

[29] Riley, P. J. W. (1969). The Union of 1707 as

an Episode in English Politics. The English Histor-
ical Review. 84 (332): 498527 [pp. 523524].
doi:10.1093/ehr/lxxxiv.cccxxxii.498. JSTOR 562482.

[30] House of Lords Written answers, 6 November 2006,

TheyWorkForYou.com

[31] Announced by the Scottish Culture Minister, Patricia Fer-

guson, 9 November 2006

9 References
Defoe, Daniel. A tour thro' the Whole Island of
Great Britain, 172427
Defoe, Daniel. The Letters of Daniel Defoe, GH
Healey editor. Oxford: 1955.
8 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text
Acts of Union 1707 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707?oldid=767519341 Contributors: Derek Ross, Mav, Bryan
Derksen, Berek, Shii, Camembert, Hephaestos, Leandrod, Twilsonb, Jtdirl, Gabbe, (, Jdforrester, Darkwind, Jiang, John Cross, Moli-
nari, Tpbradbury, Astrotrain, Morwen, Paul-L~enwiki, Lord Emsworth, Rls, Jfruh, Owain, Nurg, Lowellian, Postdlf, Henrygb, Saforrest,
JackofOz, Marnanel, Ike~enwiki, Tom harrison, Curps, Tagishsimon, Geni, Piotrus, Ian Yorston, Oneiros, OwenBlacker, Pmanderson,
Necrothesp, Cynical, Neutrality, Kurisu, An Siarach, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Cnyborg, Dave souza, MarkS, Bender235, El C,
Art LaPella, Kbradnam, Shenme, JW1805, Man vyi, Holdek, Voyager, Nik42, Lyndas, Andrew Gray, Wikidea, Benson85, Deacon
of Pndapetzim, Skyring, StockholmSyndrome, Deror avi, Joriki, Lapsed Pacist, Scootey, BD2412, David Levy, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi,
Tim!, Koavf, Jmcc150, Robinspw, Tomtheman5, Messenger88, FlaBot, Computor, Doc glasgow, MacRusgail, Born2cycle, Kurando,
AllyD, Bgwhite, YurikBot, Hairy Dude, Kordas, Bilky asko, Pseudomonas, Howcheng, Nascigl, RUL3R, Alex43223, Deucalionite, BOT-
Superzerocool, Gadget850, Barrymyles, Eurosong, Cwiltshire, Silverhorse, Barryob, Fang Aili, Red Jay, Whobot, Mais oui!, Kungfuadam,
robot, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Iacobus, David Kernow, DarbyAsh, Andrew L (2005), TharkunColl, Mauls, IstvanWolf, Gilliam,
Rakela, Jprg1966, Breadandcheese, Scalpy, Zvar, Huon, Kingdon, Steve Hart, Saulo Paiva, Politis, Parrot of Doom, Andrei Stroe, Ohcon-
fucius, Martinb9999, BrownHairedGirl, Vgy7ujm, J 1982, ML5, Ian Dalziel, Korovio, Jhamez84, Denis Diderot II, Samhook, Dl2000,
Yes0song, Lakers, Joseph Solis in Australia, Richard75, Friendly Neighbour, Aekent, Blue-Haired Lawyer, Ninetyone, NIwebber, Bar-
ber247, Hemlock Martinis, Vaquero100, Cydebot, Lord Loxley, Road Wizard, Jros83, Weggie, Miguel de Servet, Tawkerbot4, Dumb-
BOT, Walgamanus, Henry Dorsett Case, Kirk Hilliard, Thijs!bot, Mojo Hand, Ichthys58, Headbomb, AbcXyz, Oreo Priest, AntiVandal-
Bot, Luna Santin, Darklilac, Mutt Lunker, Gcm, GurchBot, Ryan4314, Magioladitis, Gocanada, Johnelwaq, Alexander Domanda, KCon-
Wiki, Textorus, Lost tourist, Drm310, Ultraviolet scissor ame, Anaxial, Sm8900, CommonsDelinker, DrKay, EdWalker58, Raining girl,
Molly-in-md, Useight, Signalhead, VolkovBot, Unoquha, Alexander Howard, HuskyHuskie, Robert1947, 116redrock, Suriel1981, Can-
tiorix, Neustriano, EmxBot, Caulde, Albanman, Nechaev, WannabeAmatureHistorian, Shirkamisamyogai, Goustien, Alex.muller, Stat-
icGull, Jza84, Lord Kinnaird, Dancingwombatsrule, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, Rumping, Peanut4, Excirial, Alexbot, Howard Alexander,
Fishiehelper2, Shem1805, Peter Laerty 1411, Mattissa, Count Truthstein, Darkicebot, Nick in syd, AndreNatas, WikHead, Jbeans,
Tameamseo, Traquir, Good Olfactory, Lochinvarborder, Jim Sweeney, Yameogo, Addbot, JeanLatore, Protonk, Gtk123, AndersBot,
Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, ZapThunderstrike, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, James500, Xqbot, Sodacan, Ri-
botBOT, SassoBot, Sabrebd, Callainen, FrescoBot, Flatronwide, Pinethicket, JScotia, Moonraker, RedBot, Mediatech492, Wikiain, Cn-
williams, FoxBot, HelenOnline, Lotje, Dinamik-bot, Weedwhacker128, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Pete Hobbs,
ZroBot, GrindtXX, Hogweard, Sonicyouth86, ClueBot NG, Spartacus Marat, PKimage, Kim Traynor, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Kklad-
bill, Andrew Gwilliam, Curb Chain, Lowercase sigmabot, Northamerica1000, Marcocapelle, MrPenguin20, Wreck Smurfy, Dentalplanlisa,
Dvh369, Duke of Welchier, Minsbot, Chip123456, David.moreno72, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Rjg28c, Sparkus Maximus, Soni, Charles
Essie, Mntbat, John F. Lewis, Theos Little Bot, Rob984, Inglok, Theveravee, Bullseye30, Finealt, DDT Fair Trade, CFC Rainforest, CFC
and DDT, Nemoton, Meenmore, Ryanshepherd39, PapaShandy, Laksanthava, BananaBork, NeemNarduni2, GreenC bot, Andrewb16d
and Anonymous: 226

11.2 Images
File:20072union.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/2007%C2%A32union.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
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File:Articles_of_Union_1707.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Articles_of_Union_1707.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: [2] & en-Wikipedia en:Image:Articles_of_Union_1707.jpg (uploaded by en:User:Ceoil Original artist:
Parliament of England
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