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9, SEPTEMBER 1987
I. INTRODUCTION
electrically small or electrically large. In the ensuing analysis the edge ABCD in the metallization and currents are induced
it is assumed that H i s electrically large and will beconsidered due to edge diffraction. These must be included in the
to be infinite. The method of analysis is also valid for antennas analysis. The edge induced currents are important because the
etched on thick, high-c, substrates. However, for the traveling radiation pattern of a slot in an infinite ground plane (i.e.,
wave mode case considered here (i.e., for antennas 3-10 X, without taking the edge ABCD into account) has a null in the
long), experiments have indicated that the main beam is not plane of the conductor. It is shown in Section ILI that the E-
well formed in the end-fire direction in this case, thus limiting plane pattern is governed entirely by the edge induced
its practical utility. currents. The prospective Greens function must be able to
The method of analysis consists of two steps. In the first directly accommodate this important phenomenon. It is seen
step, the tangential component of the electric-field distribution from Fig. 1 that the slotextends as far as the edge ABCD, thus
in the tapered slot, hereafter referred to as the aperture precluding the use of far-field ray scattering theories such as
distribution, is obtained. In the second step, far fields radiated geometrical theoryof diffraction and uniform asymptotic
by the equivalent magnetic current in the slot are obtained by theory [9]. This important near-field scattering is taken into
using an appropriate Greens function. The presence of the account by treating the slot as radiating in the presence of a
dielectric is accounted for in the determination of the aperture conducting half-plane (i.e., the half-plane Greens function is
distribution but is ignored in the second step. used). It can further be shown that the xdirected slot field
The aperture distribution in the tapered slot isdetermined by contributes only to the cross polarizedradiation in either
employing the usual traveling wave antenna assumption that principal plane, and shall not be considered in the subsequent
the aperture distribution is governed predominantly by the development.
propagating modes corresponding to the nonterminated struc- It may also be notedthat a simple analysisbasedon
ture. The effect of the termination of the structure at ABCD approximatelythe currents on themetallization as flowing
canbe incorporated by adding a backward traveling wave. along wires-similar to a V-antenna-and subsequently using
Onerecognizesthat under these conditions, the problem the free space Greens function to find the far fields is not
reduces to finding the field distribution for thecase of a satisfactory. Such a model incorrectly predicts a minimum in
tapered slot line. To accomplish this, the continuous taper is the end-fire direction as the flare angle 2y + 0 (as in a
approximated by means of a number of sections of line of CWSA), whereas the two step procedure described above
uniform width connected endto end. This is illustrated in Fig. correctly predicts an end-fire main beam.
l(b). The slotwavelengthand the characteristic impedance Tai [ 101 has developed theexact theory of infinitesimalslots
vary from section to section in accordance with the slot width. (both one-sided and two-sided) radiating in the presence of a
At this stage, one may use the theory of smallreflections [5] to conducting half-plane. This half-plane Greens function is
get an estimate for the overall reflectioncoefficient arising used in conjunction with theaperture distribution found in step
from reflections from each of the step junctions and from the one to compute the far fields radiated by each uniformsection.
termination. However, itisshownin [6] that for a long Radiation from the entire length is determined by adding the
traveling wave antenna, the backward traveling wave on the contributions from all the sections.
structure does not contribute much to the front lobe. Numeri-
cal studies haveshownthatthe contribution due to the III. FORMULATION
OF THE PROBLEM
backward wave can be ignored whenever L 1 3 &,. The phase distribution in each uniform section in Fig. l(b)
The aperture distribution for the stepped model is found in is the same as that of an equivalent slot line having the same
the followingmanner. Solution to the eigenvalue problemfor a parameters. The slot wavelength A , the characteristic impe-
uniform slot line completely determines the aperture distribu- dance zo, and the slot electric field of a uniform wide slot line
tionineachparallelsection (the slot electric fieldis deter- have been obtained in [7], and [X] by the spectral Galerkins
minedup to a multiplicativeconstant and thisis ofno technique. The power continuity criterion that is enforced at
consequence if one is interested in a uniform slot line alone). the step discontinuityimpliesthat there is no reflection or
To account for the step discontinuity, a powercontinuity radiation at the step junction and, therefore, provides a field
criterion (i.e., constantpowerflowalongtheaxisof the distribution corresponding to a purely propagating wave onthe
tapered line) is enforced at the step junction. This criterion nonterminated (i.e., infinite along the slot) tapered structure.
relatestheundeterminedmultiplicative constants in each Other criteria such as constant voltageacross the slot have also
section, thus yielding the field distribution inthestepped been tried (for the special case of air dielectric LTSA that is
structure corresponding to a forward traveling wave on the treated more rigorously in [6]) but yieldedresults not differing
aperture. It will be shown later that data on the characteristic much from onesobtainedwithpower conservation. The
impedance of a wide uniform slot line are needed to enforce constant power constraint is morephysical in nature and
this criterion. The slot wavelength, the slot electric field, and suggests thatthe nonterminated taperedstructure can support a
the characteristic impedance of a uniform wide slot line on a purelypropagating wave. It recovers the field distribution
low permittivity substrate are obtained in [7], [8] by using the approximately, but very closely, for the E , = 1 antenna treated
Galerkin method in the spectral domain. in [6]. It enables the use of transmission line properties of a
The second step in the analysis is the determination of the uniform slotline in the determination of the field distribution in
fields radiated by the tapered slot using the field distribution the tapered slot.
found in the first step. Termination of the aperture results in The transverse slotfield E; in a uniformslot line is
x
A _
. .
..
.lo60 EEE TRANSACTIONS
ANTENNAS
ON AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-35, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1987
power flow along the slot implies that (6) decays to zero and eo is dominated by the first term.
Further, the first term reduces to the familiar far-field
expression for a slot inan infinite ground plane (except for an
insignificantconstantphase factor). Consequently, the first
term may be labeled the incident field and the second term
where the superscripts denote the section number. Renorma-
the scattered field. The scattered fieldis particularly
lizing the mode coefficients in (1) as per (4) and inserting the
significant for small k,,x. In the E-plane, I$ = and it is seen
phase factor of the propagating slot wave, the z-directed slot
from (6)that the incident field is identically .zero, as expected.
field EL in the ith section is given by
The far field in the E-plane is governed entirely by the
scattered field. The half-plane Greens function correctly
predicts a nonzero field in the E-plane.
The far-zone field E; from the ith section is obtained by
integrating (5) over the ith sectionwith (6) as a kernel.
Radiation from the antenna is obtained by adding up the
Ei ( Z ) contributions from all sections. It can be shown that the result
a (5)
where k l is the propagation constant in the ith section, which for E; can be obtained in a closed form. The result is
must be determined by numerical search such thatEf(x, Z ) E-plane:
is a mode of the uniform slot line corresponding to the ith
section [i]. The mode coefficients ad in the ith section are all
normalized such that af = 1 and all other mode Coefficients
are determined in terms of ai. Equation (5) completely
determines the aperture distribution in the stepped structure
both in magnitude and in phase.
The equivalent magnetic currents in the slot are proportional
to (5) and radiate in thepresence of a conductinghalf-plane, as
described earlier. This half-plane Greens function rigorously
accounts for the near-field scattering by the metallic edge at
JANASWAMY AND SCHAUBERT: ANALYSIS OF TAPERED SLOT ANTENNA
H-plane:
L/Xo = 7.0
27 = 15O
E, = 1.0
+sin (4) [ F * ( q i )- F * ( q f ) ] ]
-Step Approximation
.......TEM Analysis
where E-Plane
0.00 0.00 I I
%
h
v
% -1o.w v
-10.00
L
I a,
W
3
0 a
5
a
W
.-W>
Y
>
13
-0 -
0
-20.00
a, -2o.w
IY
E-Plane &Plane
I I -30.00
9o.00 30.00 60.00 0.00 50.00 6o.m 90.00
-Computed
27 = 14"
= 10.5
/-.
g -10.00
v
L
W
5
a
W
.-
u
7
-
0
a, -20.00
K
&Plane
I I
-so no I I t
....
90.M 60.00 3DM
.) 50.00 wrm
1064 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AhTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. Ap-35, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1987
REFERENCES
.
[l] P. J. Gibson, The Vivaldi aerial, in Proc. 9th European Micro-
wave Conf. Brighton, U.K., 1979, pp. 101-105.
[2] S. N.Prasad and S. Mahapatra,A novelmicslot lineaerial, in
Proc. 9th European Microwave Conf., Brighton, U.K., 1979, pp.
120-124.
[3] T. L. Koneniowski, D. M.Pozar,D.H.Schaubert,and K. S.
Yngvesson, Imaging system at 94 GHz using tapered slot antenna
elements,presentedattheEighthIEEE Int. Cod. Infrared and
Millimeter Waves, Miami Beach, F L , 1983.
[4] K. S. Yngvesson, D.H. Schaubert, T. L. Korzeniowski,E. L.
Kollberg, T. Thungen, and J. F. Johannson,Endfiretaperedslot
antennas on dielectric substrates,ZEEE Trans. Antennas Propgat.,
V O ~AP-33,
. pp. 1392-1400, Dm. 1985.
[5] R. E. Collin, Foundationsfor Microwave Engineering. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1966, ch. 5.
[6] R. Janaswamy, D. H. Schaubert, and D. M. Pozar, Analysis of the
TEM-mode linearly tapered slot antenna, Radio Sci., vol. 21, no. 5,
pp. 797-804, Sept.-Oct. 1986.
[q R. Janaswamyand D. H. Schaubert,Dispersioncharacteristicsfor
wide slot lines on low permittivity substrates, ZEEE Trans. Micro-
wave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-33, pp. 723-726, Aug. 1985.
[8] -, Characteristic impedance of a wide slot lineon low permittivity
-10?, 0 50 IBO - ? I B O ! Z substrates, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-34,
3 = 2.5cm pp. 900-902, Aug. 1986.
E-Plane E-Pkne [9] R. C. Hansen, Ed., Geometric Theory of Diffraction. New York
(d) IEEE Press, 1981.
[lo]. C. T. Tai, Dyadic GreensFunction in EIectromagnetic Theory.
Fig. 8. Pattern dependence on the lateral dimension H . (a) H = 15.2 cm. Scranton, PA: htext Educational Publishers, 1971.
(b) H = 10.2 cm. (c) H = 5.1 cm. (d) H = 2.5 cm. [ l l ] R. Janaswamy, Radiationpattern
analysis of the tapered
slot
antenna, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, 1986.
[I21 R. E. Collin and F. J. Zucker, Eds., Antenna Theory, pt. 2. New
obtained when H = 5.1 cm. There is, however, a broadening York: McGraw-Hill, 1968, chs. 20-22.
of the H-plane beam (compared to the one obtained with a
larger H ). Theoretical studies in this regard are not completed
yet and will be presented in a future paper.
V. CONCLUSION
A theoretical model for the tapered slot antenna is pre-
sented. The model presented is valid for any smooth taper of
the slot. The problem is solved by modeling the slot electric
field and usingthe half-plane Greens function to compute the .~ ,
Ramakrishna Janaswamy was born in Andhra
f
far fields. The aperture field is obtained byeffecting a stepped _
;Pradesh,India, on September 17, 1958. Here-
,. ceivedtheE.Tech.degree (andwas awarded a
approximation to the continuous taper andutilizing the Gold Medal foracademicexcellence)from Re-
uniform width slot line data. gional EngineeringCollege,Warangal,India, in
Numerous comparisons withmeasurement are made to 1981, the M. Tech.degreefromI.I.T. Kharagpur,
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