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Wealth = Md + Bondd
Money: high liquidity, but pays no interest (currency and checkable deposits)
Bond: pays interest but cannot be used for transactions
A persons choice: hold currency or to buy bonds
Trade off between holding money and bonds: liquidity and return
Money demand depends on: (1) level of transactions, (2) interest rate on bonds, (3) other
factors, like transaction cost and liquidity of bonds.
Money demand function: Md = PL(i, Y) (Overall Money Demand)
Money demand positively depends on Y and negatively depends on i.
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The determination of interest rate (I): Supply and demand for currency
The central bank can change money supply by conducting open market operations
(OMO).
If the central bank wants to increase money supply, it will buy bonds. (expansionary)
If the central bank wants to reduce money supply, it will sell bonds. (contractionary)
Considers open market operations in terms of their effect on bond prices. Suppose a
bond promises a payment of F (face value) in one year, PB is the current price of bonds.
Then, interest rate (or rate of return) on this bond is given by
i = (F PB ) / PB
PB =F /(1+ i)
Nominal interest rate and the bond price are inversely related. For example, when the
central bank purchases bonds, it increases the demand for them and tends to increase
their price, which reduces the interest rate.
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The determination of interest rate (II): Supply and demand for Central bank money (H)
Banks receive funds from depositors (individuals and firms) and allow their depositors
to write checks against (or withdraw) their account balances
Demand for central bank money = demand for currency + demand for reserves by banks
Supply of money is controlled by the central bank (H: supply of central bank money)
Equilibrium: H= CUd + Rd
i
H
Hd = CUd + Rd
H
H
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The supply and demand for reserves: Fed fund market
Fed fund market: the market for bank reserves, and federal funds rate is determined.
H = CUd + Rd
H CUd = Rd
Supply of reserves = demand for reserves
Money Multiplier
H = [c + (1 c)]PL(Y, i)
H 1
MS PL (i, Y ) where is the money multiplier
[c (1 c)] [c (1 c)]
The money supply equals central bank money times the multiplier
the central bank can control the money supply by controlling H
c and are assumed to be fixed, 0 < c < 1 and 0 < <1, money multiplier > 1
An increase in central bank money leads to a larger increase in the overall money supply
Assume people hold currency and checkable deposit in the proportion of c and (1 c)
out of the overall demand for money, reserve ration is
Suppose central bank increases H by $1 by buying bonds from Seller 1
Seller 1 gets $1, hold $c as currency and deposit $(1 c) in a checkable account in Bank
A
Bank A keeps $ (1 c) in reserves and buys bonds with $(1 )(1 c) from Seller 2
Seller 2 gets $(1 )(1 c), hold $c(1 )(1 c) and deposits $(1 c)(1 )(1 c)
in a checkable account in Bank B
Bank B keeps $ (1 c)(1 )(1 c) in reserves and buys bonds with $(1 )(1
c)(1 )(1 c) from Seller 3
Seller 3 gets $[(1 )(1 c)]2
H
Total increase in money supply = (overall money supply)
[c (1 c)]
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Example:
Assume people only hold checking account, so c = 0 and = 0.1, so the money
multiplier is 1/
Suppose H increases by 100 by buying bonds from Seller 1
Seller 1 deposit 100 in a checking account in Bank A
Bank A keeps 10 in reserves and buys bonds with 90 from Seller 2
Seller 2 deposit 90 in a checking account in Bank B
Bank A keeps 9 in reserves and buys bonds with 81 from Seller 3
(b) If the Federal Reserve Bank wants to increase i by 10% (from 5 to 15%), at what level
should it set the supply of money?
Let the new money supply be (Ms),
(Ms) = 100 ( 0.25 0.15)
(Ms) = 10
Question 2
A bond promises to pay $100 in one year.
(a) What is the interest rate on the bond if its price today is $75? 85? 95?
PB (1+ i) = 100
Solving for r
When PB = $75, i = 33%
When PB = $85, i = 18%
When PB = $95, i = 5%
(b) What is the relationship between the price of the bond and the interest rate?
Negative
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Question 3
Suppose that a persons yearly income is $80000. Also suppose that her money demand
funciton is given by Md = $Y(0.3 i).
(a) What is her demand for money when the interest rate is 4%? 8%
When i = 0.05, Md = 20800. When i = 0.1, Md = 17600
(b) Describe the effect of the interest rate on money demand. Explain.
Money demand decreases when interest rate increases becauses bonds, which pay interest,
become more attractive.
(c) Suppose that the interest rate is 4%. In percentage term, what happens to the demand for
money if her yearly income is reduced by 50%?
New income = 40000, Md = 10400, that is demand for money drops by 50%.
(d) Suppose that the interest rate is 8%. In percentage terms, what happens to the demand for
money if her yearly income is reduced by 50%?
New income = 40000, Md = 8800, that is the real demand for money falls by 50%.
(e) Summarize the effect of income on money demand. How does it depends on the interest
rate?
A 1% increase (decrease) in income leads to a 1% increase (decerease) in real money
demnad. The effect is independent of the interest rate.
Question 4
Suppose that a persons wealth is $50000 and that her yearly income is 60000. Also suppose
that her money demand funciton is given by Md = Y(0.35 i).
(a) Derive the demand for bonds. What is the effect of an increase in the interest rate by 10%
on the demand for bonds?
BD = 50000 60000(0.35 i). An increase in the interest rate of 10% increases bond
demand by $6000.
(b) What are the effects of an increase in wealth on money and on bond demand? Explain.
An increase in wealth increases bond demand, but has no effect on money demand,
which depends on income.
(c) What are the effects of an increase in income on money and on bond demand? Explain.
An increase in income increases money demand, but decreases bond demand, since we
implicitly hold wealth constant.
(d) When people earn more money, they obviously will hold more bonds. What is wrong
with this sentence?
When people earn more income, this does not change their wealth right away. Thus,
they increase their demand for money and decrease their demand for bonds.
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Chapter 5 Good and Financial Markets: The IS-LM Model
Y
Y** Y*
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The LM curve: Financial market equilibrium
LM curve: it captures the relationship between output and the interest rate such that the
financial market is in equilibrium.
In the money market equilibrium, Real money demand = Real money supply
Ms/P = YL(i)
LM(Ms1/P)
i= 30% i =30% C
C
B
i = 20% E B i = 20% E
D D
A A
i =10% i =10%
Md/P(Y3=3000)
Md/P(Y1=1000) Md/P(Y2=2000)
M/P Y
Y1=1000 Y3=3000
Y2=2000
Factors shifting the LM curve: change in Md/P (due to factors other than Y), Ms/P,
introduction of credit cardetc
Factors affecting the slope of LM: sensitivity of money demand to income and
sensitivity of money demand to interest
LM curve is flatter when sensitivity of money demand to income is lower and sensitivity
of money demand to interest is higher
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Goods market and financial market equilibrium
i
LM(Ms/P)
Y
Y1
Suppose G increases
IS curve shifts out
i2 Interest rate and Y increases.
i1
IS ( G2 , Taxes )
C increases, I may increase or
decrease, Md/P remains unchanged
i
LM( ( Ms1 / P)
Monetary policy: change in Ms/P
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Examples and Problems
Question 1
Consider first the goods market model with constant investment that we saw in Chapter 3:
C = c0 + c1YD and I, G and T are given.
(a) Solve for the equilibrium output. What is the value of the multiplier?
In the goods market equilibrium, Y = c0 + c1(Y T) + I + G = ZZ
Y = [1/ (1 c1)] [c0 + I + G + c1T]
The multiplier is 1/ (1 c1)
Now, let investment depend on both sales and the interest rate: I = b0 + b1Y b2i
(b) Solve for equilibrium output. At a given interest rate, is the effect of a change in
autonomous spending bigger than what it was in part (a)? Why? (Assume c1 + b1 < 1.)
In the goods market equilibrium, Y = c0 + c1(Y T) + I + G = Z
Y = c0 + c1Y c1T + b0 + b1Y b2i + G
Y = [1/ (1 c1 b1)] [c0 c1T + b0 b2i + G]
The multiplier is 1/ (1 c1 b1)
1/ (1 c1 b1) > 1/ (1 c1)
Effect of a change in autonomous spending is bigger than in part (a). An increase in
autonomous spending now leads to an increase in investment as well as consumption.
(c) Solve for the equilibrium output. (Hint: Eliminate the interest rate from the IS and LM
relations.) Derive the multiplier (the effect of a change of one unit in autonomous
spending on output).
M/P = d1Y d2i, rearrange the terms, i = (d1Y M/P) / d2
Substitute i = (d1Y M/P) / d2 into Y = c0 + c1Y c1T + b0 + b1Y b2i + G
Y = c0 + c1Y c1T + b0 + b1Y b2 [(d1Y M/P) / d2] + G
Y = [1/ (1 c1 b1 + b2d1 / d2)] [c0 c1T + b0 + (b2 M/P)/d2 + G]
The multiplier is 1/ (1 c1 b1 + b2d1 / d2)
(d) Is the multiplier you obtained in part (c) smaller or larger than the multiplier you derived
in part (a)? Explain how your answer depends on the parameters in the behavioral
equations for consumption, investment, and money demand.
Comparing 1/ (1 c1) and 1/ (1 c1 b1 + b2d1 / d2),
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