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Secular Outlook

May 2015

The New Neutral


Revisited
ACTIVE INVESTING FOR THE
SECULAR HORIZON
There are reasons to be cautiously
optimistic about the outlook of the
global economy. This is one of the
distillations from our Secular Forum
in May in which PIMCOs investment
professionals gathered to review and
assess the landscape of the global
economy, financial markets, economic
policy, and geopolitical flashpoints.
Our goal was to develop a construct
that the firm can use over the next
three to five years to navigate global
markets and invest wisely on behalf of
our clients. Among other things, we
revisited our theses of The New Neutral
and The New Normal.
2 May 2015 Secular Outlook

AUTHORS
Andrew Balls
Chief Investment Officer,
Revisiting our views
Global Fixed Income

Richard Clarida
is one of the factors
that makes our Secular
Global Strategic Advisor

Daniel Ivascyn
Group Chief
Investment Officer
Forum such an integral
2015 SECULAR FORUM:
part of our investment
process, as it has been
GUEST SPEAKERS
Our distinguished speakers bring fresh
perspectives to challenge our internal expertise.
Nobel laureate economists, policymakers, and

for more than 30 years.


historians have all injected valuable insights into
our discussions over the years, providing a
multi-dimensional perspective. This forums
speakers were:

Dr. Anat Admati


Professor of Finance and Economics
at Stanford
Another reason is that we challenge and refresh our thinking by inviting and engaging with
Robert Arnott
Founder and Chairman of Research distinguished guest speakers. This years list (shown in the sidebar) included Jean-Claude
Affiliates, a subadvisor to PIMCO Trichet, Leon Panetta and others, and we also benefited from the active participation of
Dr. Ben Bernanke PIMCO advisors Ben Bernanke, Mike Spence and Gene Sperling, and from three superb
Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve,
PIMCO Senior Advisor
presentations from our class of new MBAs and PhDs.
Dr. Gary Gorton
Professor of Management and Finance
We began the forum on May 18 knowing we would need to answer several big questions to
at Yale get our secular call right:
Leon Panetta
Former U.S. Secretary of Defense and The global economy is living with leverage and has required six-sigma doses of
Central Intelligence Agency Director
unconventional monetary policy to generate sluggish, one-sigma growth. Will this continue
Jean-Claude Trichet and, if it does, is it sufficient to keep the system going? If so, what is the destination? If not,
Former President of the European
Central Bank what are the consequences?
Dr. Daniel Yergin
Pulitzer Prize-Winning Author and Leading Can the post-crisis global financial system support the credit intermediation required to fund
Expert on Energy and Geopolitics the New Normal global economy? What are the trade-offs between a safer system and less
liquid markets?

Has the left-tail risk of global deflation been clipped? What is the right-tail risk of the policies
deployed to avoid it?

Chaos in the Middle East and confrontation in Ukraine have been taken in stride by markets
and the global economy, but can this continue? Or are markets too complacent?
May 2015 Secular Outlook 3

Context and initial conditions


As is the case at any PIMCO Secular In order to defuse problems
Forum, we have three choices: reaffirm and risks, avoid falling into
our existing secular thesis, refine that
thesis or if circumstances warrant the middle income trap,
replace that thesis. The New Neutral and achieve modernization,
thesis that emerged from the 2014 China must rely on
PIMCO Secular Forum foresaw a multi-
speed world of economies converging to development, and
modest trend growth trajectories. We development requires an
also described an ongoing overhang of appropriate growth rate. At
public and private global leverage, the
potential for the U.S. economy to the same time, Chinas
surprise on the upside, monetary economic development has
divergence between countries escaping entered a New Normal
the zero bound and those remaining
stuck there, and a re-regulated global Or consider this observation by Federal
financial system that is potentially safer Reserve Chair Janet Yellen speaking at
but offers less dynamic growth and The New Normal for Monetary Policy
provides less liquidity to markets. research conference hosted by the
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
We concluded then that for the next
on March 27, 2015:
three to five years we will be living in a
New Neutral world in which monetary
policymakers will set short-term interest The equilibrium real federal
rates at levels below, in many cases well funds rate is at present well
below, the rates that prevailed before the
below its historical average
global financial crisis. We saw The New
Neutral thesis as the natural evolution of and is anticipated to rise only
The New Normal construct that PIMCO gradually over time as the
introduced in 2009. But whereas The
various headwinds that have
New Normal described a two-speed
world of a global economy recovering restrained the economic
from crisis and facing a headwind of recovery continue to abate. If
de-leveraging, The New Neutral refined
incoming data support such
that thesis to apply to a multi-speed
world of countries converging to slower a forecast, the federal funds
trend growth trajectories while living rate should be normalized,
with leverage, but doing so only with the
but at a gradual pace.
support of monetary policy rates set at
historically low, New Neutral levels.
In her comments, Chair Yellen refers to
the equilibrium federal funds rate,
Since our last forum, The New Normal/
which is her term to describe what we
New Neutral construct has been
and others have called the neutral
adopted by policymakers and, in some
monetary policy rate. What do markets
cases, priced into financial markets. For
price in for this equilibrium rate, and
example, here is Chinese Premier Li
how has this pricing evolved over time?
Keqiang speaking at the National
Peoples Congress in Beijing on
March 5, 2015 (emphasis added):
4 May 2015 Secular Outlook

The chart shows the implied yield on growth rates, a view now shared by the participate in a global financial system
the December 2018 eurodollar futures International Monetary Fund, which, in that is better capitalized than before the
contract, one proxy for where the its most recent world economic outlook, crisis, and perhaps less vulnerable to a
market expects the Feds policy rate to materially marked down its estimates of systemic run, but understand that it
end up when the next rate hike cycle potential growth in both developed and offers less liquidity to investors and
has concluded. In January 2014 this emerging economies. We also see a appears more susceptible to flash
proxy for the terminal policy rate was global economy that is no longer crashes and vapor locks as the global
about 4%, almost spot on with the old restrained by private sector de-levering balance sheet available for market-mak-
neutral idea that the Fed should but, instead, is learning to live with ing shrinks.
anchor policy at a rate equal to the sum record levels of public and private debt
of the 2% inflation target and the esti- without a cushion that would be pro- For all these reasons, we continue to
mated old neutral real rate of interest, vided by more rapid growth or higher believe that we are now, and will be for
which was thought to be 2%. Since inflation than we foresee. some time, operating in a New Neutral
then, the implied yield on this world in which central banks will be
December 2018 futures contract has While the left-tail threat of deflation in constrained to set policy rates at levels
declined steadily and, at close to 2.5%, Japan and the eurozone has diminished well below those that prevailed before
is right in the middle of the range we due to six-sigma QE programs put in the crisis. In the eurozone and Japan,
estimate for The New Neutral. place by the European Central Bank and where we expect neutral real policy
the Bank of Japan (and in the case of the rates to be negative over most if not all
Whats ahead: A New Neutral ECB an additional negative interest of our secular horizon, we judge both
baseline scenario program in which banks are charged for the ECB and the BOJ leadership to be
In some important respects, our baseline the excess reserve balances on deposit at all in in their attempts to reflate their
views on the secular outlook have not the central bank), we do not in our economies and to be willing to con-
materially changed since the previous baseline foresee an imminent rise in tinue unconventional monetary poli-
PIMCO Secular Forum in May 2014. We prices toward the 2% inflation targets cies for as long as it takes to move as
continue to see a multi-speed world of these central banks aim to achieve. close as possible to their 2% inflation
economies converging to modest trend Regarding financial markets, we targets. What about the Fed? As

The Implied Future Fed Policy Rate Has Declined to a New Neutral Level
December 2018 eurodollar interest rate futures contract implied policy rate

Percent (%)

4.5
Old Neutral = 4%
4.0

3.5
Market has re-priced to New Neutral level

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15

Source: Bloomberg as of 29 May 2015


May 2015 Secular Outlook 5

Six trends driving Six key tail risks to


global markets the secular trends
discussed earlier, the markets have fully Converging to New Normal potential 1 With trend growth rates and
1
priced in a New Neutral path of Fed growth rates in developed and inflation modest, policy rates low,
emerging economies. public balance sheets bloated and
policy rate normalization, and on May
public debt high, few countries would
22, in the same week as our forum, have room to maneuver to deploy
2 Evolving to a re-regulated, better
Chair Yellen said it could take several capitalized global banking system. countercyclical policy were the global
years for the Fed to complete the forth- economy to go into recession within
coming rate hike cycle once it finally Moving from energy scarcity to the next five years.
3
commences, most likely later this year. energy abundance unlocked by the
The Fed would also like to shrink its shale revolution. 2 The re-regulated, better capitalized
global banking system allocates little
balance sheet by allowing mort-
Accelerating from deflation and of its balance sheet to making
gage-backed securities to prepay and 4
toward targeted 2% inflation in the markets, resulting in greater
Treasuries to mature without replacing likelihood of flash crashes, air pockets
major economies.
them with new purchases in the sec- and trading volatility.
ondary market. That is the plan. But as Shifting (a nascent trend) from a
5
we discussed at length during our global savings glut supported by 3 The trend away from energy scarcity
forum, we do not think the Feds bal- lower commodity prices and toward and toward energy abundance
ance sheet is on autopilot. The Feds narrowing global imbalances amid creates big losers as well as winners
stronger global demand, which will and is only a net positive for global
objective is to sustain economic expan-
depend to some extent on whether demand if the winners boost in
sion and bring inflation up to the 2% consumption offsets the losers cut in
China can succeed in making the
target. It would like to do this in tan- middle income transition. consumption and capital spending.
dem with shrinking its balance sheet as
it gradually normalizes short-term Implementing (another nascent 4 Geopolitical conflicts have thus far
6
interest rates, but if the former were to trend) better economic policy in key been taken in stride by markets, but
cause long-term yields to spike, we emerging economies (China, India) disaster risk is to some extent
as well as key developed economies priced into financial assets today and
judge that the Fed would, if necessary,
(eurozone, Japan) with at least the is a source of volatility and downside
recalibrate the pace of balance sheet risk to equity prices and credit
possibility of future breakthroughs
normalization so as not to compromise spreads and upside potential to
in U.S. economic policy
its dual mandate objectives. (immigration, oil exports, trade Treasury and Bund prices.
promotion authority).
Trends to follow, tails to hedge 5 The distribution of global inflation
After hearing from our invited speakers outcomes has a right tail as well as a
and following a robust internal discus- left tail; over our five-year horizon, a
breakout of inflation to the upside of
sion among PIMCO investment profes-
central bank inflation targets is not
sionals, our Investment Committee met as unlikely as many seem to assume.
the morning after the forum to com-
pare notes and to assess agreement on A trend is called nascent for a
6
key themes. As we did so, a conceptual reason there is a risk it does not
framework began to emerge, one that develop and there is risk to our
recognizes six key trends that are likely optimistic baseline that foresees
better economic policy in key
to define the global opportunity set
emerging and developed economies
available to investors and the returns
and the possibility of future
they can expect over a secular horizon. breakthroughs in U.S. economic
policy over our secular horizon.
However, while we believe identifying There remains a tail risk of political
and investing in these secular trends polarization in the eurozone and/or
will be necessary to succeed, it will a British exit from the European
likely not be sufficient to deliver robust Union. In China, the planned
reforms are ambitious, but success is
returns in the global economy and
not assured, and capital account
markets as they evolve. Investors will liberalization in particular will be
need to identify and hedge against six challenging to accomplish in the time
important secular tails as well. frame announced.
6 May 2015 Secular Outlook

INVESTMENT IMPLICATIONS reflation in the eurozone, core European identify should support corporate earn-
country yields are secularly rich but ings and, as with corporate credit, the
Our 2015 Secular Outlook is a continua-
cyclically may be subject to periods secular trends provide a framework for
tion of The New Normal/New Neutral,
of downward pressure including ECB picking winners by region and sector. In
but valuations have changed. A year
QE, sluggish growth and the risk of emerging markets, we will look for
ago, markets were pricing in central
political fragmentation. opportunities to invest in countries with
bank policy rates above the levels
improving growth profiles and economic
implied by our New Neutral framework Corporate credit governance reforms and see the poten-
for the next three to five years. Today, Corporate credit market valuations tial for EM equity outperformance.
markets have fully priced in The New remain well-supported by solid funda-
Neutral and in some cases there may be mentals, and we are generally positive Commodities
insufficient risk premium. The New on the secular credit outlook given the The commodity supercycle is over, as is
Neutral remains an anchor for fixed favorable longer-term trends we identify. the correction due to the supply
income valuations, but we expect to Still, credit market valuations, while response over the last couple of years, in
maintain a cautious stance on devel- broadly fair, are certainly not cheap. We our view. Although commodity prices
oped country duration in our portfo- will continue to look to our credit port- are unlikely to see big swings over the
lios. The six global trends we identify folio management and research special- secular horizon, they will continue to
suggest the baseline of a gradual rise in ists for bottom-up alpha-generating play their role as a portfolio diversifier
yields/re-establishment of term premia security selection, while guided by our and inflation hedge. Another implication
in global fixed income markets. The six overall secular framework. is that headline inflation should more
risks suggest that this will be a slow and, closely track core inflation, affording
most likely, bumpy secular journey. Managing liquidity greater clarity to central banks in their
Making sure that we are paid appropri- inflation targeting.
Inflation-protected securities ately for liquidity and managing liquid-
In the U.S., the major developed country ity in our portfolios will remain Emerging markets
that is the furthest advanced in its important secular considerations across In emerging markets, we will continue
post-crisis normalization, we remain the board and notably in credit markets. to stress country-by-country analysis
concerned that the market is pricing in We are operating in a less risky world in and active management over acronyms.
insufficient risk premium for the terms of leverage in the banking system Compared with developed country fixed
impending Federal Reserve tightening and, at the global level, with a far smaller income markets, emerging markets offer
cycle. The New Neutral framework shadow banking system. However, a attractive secular valuations in a number
provides an anchor but not a ceiling in by-product of increased regulation and of cases, in spite of cyclical headwinds.
terms of our expectations for Fed policy lower leverage is that banks/brokerages
rates. While we expect an elongated are less able to function as market mak- Currencies
economic cycle and growth close to ers. We anticipate ongoing periods of On currencies, in our secular outlook a
potential, the two-sided risks we identify market volatility that investors must be year ago we identified the potential for
on inflation reinforce caution on nomi- prepared for and that, in turn, will offer U.S. dollar appreciation given the U.S.s
nal interest rate duration and also mean opportunities for active managers when leading position among the major
that we continue to favor U.S. TIPS volatility pushes securities prices away developed country economies in The
(Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities) from the underlying fundamentals. New Neutral multi-speed world. Given
as a source of valuable inflation hedging the substantial moves since then, with
at reasonable prices. Equities the U.S. dollar some 15% stronger on a
Our New Neutral rate expectations broad trade-weighted index, expecta-
European bonds support a relatively constructive view on tions for further dollar appreciation
European bond yields have been driven equities. Low discount rates, recovering must be far more modest. But we con-
to very low levels by a combination of but muted inflation and a drawn-out tinue to expect some further gradual
cyclical concerns of deflation risk, business cycle argue for positive equity appreciation of the U.S. dollar, particu-
anticipation of scarcity in the face of performance even at what are cur- larly with the Federal Reserve set to be
ECB QE and concerns over the stability rently full valuations from a historical the first major central bank to embark
of Europes monetary union. Based on perspective. The global trends we on a New Neutral tightening cycle.
our expectations of mild and gradual
May 2015 Secular Outlook 7

Active management Summary: A cautious stance


Valuations across markets that look fair Our secular outlook rests on the expec-
and, in some cases, stretched underline tation that central banks will remain
the need for realistic asset market return accommodative and supportive of
expectations. Extraordinary policy growth. Policy rates will remain low,
actions by central banks have worked in and we expect the ECB and the BOJ to
part by pulling forward future returns remain active in promoting reflation. In
and are now embedded in todays prices. the U.S., while the Fed will gradually
In this environment, alpha generated by tighten policy, desire to shrink the
active managers will be an even more balance sheet will be weighed against
important part of total return as pro- desire to avoid tightening financial
spective returns across all asset classes conditions too much. While we expect
are likely to be much lower than long- convergence toward potential growth
term averages. Investors who pursue a rates, and longer business cycles than
full opportunity set and emphasize the historical norm, caution is war-
flexibility to access the best global alpha ranted to the degree that low policy
opportunities should be well-rewarded rates, expanded central bank balance
in The New Neutral environment. sheets and high government debt levels
mean there is limited scope for policy-
Alternative assets makers to respond aggressively in the
In addition to alpha generation in face of business cycle downturns or
active benchmark strategies, absolute shocks to investor confidence.
return strategies, including a suite of
alternative products, may provide a We see market valuations across fixed
way to exceed these New Normal income and equity markets as broadly
return expectations. In addition, we reasonable and, in our baseline, expect
anticipate a growing role for private improving economic fundamentals to
credit vehicles for long-term investors support valuations for riskier assets.
looking to harvest identifiable credit But there is a danger that an ongoing
and liquidity premia. low-yield and low-return environment
will encourage excessive risk taking as
investors reach for yield to try and
maintain old normal return targets.
This was a risk we sought to protect our
clients against in the run-up to the 2008
global financial crisis, and we will be on
guard again over the next few years.

We expect there will be ample opportu-


nities over the secular horizon for
PIMCO, as an active manager, to
deliver returns and manage risk on
behalf of our clients. In a New Neutral
Extraordinary policy world of ongoing and considerable
central bank influence on asset prices
actions by central and the potential for periods of height-
banks have worked in ened volatility, it will be critical to get
part by pulling forward right not only the macro calls, but also
the implementation of investment
future returns. strategy in all PIMCO portfolios.
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