Design of Nut & Bolt

A vehicle or a machine is an assembly of different parts arranged in definite order

& is used to transform energy for doing some useful work. The connection between two
parts can be either temporary or permanent. The temporary joints are 1. Screwed joints
2. Keys, cutter, & pin joints
A screw thread is a form obtained by cutting a continuous helical groove on the
cylindrical surface. The threaded portion engages with a corresponding threaded hole in
the nut or machine part.
Screws have two general purposes
1. To act as fastening to secure one member to other members
2. To transmit power
The first of the se purposes requires strong threads of low efficiency & they should not
be loosened during the service.
Screws used for transmission of power must have a high efficiency so as to reduce
power loss during power transmission.

Bolts: It is a cylindrical bar with an integral head at one end with threads at the other
end. The cylindrical part of the bolt is known as shank.

Forms of bolts: -
Hexagonal- headed bolts various flanges in pressure vessels.
Square headed bolt: - This bolt is generally used when the head is to be
accommodated in a recess. This recess also is made of square shape so that the
bolt is prevented from turning when the nut is screved on or off it. This bolt is
commonly used,
Thickness of the bolt head 0.8 D or D
Width across fats-1.5 D+3mm

When square headed bolt is to be used with its head projecting outside, it is provided
with a neck of square cross section ,which fits into the corresponding square hole in
the adjoining part.
Cylindrical or cheese headed bolt: - This bolt is used when the space for
accommodating the bolt head is comparatively limited or where the use of spanner
for holding is to be avoided . It is commonly used in big ends of connecting rods.
The rotation of the bolt is prevented by means of a pin inserted the shank just below
the head. The projecting part of this pin fits into the corresponding groove in the
adjacent piese.
Cup headed or round headed bolt:- It is provided with the snug forged on the
shank just below the head. It fits into the corresponding recess in the adjucent piece
to prevent rotation of the bolt.
T. headed bolt:- It is used in machine tool tables in which T slots are cut to
accommodate the Tea heads. The neck of this bolt also sometimes square in
section.
Lifting Eye bolt:- It is used as an appliance for lifting heavy machines. It is screwed
inside a threaded hole on the top of the machine.
Top bolt or cap screw:- It is a bolt used as a screw. i.e. screwed into a threaded
hole instead of a nut.[sketch] It is used when it is not possible to accommodate the
nut. It passes loosely through a clear hole in a piece frequent insertion & removal of
the top bolt is likely to damage the threads in the casting. Owing to this
disadvantage,this method of fastening is employed only when parts are not to be
 disconnected very often. Top bolts of various forns of heads similar to those of set
screws are available.
They are used for connecting the cylinder head with a cylinder of an internal combustion
engine.
Shed bolt or stud :- It consist of only a cylindrical shank threaded at both ends. The
length of only a cylindrical shank threaded at both ends. The length of plain portion
depends upon the thickness Of the piece adjoining the nut. The stud is used in place
of bolt when there is insufficient space to accommodate bolt head or to avoid use of
an unnecessarily long bolt studs are commonly used to connect cylinder cover to
engine cylinder. The lower end is screwed into the threaded hole in the casting by
means of a stud driver, which consist of a thick hex gone nut having a partly
threaded hole..
In this case it is not necessary to withdraw the stud when disconnecting the two
pieces & hence the threaded hole does not get damaged. The disadvantage of
tapbolt is overcome by using a stud. [sketch]
Set screws:- A set screw is similar to a tap bolt, but is threaded practically
throughout its length. It is used to prevent relative movement. It is screwed into a
tapped hole. In the piece adjoining the screw head, while its end presses on the
other piece , thus preventing relative rotation or sliding.

Following are the types of screws.

1. Round or cup [sketch]
2. Cylindrical or cheese [sketch]
3. Fillister [sketch]
4. Countersunk [sketch]
5. Rounded countersunk[instrument screw] [sketch]
6. Socket [sketch]
7. Grub screw [sketch]
8. Grub screw without heal [sketch]
9. Coller screw with a square head sketch]/

Ends of set screws, particularly grub screws are made in one of the following
shapes

Nuts :- Nuts are generally in the form of hexagonal or square prisms. Between Hex
& square nuts, the hexagonal is generally given preference. The spanner used for
turning the Nut can have better hold on a square nut than on hexagonal nut, but the
angle through which the spanner will have to be turned to get another hold is only
60 in case of a square nut.

Hexagonal nut:-
1. Height T = D
2. Width across Flat= 1.5D+ 3mm
3. Angle of chamfer=R=1.8 D
Square nut:-
1. Height or thickness=T=D
2. W= 1.5D=3mm
3. Angle of chamfer=30
4. Radium of chamfer=R=2D [aprox]
 Types of nuts for special purpose:-

1. Flanged nut:- This is a hexagonal nut provided with a cylindrical cap at the top
to protect the end of the bolt from corrosion. It also prevent leakage through the
threads.
2. Cap nut:- It is also a hexagonal nut provided with a cylindrical cap at the top to
protect the end of the bolt from corrosion. It also prevents leakage through the
threads.
3. Dome nut:- It is a form of a capnut having a spherical Domeat the top.
4. Cylindrical or capstan nut:- This Nut is cylindrical in shape. Holes are drilled in
the curved surface , for turning it with a tommy bar. Sometimes holes are drilled
in the uppar face . For use of pin spannar for turning it.
5. Ring nut:- It is in the form of a ring provided with slots in the curved surfaces
for a special C spanner . These nuts are generally used in pairs . One nut acting
as a lock nut for other
6. Wing nut:- This nut can be easily operated by the thumb & a finger and is used
where it is required to be adjusted frequently. It is used in a hacksaw.
7. Washers:- A washer is cylindrical piece of metal placed below the nut to provide
smooth bearing surface for the nut to turn on. It spreads the pressure of the nut
from cutting into the metal & thus allows the nut to be screwwd on more tightly.
Dia of washer=2D=3mm
Thickness= 0.12D
Angle of chart= 30
8. Locking arrange merts for nuts:- Due to vibrations in the moving parts , There
is always a tendancy for the nuts to get slack & to screw of the bolts slightly. The
connected parts might get loose, & lead to serious breakdown. It is therefore
desirable to secure the nut in some way so as to prevent it from getting loose.
Lock nut or check nut:- This nut is used along with an ordinary nut. It is
chamfered on both the hexagonal faces. Proper functioning of lock nut is in of
case A but due to anavailability of small thickness spanner case B is adopted.
Sometimes compromise is made by using two nuts of uniform thickness equal
to 0.8 times the diameter of the bolt. As the top nut practically takes the whole
load, thick nut should be there at the top.
Nut with split pin:- Split pin is made from a steel wire of semicircular cross
section, bent as shown. It is inserted in a hole drilled in the bsc 8 that it bears
on the top face of the nut, thus prevently it from turning. The split pin is also
used in conjuction with special nuts designed for the purpose.
Slotted nut:- It is a Hexagonal nut with slots cut in the upper end. A split pin is
inserted through the slot which comes in line with. This nut is used in the ball
joint end in king pin of axle.
Castle nut:- Slots are cut in a cylindrical collar provided on the top of the nut.
These nuts are widely used in automobile & locomotive engine. Where they are
subjected to sudden shocks & vibrations
Sawn nut or wiles nut:- This is a hexagonal nut with a slot cut half way across
it. A cap screw is passed through a clear hole in upper part & screwed into a
tapped hole in lower part. On tightening the screw the friction between the
 thread in upper part & that in the bolt increases & prevents slackening of the
bolt.
Simmonds lock nut:- A collar is provided at the upper end of the hexagonal
nut & a fibre ring is fitted inside it. The internal diameter of the ring is less than
the core diameter of the bolt. The end of the bolt, on reaching the ring, cuts its
own thread in the ring when the nut is screwed on. The thread gives a greetar
grip over the bolt thread thus preventing the slackening.
Spring washer:- A single coiled springor a double coiled spring placed under
the nut as a washer , offers stiff resis tance when compressed by tightening of
the nut & keeps the thread in the nut gripped eith the thread on the bolt.
Nylock nut:- This nut is having a nylon rubber & when tigentened the nylon ring
compresses & gives more grip
Circlip [Retaining ring]:- This circlip is used to prevent the axial movement of
parts inside it. This acts as a locking & retains the parts in assy.