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Role of Input in determining the Output

7863
Department of Electrical Engineering,
FAST-NU, Islamabad, Pakistan.
23 Apr 2014

Abstract this document describes the role of input iv. Summing Amp: this type of op amp is not
determining output. Hence here in this topic we shall different but the sum of all inputs. Its output is
discuss about the systems whose outputs will be written in the times negative of ratio of feedback resistor
terms of input or output has some effect of input. In linear
and input resistor, the sum of all inputs [1].
system how output is related to the input.
v. Difference Amp: this is also special type of op
Keywords input determining output, Op amp and its amp in which the output is factor times
special cases, ideal tranformer, sinusoidal steady-state, difference of inputs [1].
transfer function, balanced three phase system vi. Voltage, Current, Inductance in ideal
I. INTRODUCTION transformer: in this type of circuit if there is
voltage as input and output. The output can be
This topic is actually related to whole circuit analysis
or we can say it covers almost wide range of electrical written as times of ratio of the turns of the right
engineering. In circuit analysis almost whole concept is coils to the leftwards input. Also as well we can
depend on the input. Suppose we simply describe KCL that write the current forms. You may consider inputs
the total amount of current in a node is equal to the current such as the inductance in a coil (transformer).
entering and leaving a node or same case with KVL that When you have one loop of coil around one side
voltage within a loop is always equal to zero. Just like ideal op of a big metal square, the output is directly
amp, the inverting amplifier, non inverting amplifier, summing
related to the loops of coils in the other side of
amplifier, difference amplifier, inductance in ideal
transformer, in sinusoidal steady state power calculations, the square. For example, if you have 1 turn of
transfer function in Laplace domain and in balanced three coil at the INPUT, and you had 2 turns of coil at
phase circuits and in more etc. the output, your voltage increases by a ratio of 2.
If you have 3 turns of coil at the input, and have
II. ROLE OF INPUT IN DETERMINING OUTPUT IN 9 turns of coil at the output, your voltage
RESPECTIVE CONCEPTS increases by a multiplication of 3. Other factors
i. Ideal Op Amp: in this type of circuits we play in the mathematics that goes in to the
obtained that the output of circuit is equal to the
voltage out and etc [5].
factor times of input, that is, V output = vii. Sinusoidal steady-state power calculations: in
factorV input .From this we can think of this concept we see the quite good role of input.
those circuits which can be of this type. Suppose we know the V rms or I rms as
Although below we will discuss also other types inputs we can find the whole desired outputs
of circuits [1]. from it. This is obviously in terms of inputs. So
ii. Inverting Amp: this the type of op amp in which we can find the real power, reactive power,
we give input at negative terminal of op amp and complex power and impedances [1].
by applying NVA we get relation of output and viii. Balanced three phase system: same is case here,
input as the negative ratio of feedback resistor in analysis of Wye-Wye circuit with positive
and input resistor. So here is this also clear the sequence; if we have magnitude of source
above concept. The output is some factor times voltage as input we can find magnitudes of phase
input. Also confirmed that we can design those voltages, line currents, phase currents. So you
circuits whose output will be almost like this [1]. will see in examples below how input is really
iii. Non-Inverting Amp: this is also type of op amp related to the outputs. However, in another type
here is this also same concept revising and we circuit we simplify to that circuit till Wye-Wye
can write output times of the ratio of the sum of circuit and we find outputs with same procedure
feedback resistor and source resistor to the [1].
source resistor ,input.
ix. Transfer function: this topic as most important to
define in this concept of role of input
determining output because, as in the
engineering, this is important concept of
responses of input. Although this is also ratio of
the output and input but in transformed domain
which is by Laplace transform. And input is
transfer function times output. A transfer
function is basically a (linear) way of describing
a relationship between an input & output [1][2]
[3][4].
x. Poles and Zeros of function: In this concept we
learn that in Laplace transforms domain input is
actually ratio of the zeros and poles. Hence zeros
and poles tell about the behavior of circuit. The
poles of input must lie in the left half of the s
3. V 1 ,V 2
And all resistors has value of 1ohm
plane if there is R, L, and C because these are
positive values. If input is sinusoidal wave then
V out =V 2 V 1
output will also be sinusoidal wave , that is when
A*cos ( wt + ) is input the output will be
Y ss (t ) = A |H ( jw )| *cos
( wt + +w ) . So here we see the parts A and
cos ( wt + ) is from the input so this is also
example [1].

III. EXAMPLES
1.
R2 4. In ideal transformer we can write impedance
V ou = ( )* V
R1 1 2
matching equation as Z = () a
Z L
V2
Also V 1= and I 1 =a I 2
a

5. An electrical load operates at 220 V rms . The load


absorbs an average power of 10kW at a lagging
2. power factor of 0.8.
So,

V out = - ( 101 kk 2 mV + 102 kk 5 mV )


=- ( 20+25 ) mV
V out = -55mV P = |S| * cos ,
Q= |S| sin ,
* 1000( s 5000)
10 kW H s
|S| = = 12.5kVA s 6000s 25 *10 6
2

0.8
So, 120 * ( 3s 5000)
Q= 12.5 * 0.6 =7.5kVA, Vg s
For I rms 2s 2 50000000
10000 = I rms *220*0.8 Vo s H s *Vg s
I rms =56.81A;
220 IV. REFERNCES
|Z| = =3.87.
56.81
[1] James W. Nilsson, Susan A. Riedel, "Electric Circuits", 6th
6. The circuit shown below has input sinusoidal voltage ed., Addison-Wesley/Pearson Education, 2001.
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function
source is 120cos ( 5000 t+30 ) . Find the output? [3] http://www.control.com/thread/1240206023
[4] http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/econtrolhtml/Mod
el/Model1TF.html
[5] Yahoo.answers

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