Furiassi - False Anglicisms in Italian

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False Anglicisms in Italian
International Scientific Publisher

Cristiano Furiassi
Polimetrica
2010 Polimetrica S.a.s.

Corso Milano, 26
20052 Monza Milano
Phone ++39. 039.2301829
Web site: www.polimetrica.com
ISBN 978-88-7699-203-2 Printed Edition

ISBN 978-88-7699-204-9 Electronic Edition
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free
access.
This book is published according to the terms of Polimetrica B License.
Polimetrica B License gives anyone the possibility to distribute the
contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the
publisher are always recognised and mentioned as such. It does not allow
use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit.
Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the
contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other
means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the
authors property.
Stampato con il contributo dellUniversit degli Studi di Torino,

Dipartimento di Scienze del Linguaggio e Letterature Moderne e
Comparate.
To my parents and sister
10 Table of Contents
3.4 The Human Rights Approach ........................................................ 58

Table of Contents
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.

Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives
Foreword for Governing Family and Humanitarian
................................................................................................... 11
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Preface ....................................................................................................... 13
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 17
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
1. Defining and Classifying False Anglicisms ......................................... 19
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
1.1 A Critical Survey of the Literature ................................................... 19
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
1.2 A Definition of False Anglicisms ..................................................... 34
5.1.3
Colombia:
A LitmusIncluding Emigrants
Test for Detecting in Their
False Societies
Anglicisms of Origin ....... 101
................................. 36
Urs Watter
1.4 A Classification of False Anglicisms ................................................ 38
5.11.4.1
StateAutonomous
Interest and Responsibility
Compounds (AC) ................................................ 39
towards
1.4.2 their Citizens
Autonomous Living Abroad
Derivatives ........................................... 102
(AD) ................................................ 40
1.4.3 Compound Ellipses (CE) .......................................................... 41
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
1.4.4 Clippings (C) ............................................................................ 43
5.31.4.5 Semantic
Migration PolicyShifts
and(SS)Ethics ................................................................
......................................................... 10644
1.4.5.a Metonymic Shifts ..............................................................46
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia
1.4.5.b Metaphoric ...................................................... 108
Shifts .............................................................. 47
1.4.5.c Meronymic Shifts ..............................................................
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109 47
1.4.6 Eponyms (E) ............................................................................ 48
5.61.4.7
Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
Toponyms (T) ..........................................................................11249
1.4.8 Generic Trademarks (GT) ........................................................ 50
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
1.5 Other Phenomena Related to False Anglicisms ................................ 52
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
1.5.1 Functional Shifts ...................................................................... 53
1.5.2 Hybrid Anglicisms ................................................................... 53
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
1.6 False
Barry Anglicisms and False Friends .................................................. 55
Halliday
C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

Monza/Italy
8 Cristiano Furiassi False Anglicisms in Italian
3.4Mediated
1.7 The Human Rights
False Approach
Anglicisms ........................................................ 58
............................................................... 58
3.5The
1.8 Conclusion
Origins ......................................................................................
of False Anglicisms ......................................................59 59
Bibliography
1.9 .........................................................................................
Attitudes towards False Anglicisms ..................................................60 64
1.10 The Spread of False Anglicisms in European Languages ................... 65
Reflections
1.11 on of
The Impact Recent
False Migration
Anglicisms Policies
on the English Language ................. 68
1.12 False Anglicisms in the Language Contact Scenario ...................... 71
Laura Zanfrini
2. Lexicography, Corpus Linguistics and False Anglicisms .................. 77
2.1 Electronic Resources......................................................................... 77
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
2.1.1 Electronic Dictionaries ............................................................. 78
Migration:
2.1.2 Labour
Computer Migration
Corpus but not Workers
Lexicography Migration ............. 73
.............................................. 79
2.2 Lexicographic Products .................................................................... 82
4.42.2.1 General
Selective Dictionaries
Policies and the.................................................................
Brain Drain............................................ 87 82
2.2.2 Dictionaries of Foreign Words and Neologisms ...................... 85
2.3 The Lexicographic Approach to False Anglicisms ........................... 86
Bibliography .........................................................................................
2.3.1 The Inadequacy of General Dictionaries ..................................97 86
2.3.2 The Limitations of Dictionaries of Foreign Words and
5. Colombia: Including
Neologisms Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
....................................................................................... 88
Urs Watter
2.4 Language Corpora ............................................................................ 91
5.12.4.1
StateItalian Newspaper
Interest Corpora....................................................... 95
and Responsibility
2.4.1.atheir
towards The Citizens
La RepubblicaLiving Corpus
Abroad................................................
........................................... 10296
2.4.1.b The HF Corpus ..................................................................97
5.22.4.2
Applied Ethics
English ..............................................................................
Corpora 104
....................................................................... 98
2.4.3 Italian Newspaper Archives ...................................................
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 100
2.4.4 Web Corpora .......................................................................... 100
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
2.5 The Corpus-Based Approach to False Anglicisms ......................... 101
5.52.5.1
Colombia nos the
Exploring une La......................................................................
Repubblica Corpus .....................................109 102
2.5.1.a Orthographic Complexity ................................................
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112 102
2.5.1.b Morphological Variation .................................................105
2.5.1.c Prototypicality
5.7 Challenges .................................................................114
.................................................................................... 106
2.5.2 Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Based Approach ........ 107
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
2.6 The Corpus-Driven Approach to False Anglicisms ........................ 107
2.6.1Together
Working Exploitingfor thetheHFWell-being
Corpus ......................................................
of Migrants ........................... 119 108
2.6.1.a
Barry Halliday Intersecting Word Lists ................................................... 108

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Table of Contents 9
3.4 The Human

2.6.1.b Rights Grapheme
Recurrent Approach ........................................................
Combinations ................................109 58
2.6.1.c Merging the Methods ......................................................110
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
2.6.2 Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Driven Approach ....... 111
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.7 Lexicographic and Corpus Linguistics Criteria .............................. 112
4.2.8
TheThe FinalofWord
Ethics List........................................................................ 113
Migration.
Reflections
2.9 on Recent
Quantifying MigrationinPolicies
False Anglicisms the Italian Language ................... 117
3. ALaura
Dictionary
Zanfriniof False Anglicisms in Italian (DFAI) .......................... 119
3.1
4.1Introduction.....................................................................................
Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour ..119 65
3.2
4.2The Audience
Initiatives for..................................................................................
Governing Family and Humanitarian 119
Migration: Labour
3.3 Macrostructure Migration but not Workers Migration .............121
................................................................................ 73
4.3Microstructure
3.4 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ..................................122
................................................................................. 82
4.43.4.1 Spelling
Selective ..................................................................................
Policies and the Brain Drain............................................123 87
3.4.2 Pronunciation ......................................................................... 124
4.53.4.3
EqualGrammar
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................124
................................................................................ 90
3.4.4 Typology
Bibliography ................................................................................ 125
......................................................................................... 97
3.4.5 Date ........................................................................................ 126
3.4.6 Mediating Language............................................................... 126
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
3.4.7 Frequency ............................................................................... 126
Urs3.4.8
Watter
Usage Domain ........................................................................ 128
5.1 StateDefinition
3.4.9 Interest and ...............................................................................
Responsibility 129
3.4.10 Collocation ...........................................................................
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 130
3.4.11 Italian Synonym ................................................................... 130
5.23.4.12
Applied EthicsTranslation
English ..............................................................................
Equivalent ............................................104 130
3.4.13 Cross Reference ...................................................................
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 131
3.4.14 Example ............................................................................... 131
3.5 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......................................... 132
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
Dictionary ................................................................................................ 135
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
Conclusion ............................................................................................... 215
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ............................................................................................ 219
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy

Foreword
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura Zanfrini
Dr 4.2 Initiatives study

Furiassis for Governing
is the Familyimpressive and Humanitarian
result of seven years of
Migration: Labour Migration
painstaking work. He was inspired by but nottheWorkers
research Migration
undertaken .............
by 73 his
teacher and Guest
4.3 From colleague,
Workers Virginia
to UnwelcomePulcini,Guests who has studied the impact
.................................. 82
of English on the Italian language from at least 1994, and by the
publication of the results of my major research project on Anglicisms
in 16
4.5European languages
Equal Opportunity and(Grlach 2001, 2002a,................................
Denied Opportunities 2002b, 2003). 90
Dr Furiassi .........................................................................................
Bibliography has, with great insight and diligence, taken up the 97
opportunity of investigating a topic, which was covered in my
Dictionary
5. Colombia: of Including
EuropeanEmigrants Anglicismsin(DEA), but did of
Their Societies notOrigin
receive major
....... 101
attention. However,
Urs Watter he was able to use the DEA data for Italian as a
starting point, checking the correctness of entries and supplementing
the5.1 State Interest
evidence and Responsibility
(especially for the post-1995 period). He also added
towards their Citizens
statistical research methods Living Abroadanalysis,
in corpus ...........................................
which provided 102 him
with5.2contexts, dates..............................................................................
Applied Ethics and token frequencies features largely absent 104
from the DEA, since this is based on informants judgments rather
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
than corpora.
He Migration
5.4 has carefully
Policydefined
in Colombia the term false Anglicism, making108
...................................................... use
of a comprehensive survey of earlier research and has classified the
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
types according to morphological and semantic criteria; he has also
5.6 Alianza
achieved Pas ..................................................................................
convincing decisions on the thorny problems of what 112
makes (natively ....................................................................................
5.7 Challenges unrecorded) compounds and divergent meanings 114
evidenced by the Italian items conspicuous enough to qualify as
Bibliography
false Anglicisms. .......................................................................................
His venturing into corpus attestations is valuable, 116
since he is able to explore the potentials and limitations of this
approach.
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4 TheAnglicisms
False Human Rights Approach
have a great........................................................
many different sources, ranging 58
from3.5incompetent speakers/writers practice to sophisticated word-
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
play produced by fully bilingual users; he has largely left this field
forBibliography ......................................................................................... 60
further exploration.
The main section of his book, the Dictionary of False Anglicisms
4. The
in ItalianEthics of Migration.
(DFAI), is done very carefully, giving all the linguistic
Reflections
information one on Recent
could Migration
wish for,Policies including detailed definitions,
collocations and translations into proper English as well as
Laura Zanfrini
felicitous quotations.
TheRestrictive
4.1 results here
Policiespublished will have
and Structural Demand some for relevance
Immigrant Labour for contact.. 65
linguistics, lexicography and language
teaching. They illustrate a
fascinating facetLabour
Migration: of verbal culturebutinnot
Migration a globalizing
Workers Migration world. .............
It is hoped 73
that his research will continue in this field and that similar studies
will4.3beFrom Guest Workers
undertaken for other to Unwelcome
DEA languages: Guestsresults
..................................
would then help 82
to place the Italian
4.4 Selective situation
Policies and the into
Braina contrastive light.
Drain............................................ 87
June 14th 2010 ......................................................................................... 97
Bibliography
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies ofManfred Grlach

Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy

Preface
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura Zanfrini
Have4.2 you
Initiatives
ever metfor Governing
a recordman? Family and Humanitarian
Have you ever gone footing? Have
you ever played basket? Have you not
Migration: Labour Migration but everWorkers
read a Migration
novel with .............
a happy 73
end?4.3Have you ever
From Guest Workers mettothe mister ofGuests
Unwelcome your ..................................
favorite soccer team? 82
Have you ever broken the carter of your bike? Have you ever seen a
car hit a new jersey? Have you ever used a ticket restaurant? Well, if
you4.5areEqual
a native speakerand
Opportunity of Denied
English, probably you
Opportunities do not even know
................................ 90
what I am talking
Bibliography about. These questions include words, such 97
......................................................................................... as
recordman, footing, basket, happy end, mister, carter, new jersey,
and ticket restaurant,
5. Colombia: Including Emigrantswhich most ItalianSocieties
in Their speakers believe
of Origin .......to101be
purely English
Urs Watter and used in English but that a native speaker of
English would not consider part of his/her own language and
5.1 State
would Interest
neither and Responsibility
understand nor use. These lexical items are false
Anglicisms, coinages thatLiving
towards their Citizens are Abroad ...........................................
increasingly found in the Italian 102
language and Ethics
5.2 Applied that might sound alien if used in an English-speaking
.............................................................................. 104
environment, at least in certain contexts.
The existence of false Anglicisms is just another example of the
important role that
5.4 Migration PolicyEnglish has today.
in Colombia Indeed, lexical borrowings 108
...................................................... and
calques from English have become part of the Italian vocabulary and
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
are constantly increasing in number. Also new coinages that
5.6 Alianza
resemble Pas ..................................................................................
English words are frequently used by Italian speakers. This 112
is 5.7
dueChallenges
to the fact that English-sounding and/or English-looking
.................................................................................... 114
words have a positive cultural connotation.
Bibliography .......................................................................................
This book provides a systematic lexicological framework and116 an
ad hoc lexicographic reference tool on false Anglicisms useful not
Working
only Together for
to linguists, but the also Well-being
to Italianof Migrants
speakers, ...........................
Italian learners119 of
Barry Halliday
English, translators, journalists, and native speakers of English. It

Monza/Italy
3.4 Thethe
analyzes Human Rights Approach
phenomenon of false........................................................
Anglicisms in Italian, which has 58
so 3.5
far Conclusion
received only fragmentary attention from linguists. One aim59is
......................................................................................
to address the descriptive problems that scholars face when dealing
withBibliography .........................................................................................
false Anglicisms. The other aim is to illustrate the 60
methodological issues involved in the retrieval and study of false
4. The Ethics Both
Anglicisms. of Migration.
concerns have led to the compilation of a
Reflections
dictionary of falseon Recent
AnglicismsMigration Policies
in Italian.
The entire work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is
Laura Zanfrini
devoted to the systematization of the subject matter. It includes a
theoretical introduction
4.1 Restrictive Policies and which provides
Structural Demand lexicological
for Immigrantexplanations
Labour .. 65
for the different phenomena considered, with particular reference to
the often heterogeneous
Migration: Labour Migration terminology
but not Workers used Migration
to refer.............
to false 73
Anglicisms. By drawing on the literature on Anglicisms and false
4.3 From Guest
Anglicisms, Workers
the book to Unwelcome
provides the reader Guests with ..................................
a definition of false 82
Anglicisms andPolicies
4.4 Selective a detailedand theclassification. A litmus test was also
Brain Drain............................................ 87
devised to differentiate false Anglicisms from real ones. Other issues
4.5 Equalare
addressed Opportunity and Denied
the distinction Opportunities
between ................................
false Anglicisms and false 90
friends, the origin
Bibliography of false Anglicisms, the impact of false
......................................................................................... 97
Anglicisms on Italian and English, and the attitudes towards false
Anglicisms
5. Colombia:and their diffusion.
Including Emigrants AtintheTheirendSocieties
of the chapter,
of Originthere is a
....... 101
descriptive
Urs Watterframework of language contact that sheds new light on
false Anglicisms.
The second chapter focuses on the ways in which the study of
false Anglicisms may be approached and improved by exploiting
5.2 Applied Ethics
lexicographic ..............................................................................
resources and corpus data. With regard 104to
lexicography,
5.3 Migrationthe inadequate
Policy and Ethics treatment of false Anglicisms is evident
......................................................... 106
just by referring to already existing dictionaries. With regard to
5.4 Migration
corpus linguistics,Policy thein use
Colombia ......................................................
of corpora to trace examples of false 108
Anglicisms is described.
5.5 Colombia Dictionaries and corpora have also been
nos une...................................................................... 109
crucial for establishing clear-cut criteria which eventually led to the
5.6 AlianzaofPas
compilation ..................................................................................
a definitive list of false Anglicisms in Italian. 112
TheChallenges
5.7 third chapter describes the procedures carried out in order
.................................................................................... 114to
compile a dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian and illustrates
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
both macrostructure and microstructure features. The audience is
also described. Various problems encountered in finding proper
English translation equivalents and in providing suitable definitions
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
Preface 15
3.4 The
of false Human Rights
Anglicisms Approach ........................................................
are discussed. The dictionary is also preceded 58 by
a users guide including acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
The final part of the book features a dictionary of false
Bibliography
Anglicisms in .........................................................................................
Italian. A list of 286 false Anglicisms obtained 60
through the lexicographic and corpus linguistic procedures described
4. The Ethics
became the wordof Migration.
list of the dictionary.
Reflections
With regard ontoRecent Migrationthe
methodology, Policies
approach is mainly synchronic
rather than diachronic. Although it is largely agreed that the study of
Laura Zanfrini
language contact should be based upon diachronic investigation, the
present analysisPolicies
4.1 Restrictive considers lexical items
and Structural Demand which appear to
for Immigrant Labourbe false
.. 65
Anglicisms when one compares the contemporary stage of Italian
with that of English.
Migration: LabourHowever,
Migrationsome but notdiachronic clues are.............
Workers Migration given 73 for
the dating of certain false Anglicisms and for etymologies which
4.3 From
prove Guest Workers
particularly problematic. to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
What
4.4 lies atPolicies
Selective the coreand of the
theBrain
following pages is the belief that, even
Drain............................................ 87
though the phenomenon of false Anglicisms in Italian has only been
4.5 Equal Opportunity
marginally considered,anditDenied deservesOpportunities
further................................
attention since 90it
influences the .........................................................................................
Bibliography Italian lexicon considerably as well as other 97
languages which are in contact with English and therefore needs to
be explained and
5. Colombia: categorized.
Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy

3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Acknowledgements
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura Zanfrini
This4.2book
Initiatives for result
is the Governing of aFamilyresearchand Humanitarian
project started in 2001. Its
publication would not have been possible but not Workers without Migration
the help .............
of the73
following
4.3 Frompeople who have
Guest Workers supported Guests
to Unwelcome me in ..................................
conceiving, planning, 82
writing, and proofreading the present work.
I am greatly indebted to Virginia Pulcini (Universit degli Studi
di Torino)
4.5 Equalfor her insight
Opportunity andand Deniedthe extraordinary care with which she
Opportunities ................................ 90
hasBibliography
monitored my research. I owe very warm thanks to Maria Teresa
......................................................................................... 97
Prat Zagrebelsky (Universit degli Studi di Torino), who has devoted
her time mostIncluding
5. Colombia: generously with extensive
Emigrants in Theircomments
Societies of during
Originthe whole
....... 101
process of
Urs Watterwriting.
I want to thank Knut Hofland (Universitetet i Bergen), coordinator
of theState
5.1 Interest and Computer
International Responsibility Archive of Modern and Medieval
English (ICAME), who kindly Livingoffered
Abroadhis ...........................................
expertise in dealing with 102
computational tools. ..............................................................................
5.2 Applied Ethics Further thanks are due to Guy Aston (Universit 104
di Bologna) for providing me access to linguistic resources of utmost
importance. I am also very grateful to Carla Marello (Universit degli
Studi
5.4di Torino),Policy
Migration who has encouraged
in Colombia my effort since the initial stages
...................................................... 108
of the research, and Giovanni Iamartino (Universit degli Studi di
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
Milano), who has always shown confidence in the project. I wish to
5.6 Alianza
express Pas ..................................................................................
my gratitude to Manfred Grlach (Universitt zu Kln) 112 and
Anthony Cowie (University of Leeds) for their valuable comments
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 and
stimulating suggestions on how to organize the lexicographic matter
andBibliography
compile the.......................................................................................
dictionary. John Humbley (Universit Paris Diderot- 116
Paris 7) also deserves special mention for his precious suggestions on
Working
key Togethermaterial.
bibliographic for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

I would like toRights Approach
acknowledge my........................................................
debt to Elana Ochse, Chris Owen, 58
and3.5Franca Barril
Conclusion (Universit degli Studi di Torino) who provided
...................................................................................... 59
native speakers insights through timely corrections on the final draft. I
alsoBibliography .........................................................................................
wish to express my appreciation to Paolo Mairano (Universit 60
degli Studi di Torino) who gave much-needed feedback on the
4. The Ethics
phonetic of Migration.
transcriptions included in the dictionary.
Reflections
This project on was
Recent also Migration
supported Policies
by the 2006 Laurence Urdang
EURALEX (European Association for Lexicography) Award, which
Laura Zanfrini
greatly encouraged me to pursue this lexicographic enterprise.
TheRestrictive
4.1 publication of this
Policies andbook was Demand
Structural made possiblefor Immigrant by funding
Labourfrom .. 65
the Dipartimento di Scienze del Linguaggio e Letterature Moderne e
Comparate of the
Migration: Universit
Labour Migration degli butStudi di Torino
not Workers and the.............
Migration Ministero 73
dellIstruzione, dellUniversit e della Ricerca (MIUR) through the
4.3 From Guest
Programma Workers
di Ricerca ditoInteresse
Unwelcome Guests ..................................
Nazionale (PRIN) 2007, entitled 82
Dictionaries,
4.4 SelectiveLanguage
Policies andMaterials and Words across Languages,
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Cultures and Ideologies (# 2007YRY2LY) and coordinated by
4.5 Equal
Giovanni Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Iamartino.
Besides acknowledging
Bibliography the role of colleagues, whose support has
......................................................................................... 97
been decisive in ensuring the outcome of this project, I am
particularly
5. Colombia:indebted
Including toEmigrants
my parents in and
Their sister,
Societiesto whomof Origin this.......
volume101
is dedicated,
Urs Watter for setting me out on the route to university and for
believing in my abilities over the years.
The responsibility for the final product, including possible
inaccuracies or omissions, obviously remains my own.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
1.3.4 The Humanand

Defining Rights Approach ........................................................
Classifying False Anglicisms 58
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura Zanfrini
1.1 A Critical Survey of the Literature
Traditionally,
4.3 From Guest false
WorkersAnglicisms
to Unwelcome have Guestsonly ..................................
been hinted at when 82
studying the lexical influence of languages in contact and usually
classified as a subgroup of Anglicisms: the aim of this survey is to
4.5 Equal
isolate falseOpportunity
Anglicisms andand Denied to Opportunities ................................
clarify the terminological 90
issues
involved. Up to.........................................................................................
Bibliography now, the specific treatment of false Anglicisms has 97
not received adequate attention and the existing literature has been
unable
5. Colombia:to Including
provide Emigrants
univocal interminology Their Societies and unambiguous
of Origin ....... 101
definitions.
Urs Watter
Many different terms are used to refer to the phenomenon of false
5.1 in
loans State Interestand
general andfalse
Responsibility
Anglicisms in particular. With regard to
false loans, the following Living
towards their Citizens labels Abroad
have been ...........................................
used: false loans (Hope 102
1971, Pulcini Ethics
5.2 Applied 1994), pseudo-loans (Sanniti di Baja 1992, Pulcini
.............................................................................. 104
1999, 2002, Fischer 2008), pseudoborrowings or pseudo-borrowings
(Kirkness 2001, Fischer 2008), and pseudo-formations (Fischer
2008) in EnglishPolicy
5.4 Migration and in pseudoprestiti (De Mauro and Mancini 2003),
Colombia ...................................................... 108
falsi prestiti (Klajn 1972, Dardano 1978, Iamartino 2001, Torretta
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
2002, Rosati 2004), finti prestiti (Marello 1996), prestiti apparenti
5.6 Alianza
(Gusmani PasFanfani
1986, ..................................................................................
1991a, Torretta 2002, Bombi 2005), prestiti 112
fittizi
5.7 (La Rana 1989),
Challenges and falsi esotismi (Gusmani 1986, Cardona
.................................................................................... 114
1988, Bombi 1991, 2005, De Mauro and Mancini 2003) in Italian.
Bibliography
With regard.......................................................................................
to false Anglicisms, the following labels have been 116
used: false Anglicisms or false anglicisms (Moss 1995, Pulcini
Working
1997a, Together
Nicholls for the
2003, Well-being
Furiassi 2003),ofquasi-English
Migrants ...........................
words (Grlach 119
Barry Halliday
2003), pseudo-English (Rothenberg 1969), pseudo English words

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

(Onysko 2007b),Rights Approach ........................................................
pseudo-English loans (Hope 1971), pseudo 58
anglicisms, pseudoanglicisms,
3.5 Conclusion pseudo-anglicisms, or Pseudo-
...................................................................................... 59
Anglicisms (Hastings 1984, Filipovi 1985, Dardano 1986b, Pratt
Bibliography
1986, Spence .........................................................................................
1987, Moss 1995, Picone 1996, Pulcini 1997b, 60
Nicholls 2003, Grlach 2003, Gottlieb 2004, 2005, Brazaitis 2006,
4. The Ethics
Onysko 2007a,of Migration.
2007b, Fischer 2008), and pseudo-English words
Reflections
(Grlach 2003) on Recent
in English Migration and Policies
falsi anglicismi (Fanfani 1991a,
Bombi 2003, 2005), falsi anglismi (Beccaria 1992, 2006),
Laura Zanfrini
pseudoanglicismi (Klajn 1972, Bruni 1984, Serianni 1987, Rando
1987, Dardano Policies
4.1 Restrictive 1987a, and 1993, 1998,Demand
Structural Dardano for et al. 2000,
Immigrant Labour Fanfani
.. 65
1991a, 2002, Iamartino 2001, Serafini 2002, Giovanardi 2007),
pseudoanglismi (Beccaria
Migration: Labour 2006),but
Migration andnotanglicismi apparenti.............
Workers Migration (Serianni 73
1987) in Italian.1
4.3
In From
orderGuest Workersonto Unwelcome
to report the high degree Guests ..................................
of variability in the 82
terminology
4.4 Selectiveused,
Policiesthisandsection
the Brain includes a critical survey of the
Drain............................................ 87
literature on false Anglicisms mostly published in English and
4.5 Equal
Italian with Opportunity and Denied
special reference to Opportunities
the Italian language. ................................
Authors who 90
have dealt with.........................................................................................
Bibliography false Anglicisms are quoted in chronological order.97
In 1950, Haugen although without specifically analyzing the
phenomenon
5. Colombia: of false Anglicisms
Including Emigrantsinsaid Their thatSocieties
a loan: of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
[] may vary all the way from an imitation satisfactory to a native
5.1 StatetoInterest
speaker and the
one that Responsibility
native speaker would not recognize at all.
(Haugen 1950:
towards 212)
their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
1
Terminological
5.4 Migration Policyambiguity is also ......................................................
in Colombia evident in other linguistic traditions: 108
Pseudoanglizismen (Cypionka 1994: 8, Schweickard 1998: 298) or
Scheinentlehnungen
5.5 Colombia nos (Carstensen 1980: 77, 1981: 175) in German, faux anglicismes
une...................................................................... 109
(Deroy 1956: 63, Humbley 1974: 55, 2008a: 228, Spence 1987: 169, Thody 1995:
104,5.6 Alianza2008:
Bogaards Pas29),
..................................................................................
pseudo-anglicismes (Trescases 1983: 87, Humbley 2008a: 112
229, Bogaards 2008: 23), or sur-anglicismes (Guiraud 1971: 40) in French, and
5.7anglicismos
falsos Challenges(Lorenzo
....................................................................................
1996: 177) or pseudoanglicismos (Rodrguez Segura 114
1999: 28, Gmez Capuz 2000: 62, 2001: 54, Capanaga 2002: 69, Rodrguez
Bibliography
Gonzlez .......................................................................................
2002: 144) in Spanish. It is curious to notice that Mengaldo (1994: 116 130)
uses the label parole fantasma, i.e. ghost words, to refer to false Anglicisms in
Working
Italian. Together
In fact, accordingfortothe Well-being
Landau (2001: 42):of Migrants
A ghost word ...........................
is a word that119 has
never existed
Barry in actual usage but that appears in dictionaries through the
Halliday
lexicographers error..

Monza/Italy
1. Defining and Classifying False Anglicisms 21
Lack3.4of
The Human RightsorApproach
understanding ........................................................
misunderstanding on the part of the native 58
speaker of English
3.5 Conclusion runs as a leitmotiv through the various definitions
...................................................................................... 59
provided and seems to be what actually differentiates an Anglicism,
i.e.Bibliography .........................................................................................
a real English borrowing, from a false Anglicism. 60
In 1971, Hope began to recognize and analyze the phenomenon of
4. The EthicsinofRomance
false loans Migration. languages by stating that:
and Non-policies
Here a word is created in Italy andrecipient
in the Europe language
...........................................
on the pattern of61
forms
Laura which
Zanfrini exist generally in the source, but without corresponding
to a specific etymon (e.g. the French pseudo-English loans
4.1 Restrictive
autostop and Policies
recordmanand Structural
which haveDemand alsoforon Immigrant
occasionLabour passed .. 65
temporarily
4.2 Initiativesinto Italian). []
for Governing Notand
Family all Humanitarian
false loans are accurately
described as loan-creations. A number
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers of pseudo-forms felt by73
Migration .............
native speakers to be loan-words are indeed traceable to foreign
etyma,
4.3 Frombut lossWorkers
Guest of semantic motivation
to Unwelcome Guests has..................................
led to ellipsis and82
consequent reduction to a single substantive what was initially a
4.4 Selective
transparent Policies
phrase. and 1971:
(Hope the Brain
618,Drain............................................
619) 87
In 1972, Klajn started to examine false Anglicisms in Italian for
theBibliography .........................................................................................
first time providing the following definition: 97
5. Un vero pseudoanglicismo,
Colombia: Including Emigrants o falso in prestito [] sarebbe
Their Societies of Originuna .......
parola 101
ritenuta inglese, ma che in inglese non esiste affatto. Tali esempi non
Urs Watter
si trovano, ma di pseudoanglicismi lecito parlare in due casi: a) se la
5.1 State
parola Interest
usata and Responsibility
in italiano ha un significato talmente diverso da quello
towardsdatheir
originale nonCitizens
essereLiving Abroad ...........................................
pi sentita come semplice mutamento 102
semantico, ma come un lessema nuovo; b) se litaliano adopera un
5.2 Appliedo Ethics
composto ..............................................................................
locuzione creata con elementi inglesi, i quali per in 104
2
inglese non formano
5.3 Migration Policyun andinsieme. (Klajn 1972: 101)
Ethics ......................................................... 106
A few
5.4 years Policy
Migration later, in
Dardano (1978:
Colombia 84) introduced the term falsi
...................................................... 108
prestiti to broadly
5.5 Colombia refer......................................................................
nos une to the phenomenon of false loans. More 109
specifically, Dardano used the terms pseudo-Anglicisms (Dardano
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
2
All5.7 Challenges
translations ....................................................................................
from Italian into English signaled by Tr. are by the author. 114
Tr.
A real pseudoanglicism, or false loan [] is a word that is considered English, but
doesBibliography
not exist in.......................................................................................
English at all. Even though examples cannot be found, 116
pseudoanglicisms occur either: a) if a word used in Italian has a meaning which is so
Working
different Together
from forthat
the original theitWell-being of Migrants
cannot be considered simply ...........................
a semantic shift, but 119is
perceived
Barry as a new lexeme; or: b) if a compound or phrase created from English
Halliday
elements is used in Italian but does not form a combination in English..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
1986b: Human
244) and Rights Approach ........................................................
pseudoanglicismi (Dardano 1987a: 26, 1993: 52, 58
1998: 356, Dardano
3.5 Conclusion et al. 2000: 32) to denote false loans of supposed
...................................................................................... 59
English origin. Dardano defined false Anglicisms as:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
[] parole che non esistono in inglese come tight, oppure parole che
4. linglese usaofcon
The Ethics tuttaltro significato: dancing sala da ballo (ingl.
Migration.
dancehall), smoking
Reflections on Recent abito da sera
Migration (ingl. dinner jacket o tuxedo).
Policies
3
(Dardano 1987a: 26)
Laura Zanfrini
In 1985, Filipovi (1985: 249), who widely contributed to the
4.1 Restrictive
study of AnglicismsPolicies
inand Structural
Europe, Demand
stated that for Immigrant Labour ..[]
pseudoanglicisms 65
are4.2
composed
Initiativesof
forEnglish elements,
Governing Family andbutHumanitarian
are not themselves English
expressions..
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers explanation
Filipovi also added a structural arguing
Migration ............. 73
that false Anglicisms are adapted loans:
By their definition pseudoanglicisms are words and expressions
4.4 Selective
coined Policies elements
of component and the Brain whichDrain............................................
are by themselves English loans87
adapted
4.5 Equal to the system
Opportunity and Denied of the borrowing
Opportunities language [].90
................................
Pseudoanglicisms are formed in two ways: a) by composition using
Bibliography
two Anglicisms.........................................................................................
already integrated into the system of the borrowing97
language; b) by derivation using a suffix from the giving language.
5. [] A third Including
Colombia: form of pseudoanglicisms
Emigrants in Their is developed
Societiesthroughof Origin ellipsis. It
....... 101
isUrs
often the case that the suffix -ing is dropped in English words and
Watter
pseudoanglicisms are formed. (Filipovi 1985: 250, 251)
In towards
1986, Gusmani,
their Citizens while analyzing
Living Abroad the phenomena connected
........................................... 102to
linguistic interference, warned the reader about the fact that:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
L
5.3 dove larchetipo
Migration Policy and straniero
Ethicsnon sia verisimilmente ipotizzabile 106
......................................................... o
comunque si riscontri una discrepanza tra esso e il supposto prestito,
5.4 Migration
tale da porre inPolicy
dubbio in Colombia ......................................................
la reale esistenza di un rapporto mimetico, 108 si
dovr mettere in serio conto la possibilit di un prestito apparente.
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
Lapparenza, tuttavia, non ingannevole in misura identica e in
parecchi casiPas
5.6 Alianza non..................................................................................
possibile prendere una decisione netta, in quanto 112
lo stesso rapporto mimetico che condiziona il prestito conosce
5.7 Challenges
gradazioni molto....................................................................................
varie: quello che importa prendere coscienza del 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
3
Working Together
Tr. [] words that dofor
notthe Well-being
exist of Migrants
in English such ...........................
as tight, or words that are used 119in
English
Barrywith totally different meanings: dancing sala da ballo (English dancehall),
Halliday
smoking abito da sera (English dinner jacket or tuxedo)..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

problema, RightsfarApproach
e, anzich di ogni........................................................
erba un fascio, distinguere tra le58
diverse categorie di fenomeni. (Gusmani 1986: 100)4
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Gusmani seems.........................................................................................
Bibliography to share the idea that false Anglicisms and false 60
loans in general are deceiving because of the absence of an English
model.
By focusing
Reflections on on
Recentthe Migration
lack of anPolicies English model, in 1987 Spence
stated that:
Laura Zanfrini
Where words are formed from recognisable English elements to
4.1 Restrictive
produce lexemesPolicies and no
that have Structural
formal Demand forinImmigrant
equivalent Labour
English (and .. 65
never
have had one), it seems difficult not to see them as pseudo-anglicisms.
4.2 Initiatives
(Spence 1987: for
173)Governing Family and Humanitarian
In line
4.3 Fromwith Filipovi
Guest Workers(1985: to Unwelcome251), SpenceGuests (1987: 180) added that
.................................. 82
[] the concept of pseudo-anglicism is an historical one, thus
4.4 Selective Policies
emphasizing and the Brain
the necessity of Drain............................................
a diachronic approach to the 87
5
description of the phenomenon.
4.5 Equal Opportunity Spence also................................
and Denied Opportunities recognized that the 90
difference between false Anglicisms and adapted Anglicisms is
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
slight:
5. []
Colombia: Including
there would Emigrants
be hesitation overin theTheir Societies
borderline of Origin
between ....... 101
adaptations
Urspseudo-anglicisms.
and Watter This kind of problem is even more difficult to
solve when one is attempting to determine the degree of semantic
deviation that justifies one speaking of falseness. (Spence 1987:
181)towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
4
Tr.
5.5AColombia
word or phrase
nos unemight be considered an apparent loan when the foreign
...................................................................... 109
archetype is not likely to exist or there is a discrepancy with the supposed borrowing
5.6 Alianza
so that Pas ..................................................................................
the relationship between the two words is jeopardized. However, it is112 not
always a case of formal resemblance and it is often impossible to come to a final
5.7 Challenges
decision, since the ....................................................................................
relationship that characterizes borrowings may have various 114
shades; what really matters is being aware of the problem and differentiating
Bibliography
between .......................................................................................
the diverse phenomena instead of generalizing.. 116
5
With regard to French, Picone (1996: 5) recognized that a Pseudo-Anglicism is
Working
coined []Together for the
when a French Well-being
neologism madeof upMigrants
of English...........................
constituents mimics 119
an
integral
Barryborrowing..
Halliday He provides new look and tennisman as examples of false
Anglicisms in French.

Monza/Italy
3.4
By The Human Rights
focusing on the Approach
attitude ........................................................
of British and American native 58
speakers towards......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion false Anglicisms, Serianni defined anglicismi 59
apparenti or pseudoanglicismi as:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
[] vocaboli molto comuni che un inglese o un americano non
4. capirebbero,
The Ethics ofalmeno
Migration.
6
nellaccezione in cui sono usati in Italia. [].
(Serianni 1987: ix)
In Laura
the Zanfrini
same book prefaced by Serianni, Rando added that
pseudoanglicismi are:
[] voci di origine o di forma inglese che per, non vengono usate in
4.2 Initiatives
quella lingua for Governing
[], Family
oppure quei and Humanitarian
vocaboli formati per ellissi di una
Migration:
parola Labour Migration
inglese. (Rando 1987: xxii,but not7 Workers Migration ............. 73
xxiii)
In 1989, the term prestito fittizio was introduced by La Rana
4.4 Selective
(1989: 307) to Policies
label false and the Brain
loans. Two Drain............................................
years later, Fanfani suggested 87
that4.5a Equal
distinction had to be made between prestiti
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90apparenti and
pseudo-anglicismi or falsi-anglicismi. The former, prestiti
Bibliography
apparenti, were.........................................................................................
defined as: 97

[]
Urs termini
Watter che hanno un aspetto del tutto inglese anche se un inglese
non li riconoscerebbe o li riconoscerebbe a stento. Difatti sono
5.1 State Interest
coniazioni, andoResponsibility
sviluppi deformazioni autonome che non si riferiscono
towards
ad alcun their modello
preciso Citizens inglese,
Living Abroadcome, ad ...........................................
es., carter e claxon che in 102
inglese sono marchi di fabbrica mentre in italiano [] son divenuti
5.2 Applied
degli Ethics
appellativi. ..............................................................................
(Fanfani 1991a: 13)8 104
6
Tr.
5.4[] apparent
Migration Anglicisms,
Policy in Colombia or pseudoanglicisms [] are very common
...................................................... 108
words that an English or American speaker would not understand, at least with the
meaning with which nos
5.5 Colombia theyune
are used in Italy. []..
...................................................................... 109
7
Tr. [] pseudoanglicisms [] lemmas which have either an English origin or
5.6 Alianza
an English form Pas
that, ..................................................................................
however, are not used in that language [], or words formed 112
through the ellipsis of an English word..
8
Tr.5.7 Challenges
apparent loans....................................................................................
[] [] words that have a totally English appearance 114 even
though an English speaker would either not recognize them at all or would have
Bibliography
difficulty .......................................................................................
in recognizing them. They are in fact coinages, developments 116or
autonomous deformations which do not refer to any precise English model as, for
Working
instance, Together
carter for the
and claxon, whichWell-being
are trademarksof Migrants
in English ...........................
[] but have become 119
appellative nouns in Italian. With regard to apparent loans, Torretta (2002: 11)
Barry Halliday
states that [l]a denominazione apparenti deriva dal fatto che laspetto formale

Monza/Italy
The3.4latter,
The Human Rights Approach
pseudo-anglicismi or ........................................................
falsi-anglicismi were defined as: 58
3.5 Conclusion
[] ......................................................................................
termini per i quali non possibile ritrovare una precisa59
corrispondenza formale in inglese. Auto-stop, beauty-case, footing, ad60
Bibliography .........................................................................................
es. []. (Fanfani 1991a: 14)9
Fanfani (2002: 222) has maintained the term pseudoanglicismi
even in later studies.
In 1991,
Laura Bombi put forward a plausible reason for the birth of
Zanfrini
false Anglicisms in Italian, explaining that falsi esotismi are:
[] quelle creazioni realizzate con materiale straniero ma prive di
4.2 Initiatives
modello nellafor lingua
Governing
da Family
cui siandpresumono
Humanitarianispirate. Attivo
Migration: ci
ogniqualvolta Labour Migration
sia una but not
situazione di Workers Migration
intenso contatto .............e73
culturale
linguistico, il fenomeno del falso prestito conosce oggi un notevole82
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ..................................
incremento a seguito degli estesi rapporti tra lingue []. (Bombi
1991: 87)10 Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.4 Selective
In 4.5 Equalstudy
a later Opportunity
published and Denied
in 2005, Opportunities
Bombi slightly ................................
modified her 90
previous statement
Bibliography by adding that:
......................................................................................... 97
In realt non si pu fissare una netta linea di separazione tra prestiti
veri e falsi, dal momento che anche questi ultimi sono indirettamente
Urs Watterdallesistenza di una dinamica interlinguistica []. (Bombi
sollecitati
11
2005: 148)Interest
5.1 State and Responsibility
Bombi agrees with Spence (1987: 180), maintaining that:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
suggerirebbe
5.4 Migrationuna derivazione diretta dalla
Policy in Colombia lingua straniera, ma in realt tali forme
...................................................... 108
sono state generate direttamente nella lingua indigena.. Tr. The label apparent is
meant
5.5toColombia
indicate thatnos
theune
formal aspect suggests a direct derivation from the foreign
...................................................................... 109
language, although such forms are actually coined in the native language..
9
Tr.5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
pseudo-Anglicisms or false Anglicisms [] words which do not have 112
an
equivalent form in English. For example, auto-stop, beauty-case, footing []..
10 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Tr. [] false exoticisms [] creations made with foreign material but lacking a
model in the language which they are supposed to derive from. The phenomenon of
falseBibliography
loans, which.......................................................................................
is active any time there is a situation of intense linguistic116 and
cultural contact, is increasing nowadays as a result of the widespread exchanges that
Working
are occurringTogether for the languages..
between different Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
11
Tr. There
Barry really is no clear boundary between real and false loans since even the
Halliday
latter are indirectly elicited by an existing interlinguistic trend []..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
Nello Human
studio dei Rights Approach
falsi esotismi e, pi........................................................
in generale, dei prestiti apparenti58
si deve sempre procedere integrando il confronto interlinguistico in
3.5 Conclusion
sincronia con ......................................................................................
il parametro dellanalisi diacronica, decisiva per59
attribuire la parola
Bibliography in questione alla categoria del vero o del falso60
.........................................................................................
prestito. (Bombi 2005: 157)12
Although false Anglicisms are nowhere close to being stabilized in
Italian, in 1992 Sanniti di Baja maintained that:
ItLaura Zanfrini
seems almost impossible to revise the use of many of the old
pseudo-loans
4.1 Restrictive[] because
Policies they are Demand
and Structural too much
foraImmigrant
part of the Italian
Labour .. 65
system and are by now highly codified. (Sanniti di Baja 1992: 158,
159)
Underlining the novelty of false Anglicisms, in the same year
4.3 From
Beccaria Guest241)
(1992: Workers to Unwelcome
argued Guestsspesso
that Noi siamo ..................................
pi inglesi degli 82
inglesi []. Usiamo
4.4 Selective Policiesfalsi
and anglismi che nessun inglese si sognerebbe
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
di usare []..13
In 1995, Moss lamented the fact that:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
[] a phenomenon which is often mentioned but on which no detailed
5. study has yet
Colombia: appeared
Including is the way
Emigrants in which
in Their SocietiesItalian modifies
of Origin .......the
101
appearance or meaning or use of a certain number of [] crude
Urs Watter
anglicisms while still retaining their basic English complexion,
12
Tr. In the study of false exoticisms and, more in general, of apparent loans, it is
always necessaryEthics
5.2 Applied to proceed by integrating a synchronic interlinguistic comparison
.............................................................................. 104
with the parameter of diachronic analysis, which is vital to determine whether a
word5.3belongs
Migration
to thePolicy
category andof Ethics .........................................................
real or false loans.. 106
13
Tr. We are often more English than the English []. We use false Anglicisms
that5.4 Migration
English Policy
speakers would in never
Colombiaeven ......................................................
dream of using.. It is worth noticing108 that
Beccaria (1992: 241) uses the term anglismo rather than anglicismo. According to
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
the GDU, the former, anglismo, has entered the Italian vocabulary more recently
(1970)
5.6 but is considered
Alianza truly Italian, the latter, anglicismo, is older (1829) but112
Pas .................................................................................. is a
calque from the English word Anglicism. Also inglesismo, the oldest one (1757), is
5.7 Challenges
accepted in Italian as....................................................................................
a variant of anglismo or anglicismo. However, Sabatini (2008: 114
268) recognizes: [] la forma anglicismo, che deriva dal francese anglicisme ed
Bibliography
penetrata .......................................................................................
in italiano nel corso del sec. XIX, come ormai pi comune. Ma la forma 116
anglismo, derivata pi tardi direttamente dallinglese, sarebbe pi pertinente []..
Working
Tr. [] theTogether for the Well-being
form anglicismo, which derivesoffrom Migrants
French ...........................
anglicisme and entered 119
th
Italian during the
Barry Halliday course of the 19 century, as the most common. But the form
anglismo, later derived directly from English, would be more appropriate []..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

thereby making Rights
of them Approach ........................................................
pseudoanglicisms or false anglicisms.58
(Moss 1995: 124)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Therefore, Moss
Bibliography provided the following definition:
......................................................................................... 60
I take as pseudoanglicisms those unadapted borrowings which,
through their appearance or their morphological use, have deviated or
Reflections
are different on Recent
from Migration
an original Policies
English form so that a native speaker of
and Non-policies
English who knew in Italy would
Italian and Europe ...........................................
be aware of such deviation or61
Laura Zanfrini
difference on encountering them in a written context. (Moss 1995:
127, 128).
Moss4.2 also attempted
Initiatives a classification
for Governing Family and of false Anglicisms and made a
Humanitarian
distinction between
Migration: LabourseveralMigration types.
but notSome Workers false Anglicisms
Migration .............may
73
involve [] only small changes of orthographical form compared
with the original English. [] (e.g. confort, gol, poney, vafer,
zombi). (MossPolicies
4.4 Selective 1995: 129). and the Others
Brain are [] lexical items which have
Drain............................................ 87
the4.5
same exterior form as ones borrowed from English
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 but have
become modified semantically compared with the original. [] boss,
Bibliography
feeling, manager,.........................................................................................
and showroom []. (Moss 1995: 130). Another 97
false Anglicism is [] an English word [] adopted by Italian as a
5. Colombia:
different part Including
of speech. Emigrants
(Moss 1995: in Their 132).Societies
A false of Anglicism
Origin ....... may 101
Urs Watter
also occur when [] the Italian pseudoanglicizing form depends on
an 5.1
abbreviation that
State Interest and it Responsibility
has operated on the original English term, the
part usually
towards their Citizensfor
being taken the whole.
Living AbroadWell established examples
........................................... 102of
this kind of elliptical adaptation are basket from basket ball,
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
clergyman from clergymans dress []. (Moss 1995: 132).
Moreover, falsePolicy
5.3 Migration Anglicisms
and Ethics may.........................................................
be [] forms which in particular 106
grammatical contexts depart from their original usage. [] (e.g. un
dribbling, un poker, un software) [] or [] English-looking
5.5 that
terms Colombia
do notnos une......................................................................
actually exist in English but have been invented 109in
Italian by false
5.6 Alianza Pasanalogy with similar forms that English does have
.................................................................................. 112
(e.g. cover man based on cover girl []) []. (Moss 1995: 134,
5.7 Challenges
135). Finally, in....................................................................................
addition to [] terms like carter, scotch, 114 and
spider, English brand names which have failed to survive in English
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
(or perhaps have never been used) [] and [] mixed language
forms
Working such as autogrill,
Together for the ciclocross
Well-being [], of Migrantsacronyms such as USA
........................... 119
andBarry
vip, which
Halliday have [] pronunciations so different from the

Monza/Italy
3.4 Theoriginal
English Human [],
Rightsmay Approach ........................................................
be considered false Anglicisms (Moss 58
1995: 135, 136). ...................................................................................... 59
3.5 Conclusion
In 1996, Marello introduced the label finti prestiti:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Vi sono poi quei casi curiosi di finti prestiti: pile, termine che noi
4. crediamo
The Ethicsdaver preso dallangloamericano, in Gran Bretagna e negli
of Migration.
Stati Uniti non si usa.Migration
Reflections on Recent La microfibra Policies in questione detta fleece.
14
(Marello 1996: 36)
Laura Zanfrini
4.1
In Restrictive Policies (1999:
1999, Italiano and Structural
36), Demand
without for Immigrantlabeling
explicitly Labour .. 65
the
phenomenon,
4.2 Initiativessaid that falseFamily
for Governing Anglicisms are unknown in English-
and Humanitarian
speaking countries: [] ormai vengono
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration coniate espressioni nuove
............. 73
di zecca con soli termini inglesi. Prolificano ovunque locuzioni
4.3 From Guest
sconosciute Workers
in paesi to Unwelcome
di lingua inglese [].. Guests Italiano
..................................
(1999: 57) also 82
recognized
4.4 Selectivethat thereandare
Policies [] Drain............................................
the Brain prestiti che cambiano il loro 87
significato originario nel processo di adozione. Tre esempi di questo
procedimento and Denied
sono i sostantivi slip,Opportunities
footing e spot.. ................................
15 90
In more recent
Bibliography years, falsi prestiti or pseudoanglicismi have
......................................................................................... 97
been dealt with by Iamartino (2001: 122), who stated that [] non
sono prestiti nemmeno
5. Colombia: quelle parole
Including Emigrants che una
in Their linguaofcrea
Societies Origincombinando
....... 101
materiali lessicali di origine alloglotta..16
Urs Watter
In 2002, Serafini claimed that the coinage of false Anglicisms in
Italiantowards
is considered fashionable:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
14
Tr. There are curious instances of fake loans: pile, a word that we believe to be
taken
5.5from American-English,
Colombia is not used in Great Britain or in the United States.
nos une...................................................................... 109
This micro-fiber is called fleece..
15
5.6 []
Tr. Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
nowadays brand new expressions are coined using English words. 112
Expressions unknown to English-speaking countries proliferate everywhere []..
[]5.7borrowings
Challengesthat....................................................................................
alter their original meaning in the adaptation process. 114
Examples of this kind are slip, footing and spot.. Except for slip, the examples
Bibliography
quoted by Italiano.......................................................................................
(1999: 57) are not semantic shifts. In fact, footing is made 116
by
joining the English free morpheme foot and the suffix -ing and spot is the elliptic
Working
form Together
of the English for thespot
compound Well-being
commercial. of Migrants ........................... 119
16
Tr. false
Barry loans or pseudoanglicisms [] [] words that a language creates
Halliday
combining material of foreign origin are not authentic borrowings..

Monza/Italy
E3.4proprio
The Human Rights
di moda si pu Approach
parlare,........................................................
se si giunge addirittura a coniare58
parole dallaspetto inglese che per gli inglesi non usano o non hanno
3.5 Conclusion
mai ......................................................................................
usato (pseudoanglicismi) []. (Serafini 2002: 603)17 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
In 2002 McArthur (2002: 155), without specifically alluding to
false
4. TheAnglicisms, noticed how highly Anglicized Italian includes
Ethics of Migration.
restriction and adaptation of senses:
Reflections on Recent Migration un flirt (an affair); [] un
Policies
mister
and Non-policies in Italy and Europeof...........................................
(a sports coach) and clipping compounds: un full (a full 61
hand [of cards]);
Laura Zanfrini un night (a night club).
In 2003 Nicholls described pseudo-anglicisms or false
anglicisms as follows:
Pseudo-anglicisms
Migration: Labour []Migration
are loan but
words gone wrong.
not Workers They look
Migration like73
.............
English words and often came from English words but they are used
differently. [] Workers
4.3 From Guest Some false anglicisms are
to Unwelcome invented
Guests by analogy with82
..................................
other English terms, presumably out of a feeling that they ought,
4.4 Selective
logically, Policies
to exist. and the
(Nicholls Brain Drain............................................ 87
2003)
Grlach labeled the phenomenon using the terms quasi-English
Bibliography
words, .........................................................................................
pseudo-English words, and pseudo anglicisms: 97
5. [] the distinction
Colombia: Includingbetween
Emigrantsproper in and
Their pseudo
Societies anglicisms
of Origin is.......
a nice 101
one. [] Non-E. [Non-English] features can be found in a) spelling,
Urs Watter
when native words or items borrowed from other languages are spelt
5.1ifState
as they Interest
were E.and Responsibility
[English] [] b) pronunciation, when words from
othertowards theirare
languages Citizens
pronouncedLivingasAbroadif they...........................................
were E. [] c) morphology, 102
when derivation and compounds are made that may or may not
5.2 Applied
conform withEthics ..............................................................................
E. patterns, but are certainly not recorded in E. [] d) 104
meaning,
5.3 MigrationwhenPolicy
E. words are applied
and Ethics to non-E. contexts (sometimes
......................................................... 106
the deviance is caused by the loanwords fossilizing older E.
5.4 Migration
meanings) [].Policy
(Grlachin Colombia
2003: 62)...................................................... 108
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
With regard to pronunciation, an instance of English pronunciation
attributed to aPas
5.6 Alianza non-English borrowing is the word stage meaning
.................................................................................. 112
apprenticeship, internship, placement, residency, training
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
course, or training period which is a borrowing from French, i.e.
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
17
Working Together
Tr. If Italians coin for thewhich
words Well-being
have anofEnglish
Migrants ...........................
appearance but that English 119
speakers
BarrydoHalliday
not use and never did (pseudoanglicisms) it is because it is fashionable
[]..

Monza/Italy
3.4
[sta], The
but Human
is usuallyRights Approach ........................................................
pronounced by Italian speakers as if it were 58
English, i.e. [steid
3.5 Conclusion ].18 Although many Italian speakers are not aware59
...................................................................................... of
theBibliography
fact that stage
......................................................................................... 60a
is borrowed from French and believe it to be
genuine English borrowing, the word stage cannot be considered a
false
4. TheAnglicism
Ethics of in Italian.
Migration.
In 2003, De
Reflections on Recent Mauro and Mancini
Migration Policies suggested the following
definition of false Anglicisms:
Laura Zanfrini
[] pseudoprestiti: parole che nella lingua da cui fingono di trarre
origine o non esistono
4.1 Restrictive Policies oand
hanno uso e Demand
Structural valore del
fortutto differenti,
Immigrant come
Labour .. 65
beauty case o [] footing. (De Mauro and Mancini 2003: iii)19
Migration:
In 2004, Labour
Rosati Migration
recognized but not Workers Migration ............. 73
that:
[] ci sono anche molti falsi prestiti (detti anche anglicismi apparenti
o4.4pseudoanglicismi;
Selective Policiesinand
inglese, false-loans
the Brain o pseudo-loans) parole87
Drain............................................
molto comuni [] che un inglese non capirebbe nellaccezione in cui
4.5 Equal
sono usateOpportunity and Denied
in Italia. (Rosati Opportunities
2004: 19) 20 ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
An Italian scholar who has dealt with false Anglicisms in depth is
Pulcini. She has provided comprehensive definitions of false
Anglicisms
Urs Watterthat have tackled several structural points. In 1994
Pulcini defined false loans as:
[]towards
words which have acquired
their Citizens LivingaAbroadnew meaning in Italian: smoking (in
........................................... 102
English dinner jacket), tight (morning coat), body (leotard),
5.2 Applied Ethics
montgomery (duffel..............................................................................
coat), golf (jumper), toast (toasted sandwich), 104
footing (jogging).
5.3 Migration PolicyLinguistically, these and many other words and
and Ethics ......................................................... 106
phrases have been nativized into Italian, having become part of the
Italian lexis with
5.4 Migration an independent
Policy in Colombia meaning from the original English one.
...................................................... 108
(Pulcini 1994: 51)
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
18
5.6 Alianza
This is probablyPas
due..................................................................................
to the fact that the Italian vocabulary also includes the112 real
Anglicism stage homograph of the French stage which is used to refer to the
5.7 Challenges
flooring, usually in a....................................................................................
theater or stadium, where artists perform. 114
19
Tr. [] pseudoloans: either do not exist or have completely different uses or
Bibliography
meanings .......................................................................................
in the language which they pretend to originate from.. 116
20
Tr. [] there are also many false loans (also labeled apparent Anglicisms or
Working Together
pseudoanglicisms; for theorWell-being
false-loans pseudo-loans of inMigrants
English) ...........................
words which are 119 very
common
Barry[] but that an English speaker would not understand from the way in
Halliday
which they are used in Italy..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
Then, Human
she used theRights Approach ........................................................
term false-anglicisms to refer to: 58
3.5 Conclusion
[] words which ......................................................................................
look and sound more or less English but have a59
separate
Bibliographymeaning: beauty-case (make-up bag), fotoreporter60
.........................................................................................
(photographer-cum-journalist), autogoal (own-goal), mister (coach),
4. bomber (football
The Ethics big scorer), golf (jumper), flipper (pinball game),
of Migration.
record-man (record holder), autostop (hitch-hiking), speaker TV
(newsreader), spot (TV commercial), to identify some well-known
and Non-policies
examples. (Pulcini 1997a:in Italy79)and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
A third label wasPolicies
4.1 Restrictive later used:
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Pseudo-anglicisms, or faux emprunts
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andinHumanitarian
French and falsi prestiti in
Italian, are words
Migration: Labourwhich look English
Migration but notbut in fact Migration
Workers are not part of this73
.............
language []. Pseudo-anglicisms could be considered as autonomous
4.3 From of
coinages Guest Workersbased
a language to Unwelcome
on items Guests of another ..................................
language through82
various semantic and syntactic mechanisms: reduction of compounds
(toast from toasted sandwich), extension of a rule (footing by
analogy
4.5 Equal with e.g. boating
Opportunity and rowing),
and Denied change................................
Opportunities of a brandname into90
a common noun (carter for crank-case). They may be un-English
Bibliography
coinages made.........................................................................................
up with English words, as for example: milord, milady97
(my lord, my lady), recordman (record holder), autostop (hitch-hike)
5. and beauty-case
Colombia: (make-up
Including bag). (Pulcini
Emigrants in Their 1997b: 155) of Origin ....... 101
Societies
Urs Watter
In 1999, Pulcini (1999: 362) also stated that [p]seudo-loans are
5.1 State Interest
autonomous and which
coinages Responsibility
resemble but are not real English words
and in 2002 she proposed aLiving
towards their Citizens Abroad ........................................... 102
classification:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
The following types of pseudo-loans can be distinguished: (a) lexical
5.3 Migration i.e.
pseudo-loans, Policy and Ethics .........................................................
combinations of English lexical items and/or Latin 106
prefixes to form a word which does not exist in English, e.g.
5.4 Migration
recordman Policy in Colombia
(record-holder), ......................................................
autostop (hitch-hiking), autogol (own 108
goal), beauty-case
5.5 Colombia (make-up
nos une bag); (b) morphological pseudo-loans,
...................................................................... 109
i.e. reduction of a compound or elision of an element in the English
5.6 Alianza e.g.
expression, Pas ..................................................................................
happy end (happy ending), trench (trench coat), 112
smoking (smoking jacket), gin tonic (gin and tonic); (c) semantic
5.7 Challengesi.e.
pseudo-loans, ....................................................................................
attribution of a new meaning to an already existing 114
English word,.......................................................................................
Bibliography e.g. footing (jogging), speaker (newsreader), slip 116
(panties), stage (short training course). (Pulcini 2002: 163)
In 2005, Gottlieb outlined a comprehensive taxonomy of Pseudo-
Barry Halliday
Anglicisms as follows:

Monza/Italy
3.4Archaisms
(i) The Humanderived
Rightsfrom ApproachEnglish ........................................................
expressions now obsolete: []58
(smoking, via German, from smoking jacket, now dinner jacket or
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
tuxedo)
(ii) Semantic slides
Bibliography where an English word is used wrongly: Swedish60
.........................................................................................
babysitter (for English baby bouncer [])
(iii) Conversions of existing English words, for example adjective into
noun: German Handy (for mobile phone or cellular phone)
Reflections
(iv) on Recent
Recombinations, Migrationexisting
reshuffling Policies English lexical units: Italian
and Non-policies
slowfood (as opposedintoItaly Americanand Europe
fast food) ...........................................
[] (Gottlieb 2005: 164)61
Laura Zanfrini
Gottlieb (2005: Policies
4.1 Restrictive 166) concluded thatDemand
and Structural [] pseudo-Anglicisms
for Immigrant Labour ..[] 65
are sometimes coined in the domestic culture..
4.2 Initiatives
In 2007 for Governing
Giovanardi (2007:Family
251) and Humanitarian
stated that [] non sono rari i
casi diMigration: Labour Migration
pseudoanglicismi, cio di but not Workers
vocaboli usati in Migration
italiano,.............
ma senza 73
alcuna corrispondenza
4.3 From Guest Workersnella lingua madre,
to Unwelcome oppure usati con 82
Guests .................................. un
significato diverso rispetto alloriginale..21
4.4
A Selective
very recentPolicies and the
study on Brain
falseDrain............................................
Anglicisms, within the wider 87
framework of Anglicisms,
4.5 Equal Opportunity was published
and Denied Opportunitiesby ................................
Onysko, who stated 90
that:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Pseudo anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms are indicators of lexical
5. productivity
Colombia: Including
in the RLEmigrants in Their Societies
[Receptor Language]. [] pseudo of Origin ....... 101
anglicisms
and
Urshybrids
Watter result from a novel combination of borrowed lexical units.
[] On closer scrutiny, the definition of pseudo anglicisms borders on
5.1 State Interest
morphological andsemantic
and Responsibility
changes of borrowings in the RL. []
Thetowards their Citizens
term pseudo anglicism Living Abroad ...........................................
describes the phenomenon that occurs 102
when the RL uses lexical elements of the SL [Source Language]
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104to
create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. (Onysko
2007a: 52)
5.4 Migration
Onysko Policy in that:
also recognized Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
[] pseudo English words, i.e. pseudo anglicisms, [] are virtually
unknown in Pas
5.6 Alianza the English language cultural areas, so these terms could
.................................................................................. 112
not have been copied from an English model. [] On closer analysis,
5.7 Challenges
however, pseudo ....................................................................................
anglicisms are not totally unrelated to an English 114
model. [] pseudo
Bibliography anglicisms are derived from English lexical units,
....................................................................................... 116
21
Working Together for the Well-being
Tr. [...] pseudo-Anglicisms, that is words of Migrants
commonly ...........................
used in Italian but without 119
any Barry
equivalent term in the donor language, or used with a different meaning, are not
Halliday
unusual..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

whose originalRights Approach ........................................................
denotations, however, become blended in58
unprecedented ways as a new lexical unit is constructed []. (Onysko
3.5 Conclusion
2007b: 221, 222)...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Terminological ambiguity is also evident in Fischer, who states
that:
[] pseudo-borrowings or pseudo-loans [] are words or word
and Non-policies
elements in Italy
in languages other and
thanEurope
English...........................................
that were borrowed from61
Laura Zanfrini
English but are used in a way that native English speakers would not
recognize. Pseudo-anglicisms
4.1 Restrictive oftenDemand
Policies and Structural take for theImmigrant
form ofLabour blends, .. 65
combining elements of multiple English words to create a new word.
4.2 Initiatives
(Fischer 2008: for
7) Governing Family and Humanitarian
For the purposes of this book, the umbrella term false
4.3 From Guest
Anglicisms willWorkers to Unwelcomeused,
be consistently Guestswithout
..................................
differentiating 82
between the various
4.4 Selective Policies labels
and theprovided by the scholars surveyed.
Brain Drain............................................ 87
In the definitions reviewed there seems to be widespread
agreement on the absence of an English lexical model which inspires
theBibliography
coinage of .........................................................................................
false Anglicisms. However, false Anglicisms are97at
least partially connected to an English model, which is creatively
5. Colombia:
reshaped. Including
In fact, Emigrantsmodel
the supposed in Their is Societies of Origin .......
freely reinterpreted in101the
Urs Watter
Italian language by joining two English free morphemes in order to
form5.1aState
compound
Interest andthatResponsibility
does not exist in English, e.g. recordman, by
obtaining a new word which
towards their Citizens Living is made
Abroadof...........................................
an English free morpheme 102
and an English suffix, e.g. footing, by deleting the head of an English
5.2 Applied
two-word Ethics ..............................................................................
compound, irrespective of the ellipsis rules proper of104 the
English language, e.g. basket, by clipping a genuine English
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 word,
e.g. happy end, by reusing an English word with a new meaning that
is not found in English, e.g. mister, and by employing proper names,
e.g.5.5carter, placenos
Colombia names, e.g. new jersey, or trademarks, e.g. ticket
une...................................................................... 109
restaurant, which look English in form, as common nouns. On the
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
one hand, the fact that an English model is somehow recognizable
5.7 Challenges
justifies the choice ....................................................................................
of the label Anglicism. On the other hand,114 the
factBibliography
that the Anglicism is so reinterpreted that either does 116
....................................................................................... not
formally exist in English or is used with a different meaning in
Italian
Working justifies
Togetherthe choice
for the of the labeloffalse.
Well-being Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
1.23.4AThe Human Rights

Definition Approach
of False ........................................................ 58
Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
A theoretical definition of false Anglicisms is based on the definition
Bibliographyprovided
of Anglicisms .........................................................................................
by Grlach: 60
4. An
Theanglicism
Ethics of isMigration.
a word or idiom that is recognizably English in its
form (spelling,
Reflections pronunciation,
on Recent Migrationmorphology,
Policies or at least one of the
three), but is accepted as an item in the ...........................................
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe vocabulary of the receptor61
language. (Grlach
Laura Zanfrini 2003: 1)
4.1 Restrictive
Therefore, Policies
a false Anglicismand Structural
may beDemand definedfor as Immigrant
a word orLabour idiom..that 65
is 4.2
recognizably
Initiatives forEnglish
GoverninginFamily its and formHumanitarian
(spelling, pronunciation,
morphology, or at least one of the
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers three), but is Migration
accepted .............
as an item 73
in the vocabulary of the receptor language even though it does not
4.3orFrom
exist Guest
is used Workers
with to Unwelcome
a conspicuously Guests meaning
different ..................................
in English.82 22
False
4.4 Anglicisms
Selective Policies and are the creations of the Italian language that
Brain Drain............................................ 87
formally resemble English words but actually do not belong to the
4.5 Equal
English Opportunity
language, and Denied instead
e.g. recordman Opportunities
of record ................................
holder. There are 90
alsoBibliography
false Anglicisms that are proper English words but are used97in
.........................................................................................
Italian with totally different meanings, e.g. smoking instead of tuxedo
23
or dinner jacket.
5. Colombia: Including False Anglicisms
Emigrants in Their areSocieties
considered of Originauthentically
....... 101
English by most Italian speakers.24
Urs Watter
22 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Since the exact provenance of a precise lexical model is not always readily
identifiable, no distinction is made between false Anglicisms and false
5.3 Migration
Americanisms. ThePolicy
English and Ethics
milieu .........................................................
which prompts the coinage of false Anglicisms 106
is conceived as a whole, without differentiating between British English, American
English, or other well-established varieties of English. Grlach (2003: 63) indeed
points
5.5out [] the nos
Colombia veryune
restricted possibility of determining by formal means109
...................................................................... the
provenance of anglicisms from Britain or America (or Australia, etc.) [].
23
As
5.6Fischer
Alianza(2008:
Pas 3) points out: [] at least in theory, we have to distinguish
.................................................................................. 112
between the borrowing process as such, i.e. when the borrowing enters the receiver
5.7 Challenges
language, ....................................................................................
and consecutive processes, i.e. when the newly borrowed word undergoes 114
further changes in the language of which it has now become part..
24 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Gani (2002: 20) states that [o]ccasionally, the English used is not
incomprehensible, but brings a smile to an English speakers lips.. Gani (2007: 41)
Working
also Together
adds that for the
[i]ronically, Well-being
Italians of Migrants
using English imports...........................
have no trouble at 119all
understanding each
Barry Halliday other. Its English speakers who are unfamiliar with Italian who
get confused..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
False Human Rights
anglicisms are either Approach
formally ........................................................
or semantically different from the58
original English words from which they are supposed to derive, so that
3.5 Conclusion
both an English......................................................................................
native speaker, proficient in Italian, and an Italian59
native speaker,.........................................................................................
Bibliography proficient in English, would recognize them in spoken60
and written registers. (Furiassi 2003: 123)
At any rate, false Anglicisms per se should not be classified as
adapted Anglicisms since they are neither orthographically nor
morphologically
Laura Zanfrini
adapted to the structure of the Italian language.
False Anglicisms, which formally mirror English orthographic
4.1 Restrictive
patterns, may bePolicies and Structural
essentially definedDemand for Immigrant Labour
as English-looking words,.. i.e. 65
words constituted
4.2 Initiatives forby sequences
Governing of characters
Family and Humanitarian which are typical of the
English language.
With regard to orthography, words such as autogol, bloc notes,
4.3 From
elisk, Guest Workers in
and fotoreporter, to Unwelcome
which the lexical Guests ..................................
item (-gol instead82 of
-goal, bloc instead of block), the combining form (foto-
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 instead
of photo-), or both (eli- instead of heli- and -sk instead of -ski) are
adapted to the orthographic conventions of Italian, are rare instances
of Bibliography
graphically .........................................................................................
adapted false Anglicisms but will not be considered 97
false Anglicisms proper (Hall 1957: 24, Rando 1970: 130). Some of
these might beIncluding
5. Colombia: labeled as hybrid Anglicisms,
Emigrants in Their Societies e.g. fotoreporter,
of Origin .......since 101
theyUrsare
Watter
constituted by a mixture of Italian and English forms.
Conversely, the forms
5.1 State Interest autogoal, block notes, and heliski will be
and Responsibility
considered false Anglicisms
towards their Citizens Living sinceAbroad
no graphic adaptation occurs.25102
...........................................
The extent to which false Anglicisms may undergo orthographic
5.2 Applied
changes is Ethics
limited..............................................................................
to the elimination of a space or 104 the
addition/deletion
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106is
of a hyphen in compounds, a variability which
also very common in English.26 These devices can be considered
5.4 Migration
minor Policy in Colombia
graphic strategies which do......................................................
not really prevent linguists from 108
classifying suchnos
5.5 Colombia compounds as false Anglicisms (Furiassi 2005:
une...................................................................... 109
283). In fact, there are usually three alternative patterns: solid
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
compounds, e.g. recordman, compounds separated by a space, e.g.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
25
The compound photoreporter is not used in the Italian language.
26
Working
As statedTogether for the
by Moss (1995: Well-being
129): [] the of Migrants
hyphen either ...........................
brings together the119 two
separately spelt words
Barry Halliday of the English original or breaks into two an original single
word []..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
beauty Human
case, Rights Approach
or hyphenated compounds, e.g. block-notes.27 At times,
........................................................ 58
the3.5
same false Anglicism
Conclusion may have all these forms, e.g. longseller,
...................................................................................... 59
long seller, and long-seller.
Bibliography
With regard.........................................................................................
to morphology, derivatives should be considered the 60
output of the assimilation process of borrowings, i.e. adapted
4. The Ethicsrather
Anglicisms, of Migration.
than false Anglicisms. The resulting form has no
equivalent in on
Reflections Recentsince
English Migrationmaterial Policies
of the recipient language, i.e.
Italian, is added to forms imported from the donor language, i.e.
Laura Zanfrini
English. For instance, the English verb to format needs to be adapted
into4.1formattare
Restrictive in orderand
Policies to Structural
comply with Demand thefor morphological
Immigrant Labour rules of
.. 65
Italian verb formation.28 Hence, the adding of suffixes is a way of
adjusting the borrowing
Migration: Labour Migration to thebut structural
not Workers patterns
Migration of the Italian
............. 73
language.
4.3 From Guest
A curious Workers
example of atofalse
Unwelcome
Anglicism Guests which..................................
has lost all English 82
traces in ItalianPolicies
4.4 Selective is golf:and thisthefalse
Brain Anglicism is so rooted in the Italian
Drain............................................ 87
language that several derivatives were coined by means of Italian
4.5 Equal
suffixes, Opportunity
e.g. golfetto, and Deniedgolfone
golfino, Opportunities
(Melzi................................
1990: 133). These 90
derivatives,
Bibliography however, should not be considered false Anglicisms
......................................................................................... 97
since false Anglicisms to be defined as such may only be adapted
in
5. pronunciation
Colombia: Includingin order to comply
Emigrants with the
in Their phonological
Societies of Originsystem ....... 101of
29
Italian.
Urs Watter
1.3 Atowards
Litmustheir
Test for Detecting
Citizens False
Living Abroad Anglicisms
........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
A litmus test can be run in order to identify false Anglicisms in
5.3 Migration
Italian, Policy
as well as and other
in any Ethics language.
.........................................................
When a word of supposed 106
English origin, i.e. having rather indisputable English spelling
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 or
27
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
The label solid compounds is used by Cowie (1983: 104).
28
5.6 recognized
As Alianza Pas by..................................................................................
Bisetto (2004: 62): I prestiti che, ancor oggi, devono 112
necessariamente subire un processo di adattamento alla forma di parola dellitaliano
sono5.7 Challenges
i verbi ....................................................................................
per i quali laggiunta del morfema verbale (-are, di solito) che rende 114
le parole conformi alla forma di citazione dei verbi obbligatoria.. Tr. Borrowings
Bibliography
which even now .......................................................................................
must necessarily be adapted when entering Italian are verbs: 116
the
verbal morpheme (usually -are) is obligatory in order to formulate the infinitive..
29
Working Together
The different Italian for the Well-being
pronunciation of Englishof Migrants
acronyms ...........................
(Moss 1995: 135), 119 such
as AIDS,
Barry USA, and VIP pronounced as acronyms instead of initialisms or vice
Halliday
versa will be considered a case of phonological adaptation of real Anglicisms.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

pronunciation, RightsinApproach
appears an Italian ........................................................
text or utterance and that text58 or
utterance is translated into English by a native speaker, if
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 the
supposed borrowing from English is felt by the native speaker to
needBibliography .........................................................................................
substitution since it is not understood or looks/sounds 60
inappropriate it is considered a false Anglicism. Conversely, if in
4. The
the caseEthics
of a of Migration.the supposed borrowing is not felt to need
translation,
substitution, theRecent
Reflections on wordMigration
is a genuine Policies non-adapted Anglicism.
Therefore, the questions asked at the beginning of the introduction
Laura Zanfrini
may now be reconsidered as reliable explanatory examples in order
to validate the litmus
4.1 Restrictive Policies test:
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
1.a Avete mai incontrato un recordman?
1.b Have you ever met a recordman?
1.c Have you ever met a record holder?
2.a Siete mai andati a fare footing?
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
2.b Have you ever gone footing?
2.c Have Including
5. Colombia: you ever gone jogging?
Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
3.aState
5.1 Avete mai and
Interest giocato a basket?
Responsibility
3.btowards
Have their Citizens
you ever Living
played Abroad ........................................... 102
basket?
5.2
3.cApplied Ethics
Have you ..............................................................................
ever played basketball? 104
4.aMigration
5.4 Avete mai lettoinun
Policy romanzo
Colombia con un happy end?
...................................................... 108
4.bColombia
5.5 Have younos
ever read
une a novel with a happy end?
...................................................................... 109
4.cAlianza
5.6 Have you ever read a novel with a happy ending?
Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
5.a Avete mai incontrato il mister della vostra squadra di calcio
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
preferita?
5.b Have
Working you ever
Together metWell-being
for the the misterof
ofMigrants
your favorite soccer team?
........................... 119
Barry Halliday
5.c Have you ever met the coach of your favorite soccer team?

Monza/Italy
3.4
6.aThe Human
Avete maiRights
rotto ilApproach ........................................................
carter della bicicletta? 58
3.5
6.bConclusion
Have you......................................................................................
ever broken the carter of your bike? 59
6.c Have you
Bibliography ever broken the chain guard of your bike?
......................................................................................... 60

7.a Avete mai visto una macchina urtare un new jersey?
7.b Non-policies
and Have you everinseen
Italya and
car hit a new...........................................
Europe jersey? 61
Laura Zanfrini
7.c Have you ever seen a car hit a traffic divider?
8.aInitiatives
4.2 Avete mai for utilizzato
Governingun ticketand
Family restaurant?
Humanitarian
8.b Have you ever used a ticket restaurant?
4.3
8.cFrom Guest
Have youWorkers to Unwelcome
ever used Guests .................................. 82
a meal ticket?
Examples 1.a, 2.a, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a, 6.a, 7.a, and 8.a show utterances
which may be heard or read in daily Italian. If English translations of
such sentences .........................................................................................
Bibliography are attempted, the translator would certainly feel that 97
the English-looking and English-sounding words (in italics) in the
5. Colombia:
Italian Including
sentences cannotEmigrants
be kept, asinthey Theirare Societies
in 1.b, of Origin
2.b, 3.b, .......
4.b, 101
5.b,
Urs Watter
6.b, 7.b, and 8.b, but must be substituted by proper English
equivalents, as in 1.c,
5.1 State Interest and 2.c, 3.c, 4.c, 5.c, 6.c, 7.c, and 8.c.
Responsibility
1.45.2
A Applied
Classification of False Anglicisms
Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Due5.3toMigration
their manifold
Policy and features,
Ethicsfalse Anglicisms pose some problems
......................................................... 106
if scholars wish to classify them.30 This is evident considering the
5.4 Migration
numerous Policy in
definitions and Colombia ......................................................
classifications surveyed thus far. In fact, 108
false
5.5 Anglicisms
Colombia nosoriginate from various linguistic processes. Even
une...................................................................... 109
though in some cases false Anglicisms may not fit into rigid
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
categories and it is sometimes difficult to determine their origin,
5.7 types
eight Challenges ....................................................................................
of false Anglicisms can be distinguished: autonomous 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
30
As Dardano et al. (2000: 32) state: [] il continuo prodursi di forme miste e di
Working Together
pseudoanglicismi pone for the Well-being
ai ricercatori of Migrants
vari problemi, anche di...........................
natura classificatoria.. 119
Tr. []
Barrythe continual production of mixed forms and pseudoanglicisms gives rise to
Halliday
a number of problems for researchers, also of a classificatory nature..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

compounds (AC),Rights
autonomousApproach ........................................................
derivatives (AD), compound ellipses 58
(CE), clippings (C),
3.5 Conclusion semantic shifts (SS), eponyms (E), toponyms
...................................................................................... 59
(T), and generic trademarks (GT).31 As previously shown, the litmus
testBibliography .........................................................................................
devised applies to all types of false Anglicisms.32 60
4. TheAutonomous
1.4.1 Ethics of Migration.
Compounds (AC)
False Anglicisms made up of autonomous compounds are non-
Laura Zanfrini
English compounds formed with two lexical elements that can be
4.1 Restrictive
separately foundPolicies and Structural
in English, whose Demand
compound for Immigrant
form, however, Labour ..is 65a
genuine Italian for
4.2 Initiatives product. This Family
Governing leads to
andthe coinage of brand-new false
Humanitarian
Anglicisms: such compound words are not
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workersused in English.............. 73
Migration
A typical example of a false Anglicism constituted by an
4.3 From Guest
autonomous Workersistothe
compound Unwelcome Guests ..................................
word recordman which is not used82in
English but isPolicies
4.4 Selective actually
andcomposed of two authentic English free
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

31
False Anglicisms which are classified as eponyms, toponyms, and generic
Urs Watter
trademarks trademarks which have acquired a generic meaning and that sound or
look5.1English
State to an Italian
Interest and speaker undergo a particular kind of metonymic shift,
Responsibility
i.e. a type of semantic shift,
towards their Citizens Living which consists
Abroadin downgrading the proper noun102
........................................... to a
common noun and in applying the names of people, places, or trademarks to
common items. According
5.2 Applied to Ephratt (2003: 393), this process is called genericness.
Ethics .............................................................................. 104
32
Although there are some differences, the division of false Anglicisms into
5.3 Migration
categories Policy
is similar to theandtaxonomy
Ethics .........................................................
outlined by Gottlieb (2005: 164), 106 who
identifies archaisms, i.e. compound ellipses, which are viewed as the diachronic
5.4 than
rather Migration Policy inoutcome
the synchronic Colombia of ......................................................
language contact, semantic slides,108 i.e.
semantic shifts, and recombinations, i.e. autonomous compounds and autonomous
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
derivatives. On the other hand, Onysko (2007a: 52) does not seem to agree that
pseudo Anglicisms
5.6 Alianza Passhould be divided into lexical pseudo loans, i.e. autonomous
.................................................................................. 112
compounds, morphological changes, i.e. compound ellipses and clippings, and
5.7 Challenges
semantic ....................................................................................
pseudo loans, i.e. semantic shifts, since the division [] blurs114 the
difference between semantic and morphological adaptation of Anglicisms [] and
the Bibliography
creation of pseudo.......................................................................................
Anglicisms as lexical units irrespective of an English model.. 116
Onysko (2007a: 55) considers pseudo Anglicisms in the narrow sense only: []
Working
English Together
lexical elements forused
theforWell-being of Migrants
lexical creations [] without...........................
an English model 119
[]. According
Barry Halliday to Onyskos taxonomy, only autonomous compounds would be
classified as false Anglicisms.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human 33

morphemes, i.e. Rights
record Approach
and man.........................................................
The English equivalent is the 58
34
compound record......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion holder. 59
Conversely, compounds such as web-caf or caf-racer caf
Bibliography
being .........................................................................................
clearly French should be labeled as loanblends (Lass 1969: 60
66, Haugen 1950: 218) or hybrid compounds (Onysko 2007a: 52)
4. The Ethics
instead of falseofAnglicisms.
Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration
It is worth considering that notPolicies
all false Anglicisms appearing as
two words necessarily fall within the category of autonomous
Laura Zanfrini
compounds. For instance, according to the GDU, camera car is used
in motorcycle
4.1 Restrictiveand car racing
Policies to indicate
and Structural Demand a special cameraLabour
for Immigrant located on
.. 65
the4.2vehicle while
Initiatives
racing: the real
for Governing Family and Humanitarian
English word being on-board
35
camera. However,
Migration: Labourcamera Migration car butalso exists inMigration
not Workers Italian .............
as a real 73
Anglicism and it refers to a moving vehicle equipped with a camera
and4.3used
FromforGuest Workers
special typesto Unwelcome
of shooting, Guests ..................................
especially in the movie- 82
making industry.
4.4 Selective Therefore,
Policies and thethe Brain false Anglicism camera car would
Drain............................................ 87
be more appropriately classified as a semantic shift rather than an
autonomous compound.and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
1.4.2 Autonomous Derivatives (AD)
In Urs Watter number of cases an English free morpheme and an
a limited
English bound
5.1 State morpheme
Interest may be joined to give birth to a false
and Responsibility
Anglicism in Italian. A
towards their Citizens Living prototypical example of autonomous
Abroad ........................................... 102
derivative leading to a false Anglicism is footing, which was first
5.2 Applied
attested Ethics
in Italian in..............................................................................
1921 (GDU) and was mediated by French. 104 The
false Anglicism footing is composed of the lexical element
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106foot and
33
According
5.5 Colombiato Grlach
nos une (2003: 61): The element -man is apparently on109
...................................................................... the
borderline of suffix and lexical morpheme..
34
5.6 Alianza
According Pas ..................................................................................
to Spence (1987: 181): It is clear that the words that one can 112 most
clearly label as bogus are those that have no formal equivalent in English, and
5.7have
never Challenges ....................................................................................
had [].. In line with Spences belief , Onysko (2007a: 54) recognizes 114
that [] a pseudo Anglicism is not the result of lexical transfer (i.e. borrowing) but
Bibliography
is the product of a.......................................................................................
language-inherent creation that is based on a novel combination 116
and use of English lexical material in the RL [Receptor Language]..
35
Working
From thisTogether for the
point forward, Well-beingconsidered
the dictionaries of Migrants ...........................
and included 119
in the reference
section willHalliday
Barry be listed by means of the most common abbreviations or acronyms used
in the literature.

Monza/Italy
the3.4 The Human element

grammatical -ing.36 The
Rights Approach ........................................................
first element had already been 58
well-known to both
3.5 Conclusion French and Italian speakers through the authentic
...................................................................................... 59
Anglicism football (Moss 1995: 133); the second element is a very
Bibliography
productive .........................................................................................
suffix in English. The English equivalent is jogging. False 60
Anglicisms classified as autonomous derivatives are not used in
4. The Ethics
English of Migration.
to identify the same Italian referent.
andCompound
1.4.3 Non-policies in Italy
Ellipses (CE)and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
Even though the ellipsis of compounds is a quite common word-
4.1 Restrictive
formation process Policies
in bothand Structural
English Demand and Italian, for Immigrant
certain Labourellipses .. 65
of
English compounds are characteristic
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian of the Italian language (Luciani
CreulyMigration:
1987: 298, Labour Iamartino
Migration 2001:but not121). As recognized
Workers by Vogel
Migration ............. 73
(1990: 100), no other language [] shows as consistent a pattern of
shortening of compounds as Italian. [] the reducing of English
4.4 Selective
compounds is Policies and the Brainand
quite productive Drain............................................
continues to contribute new 87
forms to Italian [].. For instance, the word basket
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 does not
function as the elliptical form of basketball in the English language.
In Bibliography
fact, the false .........................................................................................
Anglicism basket is not likely to be intuitively97 or
immediately associated to the sport of basketball by a native speaker
5. English.
of Colombia: 37 Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
36 5.1 StateitInterest
Although does notand Responsibility
happen in the Italian language, it is worth noticing that in
Spanishtowards
there aretheir
hybrid Citizens Living
derivatives which Abroad
exploit ...........................................
the productivity of the suffix102 -ing
by attaching it to Spanish free morphemes. Riquelme (1998: 87) defines them:
5.2 Applied
Vocablos Ethics
espurios, ..............................................................................
bastardos [] hbridos desternillantes como en espaol 104
cuerding o puenting: ni bridging ni puenteo [].. Tr. spurious, bastard words
[] hilarious hybrids as in Spanish cuerding or puenting: neither bridging
nor 5.4
puenteo
Migration[].. It is interesting
Policy in Colombia to notice how both cuerding and puenting 108
...................................................... have
a typically Spanish root, i.e. cuerda and puente, and, at the same time a little
English flavor added
5.5 Colombia nosbyune the......................................................................
-ing suffix. These coinages would be classified 109as
hybrids or loanblends (Lass 1969: 66, Winford 2003: 45). Plausible English
5.6 Alianza
equivalents Pas ..................................................................................
are ropelling and bunjee jumping respectively. Another very recent 112
example is balconing, which can be defined as the dangerous practice of jumping
from5.7balconies
Challenges ....................................................................................
towards swimming pools. According to Heath (1994: 388),114 the
introduction of a foreign affix into target language word morphology may be
Bibliography
defined .......................................................................................
as the borrowing of grammatical morphemes. 116
37
Dardano (1998: 357) argues that [] in luogo di clip si usano anche videoclip e
Working
video; Together foruno
questultimo the Well-being
pseudoanglicismo, of Migrantsche (per ...........................
un fenomeno119di
reinterpretazione
Barry Halliday in cui il determinante scambiato con il determinato) elimina la
testa del composto [].. Tr. [] in addition to clip Italian has videoclip and

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

Therefore, Rights
false Approachoriginating
Anglicisms ........................................................
from the ellipsis of 58 an
English compound
3.5 Conclusion can be formally found in English, though with59a
......................................................................................
different meaning. After becoming lexical units semantically affected
by Bibliography
but formally .........................................................................................
independent from the English compounds from 60
which they derive, such elliptical forms may hinder the full
4. The Ethics of of
comprehension Migration.
the word in question, e.g. water in place of water
Reflections
closet. 38 on Recent Migration Policies
Indeed, non-English compound ellipses derive their meanings
Laura Zanfrini
from the English compounds which have been truncated. In English
compounds, the Policies
4.1 Restrictive modifier, andwhich
Structuralis collocated
Demand foronImmigrant the left of the head,
Labour .. 65
adds a specification to the meaning of the head. However, English
compounds do not
Migration: Labour have the same
Migration structure
but not Workers as Migration
Italian compounds,
............. 73
where the head usually comes first, followed by the modifying
39 Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.3 From
element. In fact, in post-modifying languages, i.e. Italian, the right-
hand element would and
4.4 Selective Policies normally
the Brainbe deleted. Conversely, in pre-
Drain............................................ 87
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia:
video; the latterIncluding
is a false Emigrants
Anglicism,in whichTheir Societies
(accordingoftoOrigin ....... 101of
the process
Urs Watter in which the head and the modifier change place) eliminates the
reinterpretation
head of the compound [].. The CDAE gives a different interpretation, recognizing
5.1asState
video Interestellipsis
the accepted and Responsibility
of videoclip, thus turning it into a real Anglicism, not a
towards
false one. their there
In English Citizens Living
are other Abroadof...........................................
examples the same phenomenon: when102 the
ellipsis of a compound is formed, the element on the left is kept instead of the
5.2 Applied
element Ethics
on the right. ..............................................................................
According to the NODE, an instance of this is the word skate, 104
which is used as the elliptical form of skate-board.
38 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
As Iamartino (2001: 121) puts it: [] palese che i lessemi cos ottenuti
riducono fortemente
5.4 Migration le proprie
Policy connessioni
in Colombia formali e semantiche con le forme
...................................................... 108
originali [].. Tr. [] it is evident that lexemes which are formed this way
strongly reduce formal
5.5 Colombia nosandunesemantic connections with the original forms [].. 109
......................................................................
39
As Sanniti di Baja (1992: 155) states: The structure of English compounds, too,
can5.6
be Alianza
changed Pas
through..................................................................................
an analogous process of nominalization: we can refer 112to
instances such as night from night club, cocktail from cocktail party, pocket from
5.7 Challenges
pocket ....................................................................................
book.. In addition, Vogel (1990: 99-101) states that [] when Italian 114
borrows a particular type of compound from English, typically only one of its
Bibliography
members is retained.......................................................................................
[]. What is interesting about the way in which Italian borrows 116
and shortens the type of compounds in question is not only that it reduces the
WorkingtoTogether
compound for the
a single word, butWell-being
that the word of that
Migrants ...........................
is retained is precisely the119 one
native speakers
Barry of English would not choose if they were to shorten the same
Halliday
compounds..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

modifying Rights
languages, i.e.Approach
English,........................................................
compound ellipses are more likely 58
40
to occur by eliminating
3.5 Conclusion the word on the left.
...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography
1.4.4 Clippings.........................................................................................
(C) 60
Clippings are of
4. The Ethics one of the productive word-formation strategies of the
Migration.
English language
Reflections whichMigration
on Recent involve Policies
the shortening of words. Forms
abbreviated from larger words (Plag
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe 2003: 121) are very common
........................................... 61
in Laura
English, e.g.
Zanfrini ad for advertisement (end clipping), specs for
spectacles (medial clipping), phone for telephone (initial clipping).
4.1 Restrictive
However, as RossPolicies and Structural
(1999: Demand
87) argues: [] for Immigrant Labour .. 65
it is cross-language
clipping that gives
4.2 Initiatives for rise to []Family
Governing enigmasand[]..
Humanitarian
40 4.3 FromtoGuest
According KlajnWorkers
(1972: 72): to Il
Unwelcome
conflitto, nei Guests ..................................
composti, tra la sequenza italiana 82
e quella inglese non sempre ha per conseguenza una diminutio capitis []. A volte
lordine degli elementi o il loro rapporto che si inverte per sottostare alla regola
dellattributo
4.5 Equalpreposto.
Opportunity [] and La parola
Deniedpu serbare la forma
Opportunities originale, invertendo
................................ 90
per lordine delle funzioni, per cui il secondo termine, che in inglese era il
principale (determinato),
Bibliography viene inteso come attributo (determinante).. Tr. 97
......................................................................................... In
compounds, the contrast between the Italian sequence and the English one does not
always result in a diminutio capitis []. Sometimes it is the order of the elements or
5. Colombia:
their relationshipIncluding
that is invertedEmigrants
in orderintoTheirfollowSocieties
the rule ofofadjective
Origin .......
first.101[]
Urs Watter
The word can keep the original form but invert the functional order, so that the
second element, which is the main one in English (head), is now viewed as an
5.1 State
adjective Interest and
(modifier).. Responsibility
Chiarioni (1974: 84) confirms this: Lapplicazione formale
towards their
del trattamento Citizens
italiano, cio Living
lomissione Abroad del ...........................................
secondo termine, in questo 102 tipo
despressioni binomie inglesi (jolly, cocktail, night per jolly joker, cocktail party,
5.2club)
night Applied
mostraEthics
che tali..............................................................................
espressioni sono state adottate e diffuse specialmente 104 da
chi aveva minor conoscenza e minor pratica della loro lingua dorigine.. Tr.
Applying the Italian form to these kinds of binomial English expressions, that is
omitting the secondPolicy
5.4 Migration element, [] shows......................................................
in Colombia that such expressions have been adopted 108
and used especially by those speakers with a limited knowledge of the language
from5.5which they originated..
Colombia Moreover, dealing with false Anglicisms in the press,
nos une...................................................................... 109
Dardano (1986a: 490) claims that [s]pesso linglese della stampa presenta fenomeni
che5.6 Alianza Pas
esemplificano ..................................................................................
ampliandole le tendenze che caratterizzano i contatti tra lingue. 112
[] si propone quel tipo di adattamento che consiste nelleliminare il secondo
5.7 Challenges
elemento, ....................................................................................
cio il determinatum, dei composti nominali, attribuendo al tempo 114
stesso al primo elemento, cio al determinans il significato del composto []..
Tr. Bibliography .......................................................................................
The use of English words in the press exemplifies and magnifies the trends 116
which characterize language contact. [] what is proposed is a kind of adaptation
Working
that consistsTogether for the
in eliminating the Well-being
second element, of Migrants
namely the...........................
determinatum, 119 from
nominal
Barrycompounds
Halliday and at the same time attributing to the first element, namely the
determinans, the meaning of the compound []..

Monza/Italy
3.4 TheAnglicisms
False Human Rights
thatApproach
originate........................................................
from clippings are abbreviations 58
of real English words
3.5 Conclusion that would not be accepted in English, e.g. flirt
...................................................................................... 59
for flirtation, happy end for happy ending, relax for relaxation. The
Bibliography
difference .........................................................................................
between compound ellipses and clippings is that the 60
former involve the elimination of an entire lexical item while the
4. Theare
latter Ethics of Migration.
limited to the deletion of a suffix.
andSemantic
1.4.5 Non-policies
Shifts in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
(SS)
Laura Zanfrini
As Tosi (2001: 207) says: Sometimes borrowed words maintain
4.1original
their Restrictive Policies and
meaning and Structural
sometimes Demand
they for
alterImmigrant Labour .. 65
either meaning or
form, or both.. With reference to imported Anglicisms,
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Tosi (2001:
216) adds that Italian
Migration: Labour sometimes
Migration butchanges the Migration
not Workers meaning.............
and other 73
times uses old meanings or makes semantic alterations. [] This
phenomenon sometimes surprises native speakers of English []..
4.4 Selective
According Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
to Filipovi:
4.5 Equal
There are Opportunity
also cases when and Denied Opportunities
an Anglicism expands ................................
the number of its90
meanings after
Bibliography it has been integrated into the receiving language.97
.........................................................................................
(Filipovi 1996b: 45)
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin41....... 101
Semantic shifts involve a process of meaning extension. A false
Urs Watter
Anglicism derived from a semantic shift is a word that may be
encountered in English
5.1 State Interest but that takes on a new meaning in Italian
and Responsibility
42
towards
(Merlini 1987:their Citizens
316). TheLiving Abroad
meaning ...........................................
given to such items strikes102 the
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
41
The label semantic shifts may partially overlap with what Lass (1969: 66) labels
5.3 Migration
as loanshifts, Policy and Ethics
i.e. non-adapted borrowings.........................................................
entering a language with a usage which 106
is different from the native one, and with what Weinreich (1963: 49) labels as
homonyms, i.e. if there is a leap in meaning, a HOMONYM is established in the
recipient language.nos
5.5 Colombia According to Lass, a loanshift may be either a 109
une...................................................................... loan
homonym, when a word takes on a completely different meaning from its original
one,5.6
or Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
a loan synonym, when a word in a receiving language maintains one 112or
more, but not all the meanings it has in the donor language. With regard to the
5.7 Challenges
present classification....................................................................................
of false Anglicisms in Italian, only loan homonyms will 114be
considered as false Anglicisms generated by semantic shift.
42 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
When semantic extensions take place, some scholars refer to them as
semantically adapted Anglicisms instead of false Anglicisms. For instance,
Working
Gottlieb Together
(2005: for the aWell-being
165) provides typology of of Migrants
semantic ...........................
loans, i.e. existing words 119
acquiring
Barry new meanings or new homonyms, in which extensions are included.
Halliday
However, extensions do generate false Anglicisms since meaning extension

Monza/Italy
3.4 TheEnglish
ordinary Human Rights
speakerApproachas odd.........................................................
In Italian, for example, the word 58
mister besides ......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion being used as a real Anglicism also refers to the 59
trainer of a sports team: the appropriate English equivalent would
Bibliography
actually .........................................................................................
be either (sports) coach or trainer.43 60
Even though they are formally identical in both languages, false
4. The Ethics
Anglicisms of Migration.
characterized by a semantic shift are words that have kept
Reflections on Recent
an authentic English formMigration
but whose Policies meaning significantly departs
from the English original (Chiarioni 1974: 85). Therefore, the
Laura Zanfrini
acceptable degree of semantic difference which would allow certain
lexical items to be
4.1 Restrictive labeled
Policies andas false Anglicisms
Structural Demand forisImmigrant incomprehensibility
Labour .. 65
since it is evident that the attribution of new meanings to Italian false
Anglicisms which
Migration: Labour have Englishbuthomographs
Migration not Workers eventually leads 73to
Migration .............
ambiguity.44
4.3 From Guestmeaning
Conversely, Workers torestrictions
Unwelcome Guests should..................................
be considered real 82
Anglicisms since
4.4 Selective only one
Policies and ofthetheBrainseveral meanings accepted in English
Drain............................................ 87
is used in the borrowing language. The English form is borrowed but
not4.5
allEqual Opportunity
its meanings and Denied
(Geeraerts Opportunities
1997: ................................
94). Consequently, on the one 90
hand, words such
Bibliography as bar, boss, and drink loan synonyms according
......................................................................................... 97
to Lass (1969: 66) and semantic narrowing according to Alexieva
(2008: 43) and
5. Colombia: Dunn (2008:
Including Emigrants 53)in Theirare authentic
Societies of borrowings
Origin .......from 101
English, even though in Italian they are only used with one of the
Urs Watter
several meanings accepted in English. In Italian, the Anglicism bar is
inevitably jeopardizes comprehension: a new meaning, which is not present in
5.2 Applied
English, Ethics
is acquired in the..............................................................................
borrowing language. In fact, in the taxonomy proposed 104
by
Gottlieb there seems to be a certain degree of overlap between extensions,
considered as real Anglicisms, and semantic slides, considered as false Anglicisms.
43
According to Fanfani
5.4 Migration Policy(2003: 174, 175),
in Colombia at times, words borrowed from English
...................................................... 108
display [] sfumature diverse o addirittura un certo scarto rispetto al significato
dellinglese. [] la nos
5.5 Colombia semantica della parola ormai slegata da quella della lingua
une...................................................................... 109
modello ed sostanzialmente determinata dai riaggiustamenti imposti dalla lingua
5.6 Alianza
ricevente.. Pas ..................................................................................
Tr. [] different shades of meaning or a certain distance from112 the
proper English meaning. [] the meaning of the word is far from the meaning it has
5.7donor
in the Challenges
language....................................................................................
and is substantially determined by the readjustments imposed 114
by the recipient language..
44 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
On semantic shifts, Chiarioni (1974: 85) maintains that [] il vocabolo straniero
viene spesso adottato con accezioni diverse (o con diversa estensione di significato)
Working
rispetto allaTogether for the Well-being
lingua dorigine.. Tr. [] theofforeign Migrants lemma ...........................
is often adapted119 and
acquires
Barrya Halliday
different semantic shade (or a different meaning extension) if compared
to the donor language..

Monza/Italy
only3.4used
The asHuman Rights of
a synonym Approach
pub (Hazon),........................................................
boss, usually referring to the 58
head3.5of a criminal
Conclusion organization (GDU), has a negative connotation,
...................................................................................... 59
and drink only indicates an alcoholic beverage in Italian (DEA). On
theBibliography
other hand, .........................................................................................
words such as box, miss, and mister loan 60
homonyms according to Lass (1969: 66), homonyms according to
4. The Ethics
Weinreich of Migration.
(1963: 49), extensions according to Gottlieb (2005:
Reflections
165), and semantic on Recent Migration
widening Policiesto Alexieva (2008: 44) and
according
Dunn (2008: 54) must be classified as false Anglicisms since they
Laura Zanfrini
acquire a new meaning in Italian. In English, box does not refer to a
garage, a miss Policies
4.1 Restrictive is not and a showgirl,
Structural Demandand mister is never Labour
for Immigrant used ..as65a
synonym of coach or trainer.
How differentLabour
Migration: can the meaning
Migration but benot from
Workers the Migration
English homograph
............. 73
and how can semantic distance be measured? Since the intelligibility
4.3 From
criterion is Guest Workers to Unwelcome
not completely watertight,Guests ..................................
to verify whether a false 82
Anglicism generated
4.4 Selective Policies and by the a semantic shift occurs, the previously
Brain Drain............................................ 87
illustrated litmus test should be run.45
Finally, as suggested andby Denied
Moss Opportunities
(1995: 130), ................................
false Anglicisms 90
characterized
Bibliographyby semantic shifts may be classified according to the
......................................................................................... 97
types of meaning relations which take part in their coinage:
metonymic
5. Colombia:shifts,
Including metaphoric
Emigrantsshifts, in Their andSocieties
meronymic of Origin shifts. The
....... 101
ordinary speaker is not usually conscious of such processes, even
Urs Watter
though these semantic relations may be among the core linguistic
reasons that structurally explain false Anglicisms.
5.2 Applied
1.4.5.a EthicsShifts
Metonymic .............................................................................. 104
An5.3
instance of metonymic
Migration Policy and Ethics shift.........................................................
is the false Anglicism poker, which 106
generally denotes the famous card game in both Italian and
English.
However, in Italian poker also indicates the score that can be
5.5 Colombia
obtained in suchnos une......................................................................
a game when a player has four cards of the same 109
kind. The proper
5.6 Alianza English equivalent is actually four of a kind
Pas .................................................................................. 112
45 5.7 Challenges
Since the semantic....................................................................................
distance of the Anglicism from the English homograph is114 not
always easy to measure, in some cases the borderline between semantically adapted
Bibliography
Anglicisms, .......................................................................................
i.e. real Anglicisms, and false Anglicisms becomes fuzzy. According 116to
Pulcini (forthcoming): [] when a word is borrowed from a language into another
aWorking Together
certain amount for the
of semantic Well-being
deviation from theof Migrants
source word ...........................
takes place so that 119
the
sameBarry
word,Halliday
even when referring to the same entity, ends up having much the same
meaning but not quite the same meaning in the host language..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human Rights

(Oxford-Paravia). Approach ........................................................
Consequently, the Italian false Anglicism poker, 58
meaning score,......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion can be considered to be in metonymic relation with 59
the real Anglicism poker, meaning card game.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
1.4.5.b Metaphoric Shifts
A Reflections
metaphoriconshift occurs
Recent when Policies
Migration seemingly unrelated subjects are
compared and leads to the formation
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe of a ...........................................
new concept that resembles 61
the Laura
original concept.
Zanfrini An example of metaphoric shift is the false
Anglicism bomber, which is used in Italian instead of the real
4.1 Restrictive
Anglicism strikerPolicies
or topand Structural Demand
goal-scorer to indicatefor Immigrant
a player Labourwho scores .. 65
many goals (Hazon).
4.2 Initiatives The Family
for Governing original
andconcept
Humanitarian is represented by a
bomber airplaneLabour
Migration: whileMigration
the new butconcept, whichMigration
not Workers generates.............
the false 73
Anglicism, is based on the fact that just as a bomber airplane drops
many bombs, a bomber, used in the sense of striker or top goal-
46
4.4 Selective
scorer, Policiesgoals.
scores several and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
1.4.5.c Meronymic Shifts
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Meronyms indicate parts which form a greater concept. For instance,
the false Anglicism
5. Colombia: Includingflipper
Emigrantsis actually
in Their theSocieties
name ofof one Origin of .......
the 101two
plastic devices
Urs Watter that push the ball inside a pinball (machine). The
false Anglicism flipper can then be considered as a meronym of
5.1 State
pinball Interest and
(machine). Responsibility
Meronyms are the opposite of holonyms: in the
present case pinball (machine) Abroad
towards their Citizens Living can be...........................................
viewed as the holonym102 of
47
flipper.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
A problematic false Anglicism which may have originated through a metaphoric
shift5.4
is Migration
spider, indicating
Policy ainconvertible
Colombia sports car. Indeed, the Devoto-Oli defines
...................................................... 108
spider as: Autovettura sportiva, decappottabile, a due posti. [Propr. ragno per la
forma], thus asserting
5.5 Colombia nosthat
une spider was coined since the shape of the car resembles
...................................................................... 109
that of a spider. However, the false Anglicism spider may also be viewed as a
5.6 Alianza
trademark Pascoined
originally ..................................................................................
to denote some Italian car models (Moss 1995: 135). 112A
further explanation for the origin of this word is the ellipsis of the compound spider
5.7 (GDU).
wheel Challenges ....................................................................................
Besides the entry spider, the Merriam-Webster contains114 the
compounds spider cart and spider phaeton, which might be connected to the origin
Bibliography
of spider. Finally,.......................................................................................
it is interesting to note that the GDU also includes the spelling 116
spyder, which has actually been used as a trademark for some car models.
47
Working
Even thoughTogether
the DEA fordoes
the Well-being
not mark the of Migrants
word flipper ...........................
as a false Anglicism, 119it
explains
Barrythat [t]his term came to be accepted together with the newly introduced
Halliday
pinball machines during the 1960s and in due course spread to (almost) all parts of

Monza/Italy
3.4Eponyms
1.4.6 The Human Rights Approach ........................................................ 58
(E)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
According to the CODL, an eponym is [a]n individual name from
Bibliography
which a common .........................................................................................
noun is derived: e.g. that of the eponymous Lord 60
Sandwich as the source for sandwich and eponymy is the relation
4. The Ethics
between them.of Similarly,
Migration. according to the OCEL, an eponym is [a]
Reflections on
personal name from Recent which Migration
a word Policies
has been derived []. The person
whose name is so used []. The word so derived []..48 In a
Laura Zanfrini
broader sense:
[] eponyms are words referring to objects or activities which are
4.2 Initiatives
named for person
after the Governing
whoFamily and Humanitarian
invented and/or diffused them. Such
Migration:
words Labour Migration
are a particular but not Workers
kind of metonymy Migration
which consists in .............
applying73
the names of inventors to common items []. (Furiassi 2006c: 200)
Sometimes the Policies
4.4 Selective shift from and proper
the Brainnoun to common noun has already
Drain............................................ 87
occurred in the English language. These instances, e.g. sandwich,
4.5be
must Equal Opportunity
classified as real andAnglicisms
Denied Opportunities
in Italian................................
(Dardano 1978: 84). 90
Other times the.........................................................................................
Bibliography names of inventors are not used in English to denote 97
common items and occur only in Italian.49 As Spence states:
Urs Watter
the Continent. Since the term is not English (which has pinball machine), the term
may5.1beState Interest
a German and Responsibility
coinage based on English to flip.. The false Anglicism flipper
towards
may indeed theiraCitizens
be either semanticLivingshift ofAbroad
the real...........................................
English word flipper or an ellipsis 102
of the compound flipper pinball, as attested by the existence of the International
5.2 Applied
Flipper Pinball Ethics
Association..............................................................................
(IFPA). It is worth noting that Moss (1995: 104 131)
considers flipper a metonymy and Klajn (1972: 105) a synecdoche.
According to Cardona (1988: 123) and Baugh and Cable (1993: 299-301),
eponyms may derive
5.4 Migration from proper
Policy nouns or......................................................
in Colombia from trademarks. 108
49
As Gusmani (1986: 101, 102) argues: [] un nome proprio straniero viene
accolto come appellativo
5.5 Colombia nos uneper ......................................................................
un oggetto che sta in una qualche relazione (sia109 essa
reale o supposta) con la persona che porta quel nome, con quel marchio e via
5.6 Alianza
dicendo. Pas ..................................................................................
[] In questo tipo di casi si verificato, in generale al momento stesso 112
del
prestito, uno slittamento semantico dovuto ad erronea interpretazione del nome
5.7 Challenges
proprio ....................................................................................
come appellativo, favorita dallambiguit del contesto in cui la parola 114 stata
dapprima conosciuta o da altre circostanze esterne (marchio di fabbrica scritto
Bibliography
sulloggetto ecc.).........................................................................................
Tr. [] a proper noun of foreign origin is adopted to indicate 116
an object which is (truly or supposedly) related to the person with that name, with a
Working
certain brand,Together
and so forth.for the[] Well-being
In these instances of Migrants
a semantic ...........................
shift has taken place 119
usually
Barrywhen the borrowing occurred due to a misinterpretation of the proper noun
Halliday
as common noun, which has been favored by the contextual ambiguity in which the

Monza/Italy
A3.4fair
Thenumber
HumanofRights
[] wordsApproach are ........................................................
derived from English proper nouns58
that have never unlike sandwich, jersey, cheddar and others been
3.5 Conclusion
employed ......................................................................................
as common nouns in English. It does seem rather bizarre to59
class as an anglicism
Bibliography a form that has never functioned as a lexeme in60
.........................................................................................
English which is true of carter [] and of a number of others.
(Spence 1987: 176)
SuchReflections
eponymsonhaveRecent been Migration
considered Policies
false Anglicisms since they are
and Non-policies 50 in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
not used in English. For example, pullman is used instead of bus or
Laura Zanfrini
coach, carter instead of chain-guard, crank case, or gear case, and
montgomery in place
4.1 Restrictive of and
Policies duffel coat orDemand
Structural duffle coat (Oxford-Paravia).
for Immigrant Labour .. 65
1.4.7 Toponyms (T)
A toponym is a place name. Alternatively, in the RDLL the label
toponymic, instead of toponym, is used to refer to a [t]erm for
4.4 Selective
geographic Policies
areas suchandasthecities,
Brain Drain............................................
villages, states, and countries.. 87
According to the OCEL:
Although
Bibliographynot.........................................................................................
toponyms properly so called, many nouns have97
toponymic origins and/or associations []. Such words are often
5. associated
Colombia:with trade and
Including food. []
Emigrants SomeSocieties
in Their words, though of Origin originally
....... 101
toponymic,
Urs Watter
are more properly eponyms (coined from personal names
and titles drawn from place-names) [].
When towards
a toponymic becomes
their Citizens generic,
Living Abroad it is...........................................
not only used to refer to102 the
name of a place but may be associated with an object or a concept
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
with that geographical name. Although it is often mistaken for an
eponym, a popular
5.3 Migration example
Policy and Ethics of .........................................................
a toponym, which is widespread106in
English, is sandwich (Auchter 1998: 222).
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
word5.6was
Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
first known or by other external circumstances (brand name written on 112
the
product, etc.)..
50 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
The word liberty can be added to this list. Etymologically, it refers to the proper
name of the owner of a store in London (Arthur Lasenby Liberty) selling fabrics,
Bibliography
furniture, and other.......................................................................................
objects characterized by floral patterns (GDU). In Italian, liberty 116
indicates a particular floral style in fashion and elegantly decorated buildings in
Working Together
architecture (DELI). Even forthough
the Well-being of Migrants
some dictionaries (Hazon ...........................
and Ragazzini) consider 119
liberty a real
Barry Anglicism in Italian, the equivalent English word is art nouveau
Halliday
(Oxford-Paravia).

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

However, someRights Approach
toponyms of ........................................................
British or American origin, which 58
have3.5become generic,
Conclusion are not used in English and must be considered
...................................................................................... 59
false Anglicisms. For instance, new jersey is used in Italian to refer
to Bibliography .........................................................................................
a long, uninterrupted, reverse T-shaped concrete median barrier 60
used to separate lanes in highways (GDU). Etymologically, the false
4. The Ethics
Anglicism newof Migration.
jersey derives from the toponym of the American
state of NewonJersey,
Reflections Recent whereMigration Policiesmedian barriers were first
concrete
developed and installed.
Laura Zanfrini
1.4.8
4.1Generic Trademarks
Restrictive Policies and (GT)
Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Another important
4.2 Initiatives category isFamily
for Governing that of
andtrademarks,
Humanitarian also referred to as
brandMigration:
names Labour
(Moss Migration
1995: 135),
but notproprietary
Workers Migration names (OED),
............. 73
proprietary terms (OCEL), trade names (Hartmann and James
2001, OCEL), trade terms (OED), or word marks (Ephratt 2003:
4.4 A
393). Selective
trademarkPolicies and theby
is defined Brain
the Drain............................................
OCEL as follows: 87
A4.5sign
Equal Opportunity
or name and Denied
that is secured Opportunities
by legal registration ................................
or (in some cases)90
by established.........................................................................................
Bibliography use, and serves to distinguish one product from similar97
brands sold by competitors []. [] companies complain when their
trademarks begin to be used as generic terms in the media or
elsewhere []. There is in practice a vague area between generic
Urs Watter
terms proper, trademarks that have become somewhat generic, and
trademarks that are
5.1 State Interest andrecognized
Responsibility as such. The situation is complicated
by different usages in different
towards their Citizens Living Abroad countries []. [] a trademark 102
........................................... is
registered by adding TM (for trademark) or R (for registered) in a
superscript
5.2 Appliedcircle
Ethicsafter the term []. The term usually differs from
.............................................................................. 104
trade name [] by designating a specific product and not a business,
5.3 Migration
service, or classPolicy
of goods,and Ethics
articles, .........................................................
or substances: but some trademarks 106
and trade names may happen to be the same. [] The inclusion
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 of
such names in dictionaries, even when marked trademark or
5.5 Colombia
proprietary nos une
term, ......................................................................
indicates that their status has begun to shift. 109
Trademark names used as verbs are a further area of difficulty, both
5.6 Alianza
generally andPas
in ..................................................................................
lexicography. One solution adopted by publishers of 112
dictionaries
5.7 Challenges is to....................................................................................
regard the verb forms as generic, with a small initial 114
letter [].
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Some trademarks may be affected by genericness, i.e. [] the use
of the trademark
Working Together not as Well-being
for the a mark butof as a descriptive
Migrants word [].
........................... 119
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4 The2003:
(Ephratt Human404).
RightsWith Approach regard ........................................................
to trademarks which become 58
generic, the OCEL
3.5 Conclusion also recognizes that:
...................................................................................... 59
In law, a trademark
Bibliography ceases to be protected when it comes to be more60
.........................................................................................
widely used for, and understood as, a type rather than a brand: for
4. example, theofproprietary
The Ethics Migration.names Hoover for type of vacuum cleaner
and
Reflections onequipment
Xerox for Recent Migration that makes xerographic copies are, despite
Policies
being trademarks, widely used for vacuum cleaners in general and
xerographic copies of all kinds. When so used, especially as verbs,
Lauraare
they Zanfrini
written without an initial capital (to hoover; a xerox, to
xerox). In such
4.1 Restrictive uses and
Policies the Structural
terms areDemand
in effect generic. When
for Immigrant Labourthis .. 65
happens, the mark is referred to as generic or a generic.51
The relationship between
Migration: Labour false Anglicisms
Migration and generic
but not Workers trademarks
Migration ............. 73is
explained by Klajn:
Pseudoanglicismi possono
4.4 Selective Policies and thenascere anche quando nomi propri o87
Brain Drain............................................
marche commerciali angloamericane diventano nomi comuni in altre
4.5 Equal
lingue. Opportunity
(Klajn and103)
1972: 102, Denied
52 Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Accordingly, Gottlieb (2005: 167) notices how [] pseudo-English
trade marks may become generic terms, losing both their alien
heritage and their commercial nature..53
Urs Watter
Undoubtedly, there are some generic trademarks, such as Jeep
or 5.1 State
Kleenex Interest
whichandareResponsibility
the same in English and Italian. However,
towards theirtrademarks
English-looking Citizens Living mayAbroadalso be ...........................................
coined in languages other 102
than English since, as Pahta and Taavitsainen maintain:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
51
According to Solly
5.5 Colombia nos(2002: 227, 228): This is not necessarily good news 109
une...................................................................... for a
company: the entry of these words into common use in the language might testify to
the 5.6 Alianzasuccess
commercial Pas ..................................................................................
of its advertising and market; on the other, it brings the112 risk
of genericide and thus the serious loss of revenue to the business..
52 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Tr. Pseudoanglicisms also arise when English or American proper nouns and
brand names become common nouns in other languages..
53 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Graphically, trademarks are often though not always recognizable in
dictionaries since they are marked with special labels, i.e. and (Zardo 1996: 373,

Working
374). Together
With regard for Ephratt
to texts, the Well-being
(2003: 402) of suggests
Migrants []...........................
to add the sign 119 in

every mention of
Barry Halliday a registered trademark and the sign for an unregistered
trademark..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
An Human Rightsbrand,
English-language Approach ........................................................
trademark, company name, or slogan58
lends a commodity an up-to-date, fashionable and youthful image.
3.5 Conclusion
(Pahta ......................................................................................
and Taavitsainen 2004: 183) 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Trademarks that must be classified as false Anglicisms are those
which
4. Thecomply
Ethics ofwith the following parameters:
Migration.
Reflections on Recentmust
a) the trademark Migration Policiesi.e. a trademark loses its
be generic,
and Non-policies in Italy
specific referential and Europe
features and is...........................................
used with a more general 61
Laura Zanfrini (Furiassi 2006c: 200);
reference
4.1
b) Restrictive Policies
the trademark and look
must Structural Demand
or sound for Immigrant
English, i.e. it isLabour
coined.. 65
by
means offor
4.2 Initiatives real English Family
Governing words,ande.g.Humanitarian
ticket restaurant;
c) Migration: LabourisMigration
if a trademark but recognizable
not readily not Workers Migration .............
as English in form, 73
it must
4.3 From be Workers
Guest owned by a company Guests
to Unwelcome which ..................................
is based in an English- 82
speaking country, e.g. rimmel;
d) the trademark must not be used in English, at least not in the
way it and Denied
used in Italian, Opportunities
e.g. caterpillar. 54 ................................ 90
Bibliography
Instances .........................................................................................
of generic trademarks, whose formal appearance leads 97
Italian speakers to consider them English but which are instead false
5. Colombia: peculiar
Anglicisms Including Emigrants
to Italianin are TheirAutogrill
Societiesof Origin ....... 101
for motorway
Urs Watter
restaurant, K-Way for Windbreaker , Rimmel for mascara, and

Ticket Restaurant
5.1 State Interest and meal ticket.55
for Responsibility
1.55.2
Other Phenomena
Applied Related to False Anglicisms
Ethics .............................................................................. 104
To be complete, other types of coinages which are somehow related
5.4 Migration
to false Policy
Anglicisms in Colombia
need ......................................................
to be mentioned. However, these coinages, 108
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
54
A unique generic trademark recorded in Italian dictionaries (Gabrielli) is
5.7 Challenges
Klaxon : it refers to....................................................................................
a type of horn in Italian whereas it indicates a type of siren 114
in English (Furiassi 2006c: 211). However, since the Italianized spellings claxon and
Bibliography
clacson are far more .......................................................................................
common, klaxon will not be considered as a false Anglicism. 116
55
The Hazon, the Oxford-Paravia, and the Ragazzini curiously record K-Way in
Working
both English Together
and Italian.for the
The Well-being
Oxford-Paravia of Migrants
also includes ...........................
windbreaker as 119
an
equivalent of K-Way in American English, while the Hazon labels Windbreaker
Barry Halliday
as a trademark, which is confirmed by the Merriam-Webster.

Monza/Italy
i.e.3.4 The Human

functional Rights
shifts andApproach ........................................................
hybrid Anglicisms, will not be considered 58
false
3.5Anglicisms.
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography
1.5.1 Functional.........................................................................................
Shifts 60
A4. particularly
The Ethics ofinteresting
Migration. phenomenon concerns functional shifts
(Merriam-Webster),
Reflections on Recent also called Policies
Migration conversions (Bauer 1983: 32,
Gottlieb 2005: 164), zero derivations (EDLL), or zero forms
(Todd and Hancock
Laura Zanfrini 1986: 507). These lexical items change the word
class without changing the form when shifting from English to
Italian.
Since
4.2 functional
Initiatives shifts are
for Governing Familyalsoand very common in the English
Humanitarian
language, in theLabour
Migration: process of cross-linguistic
Migration but not Workersconversion they are
Migration ............. 73
considered false Anglicisms only when the meaning acquired in
Italian differs considerably from the English meaning. For instance, a
4.4 Selective
functional shiftPolicies
whichand is the
alsoBrain Drain............................................
a semantic shift therefore a false 87
Anglicism is flirt, an English verb (and noun) that may
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 be used in
Italian as a noun to refer to a lover or a date.56
Bibliography
By contrast,.........................................................................................
functional shifts which do not involve semantic 97
shifts, e.g. snob, an English noun which may be used as an adjective
5. Colombia:
in Italian, must Including Emigrantsreal
be considered in Their Societiessince
Anglicisms of Originthey.......
can101 be
Urs Watter
found in English in spite of the different word class (Furiassi 2007:
229-233). In fact,
5.1 State Interest if the meaning remains the same, the
and Responsibility
comprehension
towards their CitizensEnglish
of the Living Abroad borrowing which has undergone
........................................... 102
conversion in Italian is not impaired, especially considering that
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
English is a language where functional shift is quite common.57
1.5.2 Hybrid Anglicisms
Hybrids are also known as hybrid compounds (Weinreich 1963:
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
52), mixed forms (Moss 1995: 135), or loan blends (OCEL).
According to Pas
5.6 Alianza Fischer (2008: 6, 7), hybrids may also be labeled
.................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
56
ItBibliography
is not an easy.......................................................................................
task to trace the origin of the false Anglicism flirt: it may 116
be
considered either as the functional (and semantic) shift of the verb to flirt or as the
Working
clipping Together
of the for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
noun flirtation.
57
InBarry
contrast with what is stated here, Gottlieb (2005: 164) considers conversions a
Halliday
type of false Anglicisms.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
mixed Human Rights
compounds, Approach ........................................................
semi-calques, or partial substitutions. With 58
regard to hybrid Anglicisms,
3.5 Conclusion Onysko acknowledges that:
...................................................................................... 59
Hybrid anglicisms
Bibliography [] have stirred some controversy as to the degree60
.........................................................................................
their creation is influenced by the existence of an English model.
4. (Onysko 2007a:
The Ethics 52)
of Migration.
Onysko also argues that:
Laura
The Zanfrini
notion of hybridity [] relates to derivational processes including
affixation of borrowed
4.1 Restrictive bases
Policies and and the
Structural formation
Demand of compounds
for Immigrant Labour ..of65
native and borrowed free morphemes. (Onysko 2007a: 55)
HybridMigration:
Anglicisms areMigration
Labour here defined
but not in the narrow
Workers sense
Migration as the
............. 73
outcome of a combination of an Italian free morpheme with an
English free morpheme, e.g. affluenza record, vendite boom, zanzara
4.4 Selective
killer. Although Policies
hybrids and the in Brain
generalDrain............................................
and hybrid Anglicisms 87in
particular play a significant role
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities in lexical productivity in Italian,
................................ 90
hybrid Anglicisms cannot be properly considered false Anglicisms
Bibliography
because .........................................................................................
they are mixed forms which include an authentic Italian 97
58
lexical item and an authentic English lexical item.
5. Colombia:
However, Including
there are Emigrants
also someincombining Their Societies forms, of Origin
such as ....... 101
auto-,
Urs Watter
mini-, and tele-, which, joined with real English words, give birth to
false
5.1Anglicisms,
State Interest e.g. autogoal, minibasket, and telefilm.59 Although
and Responsibility
58
A curious instance of hybrid Anglicism in Italian is retour match, i.e. return
5.2orApplied
match second Ethics
game in..............................................................................
English, which combines a French free morpheme and 104
an
English free morpheme. See Frenguelli (2005: 170) for a detailed classification of
hybrid Anglicisms in Italian.
59
According to thePolicy
5.4 Migration CODL, in aColombia
combining......................................................
form is [a] form of a word, or a 108 form
related to or in meaning like a word, used only as an element in compounds [].
Combining forms innos
5.5 Colombia the une
Italian language are dealt with by Ramat (1998: 13),109
...................................................................... who
labels them prefissoidi: [] un altro europeismo evidente a livello delle
5.6 Alianza
strutture Pas ..................................................................................
del lessico costituito oggi dai cosiddetti prefissoidi quali euro-, mini-, 112
tele- e simili, pienamente produttivi anche in italiano []. Si tratta veramente di uno
5.7 Challenges
stock di morfemi ....................................................................................
europei, che si applicano a referenti tipici della vita attuale 114
(pertanto con diffusione anche extraeuropea) e rappresentano un tipo di
Bibliography
composizione .......................................................................................
nominale molto agile, il quale era fondamentalmente estraneo116 alla
struttura delle lingue romanze ma si poi affermato fortemente in anni recenti sotto
laWorking
spinta di Together for the Well-being
modelli anglosassoni [].. Tr. of []Migrants ...........................
another Europeanism which119is
evident
Barry at Halliday
the structural level of the lexicon is formed by means of the so-called
prefixoids such as euro-, mini-, tele-, etc., fully productive also in Italian [].

Monza/Italy
such3.4combining
The Human forms
Rightsare Approach
of Latin ........................................................
or Greek origin, they are also 58
well-established in the English language and their reintroduction59in
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
Italian, and the Romance languages in general, is due to the influence
of Bibliography
English. For.........................................................................................
this reason, the lexical items coined by means 60 of
combining forms will not be considered hybrids but false Anglicisms
4. Thecan
which Ethics of Migration.
be classified as autonomous compounds.
1.6Laura
FalseZanfrini
Anglicisms and False Friends
At first glance, it would not seem too complicated to distinguish
between false Anglicisms
4.2 Initiatives for Governing andFamily
false and friends. However, the difference
Humanitarian
is not Migration: Labour Even
always evident. Migration though but notthey Workers
are often Migration
related.............
to and/or 73
mistaken for false friends, false Anglicisms are a
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 phenomenon of
their own.60
4.4
TheSelective Policies
label false and the (Browne
friends Brain Drain............................................
1987: i, Browne and Natali 87
1989, Browne
4.5 Equal et al. 1995)
Opportunity derivesOpportunities
and Denied from French................................
faux amis (Spence 90
1987: 169, Ballard 1999: 11) and has an equivalent Italian term
Bibliography
which is falsi.........................................................................................
amici (Pulcini 1997b: 153). The same linguistic 97
category exists also in German, as falschen Freunde (Carstensen
5. Colombia:
1980: 94), and Including
Spanish,Emigrants
as falsosinamigos Their Societiesor falsos of Origin
afines .......(Sa
101
Urs Watter
and Schepisi 1992: v). False friends are pairs of words that have a
similar or identical
5.1 State Interest andform but a partially or totally different meaning.61
Responsibility
They5.2areApplied Ethicsof..............................................................................
a real stock European morphemes which apply to referents typical 104of
everyday life (therefore common in extra European contexts too) and represent a
versatile kind of nominal composition. In the past they were never present in the
structure of Romance
5.4 Migration languages
Policy but have......................................................
in Colombia quickly developed in recent years thanks 108
to the thrust of Anglo-Saxon models [].. See Haller (1988), Bombi (1993), and
Antonelli (1996) for nos
5.5 Colombia a detailed analysis of combining forms in Italian.
une...................................................................... 109
60
As Spence argues: The basic difficulty one faces when seeking to define pseudo-
5.6 Alianza
anglicisms in anyPas ..................................................................................
precise way is that there is no yardstick by which one can establish 112
the degree of semantic or formal difference that justifies the classification of
5.7 Challenges
lexemes ....................................................................................
as faux anglicismes rather than as faux amis. (Spence 1987: 170). 114
61
As Prat Zagrebelsky (1997: 221) states: Per falsi amici si intendono quelle
Bibliography
parole appartenenti .......................................................................................
a lingue diverse che, bench simili per pronuncia e grafia, 116
divergono totalmente o parzialmente nel significato [].. Tr. The term false
Working
friends Together
denotes wordsfor the Well-being
belonging to differentoflanguages
Migrants ...........................
that have a total or partial 119
difference in meaning, although they are phonetically and graphically similar.. The
Barry Halliday
definition of false friends provided here is also supported by Bombi (1996: 57):

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

According Rights Approach
to the CODL, a false friend ........................................................
is [a] word which sounds like 58
one3.5
inConclusion
another language and may be taken by mistake as having the
...................................................................................... 59
same meaning.. In addition, according to Pulcini:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
The difference in meaning between formally congruent forms derives
4. from their historical
The Ethics evolution within each language. (Pulcini 1997b:
of Migration.
153)
False friends
Laura Zanfrinialways refer to forms which are etymologically
connected (Bombi 1996: 62). Instances of false friends are library
and4.1libreria
Restrictive Policies
(book shop)andfrom
Structural Demand
the Latin for Immigrant
etymon librara,Labour education.. 65
and4.2educazione (politeness)
Initiatives for from educatine,
Governing Family and Humanitarian fabric and fabbrica
(factory) from fabrca, and factory and fattoria
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration (farm) from factor
............. 73
(Merriam-Webster).62
4.3
OnFrom Guesthand,
the one Workers
the todifference
between false Anglicisms and 82
false
4.4friends
Selectiveseems to be
Policies andofthe
a terminological nature. False friends are
Brain Drain............................................ 87
Lespressione
Bibliography falsi amici ricopre quelle ingannevoli corrispondenze istituibili97
......................................................................................... tra
coppie di parole che, pur presentando affinit formale, sono caratterizzate da una
diversificazione semantica secondariamente intervenuta nelle varie tradizioni:
5. Colombia:
laffinit Including
dei significanti Emigrants
peraltro in Their
non casuale Societies
in quanto of Origin
si tratta di termini .......
con101una
Urs Watter
comune base etimologica, spesso di matrice latina.. Tr. The expression false
friends covers those deceptive correspondences that can be established between
word5.1pairs.
StateAlthough
Interestthey
and areResponsibility
similar in form, there is a semantic difference that has
towards
taken place their
among Citizens
various Living
linguistic Abroadover
traditions ...........................................
time: moreover, the affinity 102of
meanings is not random since it involves words that share a common etymological
5.2very
core, Applied Ethics Hayward
often Latin.. ..............................................................................
and Moulin (1984: 190) also state that [t]he 104 kind
of error we are dealing with usually involves two different languages. Confusion
arises because word A (which belongs to the foreign language being learned or used)
looks
5.4orMigration
sounds exactly
Policy or nearly like word
in Colombia B, which belongs to the learners mother
...................................................... 108
tongue. The user then establishes an unwarranted inter-lingual equivalence on the
basis
5.5ofColombia
this total ornos
partial
une similarity. [] The best definition of the problem109
...................................................................... one
can give is probably in Saussurean terms. In the learners mother tongue a particular
5.6 Alianza
signifiant Pas ..................................................................................
is associated with a particular signifi. Once the signifiant appears, even 112in
a foreign-language context, the above-mentioned association is so strong that the
user5.7 Challengesthinks
automatically ....................................................................................
of his mother-tongue signifi (in its totality).. 114
62
As Mazzon (1994: 246) claims: [] parole come in fact (in realt), actually
Bibliographylecture
(effettivamente), .......................................................................................
(conferenza), morbid (morboso), eventually (alla fine), 116
library (biblioteca) cambiano il loro significato con quello del falso amico italiano
Working
pi prossimo..Together
Tr. []for the Well-being
words such as in fact of(in
Migrants ...........................
realt), actually (effettivamente),119
lecture
Barry(conferenza),
Halliday morbid (morboso), eventually (alla fine), library (biblioteca)
change their meaning with the false friend that is closest in Italian..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

especially discussedRights in Approach
translation ........................................................
studies and language teaching 58
when translators......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion and teachers face word pairs which can 59 be
deceiving. False Anglicisms do not involve a comparison of word
Bibliography
pairs in different.........................................................................................
languages and are more pertinent to language 60
63
contact and interlinguistic studies (Bombi 1996: 57).
4. The
On theEthics of Migration.
other hand, the difference between false Anglicisms and
Reflections
false friends has on Recent Migration
to be traced backPolicies
to the meaning of the adjective
false. The modifier false has two different meanings according to
Laura Zanfrini
the head to which it is related. With regard to false friends, false
refers to something
4.1 Restrictive Policiesdeceptive and misleading.
and Structural Demand forIndeed Immigrant false
Labourfriends
.. 65
are the opposite of friends, which have been defined either as
wordsMigration:
belonging Labour to Migration
different but languages
not Workers thatMigration
share .............
the same 73
etymology and have the same or a close form and meaning, or as true
4.3 From (Pulcini
loanwords Guest Workers 1997b: to Unwelcome
150). WithGuests regard..................................
to false Anglicisms, 82
false contrasts
4.4 Selective with and
Policies something true, real, and authentic. False
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Anglicisms are in fact the opposite of real Anglicisms, i.e. loanwords
4.5 Equal
directly Opportunity
borrowed from and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
English.
Furthermore,.........................................................................................
Bibliography there may be a certain degree of overlap between 97
false friends and false Anglicisms only when the latter are formed by
autonomus
5. Colombia:derivatives,
Including Emigrantscompoundin ellipses, Their Societies clippings,of Origin or semantic
....... 101
shifts, since in these four cases Italian false Anglicisms and real
Urs Watter
English words are not only similar but identical. For instance, the
autonomous derivative footing, the combination of foot plus -ing,
does not share any of the meanings of its English homograph. In
5.2 Applied
English Ethics ..............................................................................
the compound ellipsis water, from water closet, would never 104
be 5.3
used to referPolicy
Migration to a andtoilet bowl,
Ethics the clipping flirt, from flirtation,
......................................................... 106
would never indicate a lover or a date, and the semantic shift mister
5.4 Migration
never means coach Policyorin trainer.
ColombiaThe ......................................................
false Anglicism footing sinply 108
happens to havenos
5.5 Colombia an une
English homograph, whose meaning is totally
...................................................................... 109
unrelated; water and flirt have English homographs because the
5.6 Alianza
former is partPas
of a..................................................................................
real English compound, i.e. water closet, and112 the
latter
5.7 coincides
Challengeswith the bare infinitive flirt; mister has an identical
.................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
63
As Browne (1987: i) acknowledges: [] sebbene lesistenza dei falsi amici sia
Working
cosa Together
ben nota, spesso cifor the Well-being
troviamo in difficoltofquando
Migrants ...........................
dobbiamo tradurli.. Tr. 119 []
although
Barrythe existence of false friends is well known, we are often in trouble when
Halliday
we have to translate them..

Monza/Italy
form3.4 in
TheEnglish
Human because
Rights Approach
it is a false ........................................................
Anglicism only insofar as 58 its
meaning
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
is concerned. These types of false Anglicisms
autonomous derivatives, compound ellipses, clippings, and semantic
Bibliography
shifts are the.........................................................................................
only ones which have formal equivalents in English. 60
Conversely, autonomous compounds, e.g. recordman, do not exist in
English.
Reflections
At most, on Recent
false Migration
friends between PoliciesEnglish and Italian may be
forcedly considered a sub-group of false Anglicisms since the label
Laura Zanfrini
false Anglicisms also includes formally identical items in two
different languages,
4.1 Restrictive Policies i.e.andsemantic
Structural shifts,
Demandjust as the label
for Immigrant Labourfalse.. 65
friends does (Pulcini 1997b: 150). However, the idea of classifying
false Migration:
friends asLabour
subordinate
Migrationtobutfalse Anglicisms
not Workers Migration is not totally
............. 73
convincing from a methodological and heuristic perspective. False
4.3 From Guest
Anglicisms Workers
are more likelyto Unwelcome
to originate Guests
because..................................
of a spontaneous 82
creative act Policies
4.4 Selective or even and themisunderstanding rather than for 87
Brain Drain............................................ an
etymologically justified reason.64
1.7Bibliography
Mediated.........................................................................................
False Anglicisms 97
5. Colombia:
As Gottlieb Including
(2005: 166) Emigrants
affirms: in Their
[]Societies
the transfer of Origin of ....... 101
English
Urs Watter
language features is often relayed via a third language.. In fact, false
Anglicisms which and
5.1 State Interest areResponsibility
mediated by French, e.g. recordman, or by
other languages,
towards theirsuch as German,
Citizens Living Abroad e.g. flipper, have been labeled102
........................................... by
Grlach (2003: 60) as English words disguised through mediation.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
It is worth pointing out that some autonomous compounds, e.g.
5.3 Migration
autostop, beautyPolicy and Ethics
case, block .........................................................
notes, recordman, recordwoman, 106
autonomous derivatives, e.g. footing, compound ellipses, e.g.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 golf,
64
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
At times, false friends are calques that are successively created in the receiving
5.6 Alianza
language, Pas ..................................................................................
e.g. assumere from to assume, realizzare from to realize, evidenza 112 from
evidence. Coco (2003: 45) emphasizes [] come la somiglianza formale tra parole
5.7 eChallenges
inglesi ....................................................................................
italiane favorisca la produzione di calchi nella nostra lingua e come ci 114si
accompagni ad uno slittamento semantico del termine italiano, che pu assumere
Bibliography
significati nuovi .......................................................................................
e apparire alla sensibilit dei pi accorti come usato 116
impropriamente.. Tr. [] that the formal similarity between English and Italian
Working
words fostersTogether
the coinageforofthe Well-being
calques and that of thisMigrants
is associated ...........................
with a semantic119 shift
of the Italian
Barry word, which may acquire new meanings and appear inappropriate by
Halliday
expert readers..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The clippings,

smoking, Human Rights e.g. Approach
happy end, ........................................................
and semantic shifts, e.g. slip, 58
which entered the......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion Italian lexicon in the past, were often characterized 59
by the mediation of French.65 This demonstrates that many false
Bibliography
Anglicisms .........................................................................................
mediated by other languages have been part of the Italian 60
vocabulary for a long time (Furiassi 2003: 139, 140). For instance,
4. The Ethics
according to of
theMigration.
GDU, the lemma slip was first attested in 1935,
recordman in 1905, and Migration
smoking asPolicies far back as 1891.66
Laura Zanfrini
1.8 The Origins of False Anglicisms
False Anglicisms
4.2 Initiatives as wellFamily
for Governing as real andAnglicisms
Humanitarian are commonly
Migration:
encountered in Labour
Italian,Migration
confirming but notthe Workers
idea Migration
that anything .............with
73
American or British characteristics is prestigious. False
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Anglicisms
account for the massive influence that the English language and the
4.4 Selective
American andPolicies
Britishandculture,
the Brain which Drain............................................
are considered modern, 87
efficient, andOpportunity
4.5 Equal positivelyand connoted, have had and................................
Denied Opportunities continue to have 90 on
Italian.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
False Anglicisms are no doubt very popular and attractive and 97
they are the manifestation of language creativity (Fanfani 2002: 222).
5. Colombia:
This statementIncluding
is supported Emigrants
by Hope, in Their Societies ofthat:
who maintains Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
False loans
5.1 State are obvious
Interest evidence of constructive intervention on the
and Responsibility
receivers part improving on the material provided externally, and so
65 5.2 Applied
Though Ethics
referring ..............................................................................
to real Anglicisms, the following statement by Grlach (2002a: 104
5) may also be applied to false Anglicisms: Modern borrowing is most often
straight from English whether from BrE or AmE, and from written, spoken, or
electronic sources.Policy
5.4 Migration The channels
in Colombia of earlier loans were often more indirect:
...................................................... 108
borrowing might predominantly or exclusively depend on written sources and might
be through the language(s)
5.5 Colombia nos uneprevalent in the schools and most prestigious in109
...................................................................... the
society. [] This mediation left unmistakable traces in the spelling, pronunciation,
5.6 Alianza
morphology, andPas ..................................................................................
meaning of such Anglicisms, often deleting all English features 112in
their form.. Grlach (2003: 60) also recognized that E. [English] words passing
5.7 Challenges
through, say, French....................................................................................
or German were often changed significantly, sometimes losing 114
all traces of their E. [English] origin in the process..
66 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
As Moss (1995: 134) affirms: [] since most of these same hypercorrected terms
also exist in French and, in terms of linguistic borrowing, Italians linguistic debt to
Working
French Together
has been for the to
and continues Well-being
be considerable,of Migrants
it may well ...........................
be that at least some 119
of these
Barryforms are anglicisms which have been mediated into the language through
Halliday
French..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
are Human Rights
borrowings used forApproach ........................................................
their contribution to the resources of the58
literary medium for local colour, perhaps, or for their poetic or other
3.5 Conclusion
stylistic ......................................................................................
overtones. (Hope 1971: 723) 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Why are false Anglicisms so popular? The reasons for the use and
spread of false
4. The Ethics Anglicisms in Italian are manifold and can be
of Migration.
explained both
Reflections on Recent linguistically
Migration Policies and extra-linguistically, i.e.
psychologically, sociologically, politically.
The structural
Laura Zanfrini reasons for the spread of false Anglicisms in Italian
are mainly due to the phonic effect that English-sounding words have
and4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
their great handiness, i.e. they are easy to use and mix within
Italian sentences.
4.2 Initiatives As Burchfield
for Governing Family (2001: vii, viii) affirms: []
and Humanitarian
elements of the Labour
Migration: EnglishMigration
languagebut arenotbeing
Workersadopted in a spectacular
Migration ............. 73
fashion []..67 In addition, false (and real) Anglicisms are
undoubtedly very straightforward and effective as they play on the
4.4 Selective
linguistic Policies
principle ofand the Brainand
economy Drain............................................
emphasize concepts through 87
semantically rich formulas (Dardano 1998: 358).
There have been various theories with regard to the linguistic
Bibliography
motivations for.........................................................................................
the coinage of false Anglicisms. Some scholars 97
(Pulcini 2002: 163, Busse and Grlach 2002: 29) maintain that
5. Colombia:
Italian speakers Including
and Emigrants
speakers of in Their
languages Societiesother of Origin
than English....... 101
Urs Watter
create false Anglicisms because they have a limited competence in
68
English.
5.1 StateOther
Interestscholars (Gusmani 1986: 109, Onysko 2007a: 55)
and Responsibility
argue towards
that some proficiency
their Citizens Living in English
Abroadis...........................................
necessary in order to create 102
false Anglicisms. Jezek (1993: 206) even presupposes that a certain
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
degree of bilingualism or at least a frequent contact with an English-
5.3 Migration
speaking Policy andmust
environment Ethics exist.
.........................................................
Indeed, the fact that false 106
Anglicisms are coined by means of real English words implies
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 that
Italian speakers who use them must have at least some knowledge of
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
67
5.6 Alianza
Berruto (1987:Pas
87)..................................................................................
adds that [] non raramente in italiano i termini stranieri 112
subiscono sviluppi autonomi dal punto di vista semantico o formale [], come golf
che5.7 Challenges
diventa ....................................................................................
capo dabbigliamento, [] night-club che si semplifica in night [].. 114
Tr. [] foreign words in Italian often change their semantic and formal properties
[],Bibliography .......................................................................................
like golf which means garment, [] night club which is reduced to night 116
[]..
68
Working
As stated Together for the163):
by Pulcini (2002: Well-being
The coinage of Migrants
of pseudo-loans...........................
is prompted partly 119
by aBarry
limited competence in English and by the creative desire to coin an English-
Halliday
looking word for stylistic purposes..

Monza/Italy
the3.4 The Human

English Rights
language. In Approach
fact, not ........................................................
only must the constitutive elements 58
of 3.5
false Anglicisms
Conclusion be familiar to those who create false Anglicisms,
...................................................................................... 59
but the specific function of certain morphemes and the mechanisms
of Bibliography .........................................................................................
derivation and compounding must also be known.69 A further 60
explanation is provided by Wilkinson (1991: 52), who suggests that
[] Europeans [] will continue to acquire more English through
their contacts with other Europeans than through contact with those
forLaura
whom it is the mother-tongue.. This is confirmed by Modiano
Zanfrini
(2007: 533), who states that [] mainland Europeans are claiming
69
The nature of false Anglicisms has been discussed in detail by Gusmani (1986:
4.3Pur
109): From Guest Workers
ribadendo che questo to genere
Unwelcome di parole Guests
esula..................................
dallambito degli autentici 82
prestiti, bisogna tuttavia ammettere che latto creativo stato influenzato anche se
solo indirettamente dalla tradizione linguistica straniera, perch esso presuppone la
conoscenza
4.5 Equal di alcune caratteristiche
Opportunity and Denieddellaltra lingua e la volont
Opportunities di imitarle. Si tratta
................................ 90
in sostanza di formazioni analogiche su modelli stranieri noti attraverso altri prestiti
o laBibliography
conoscenza diretta della lingua, modelli che per non vengono direttamente
......................................................................................... 97
riprodotti (epperci non ha senso parlare di prestiti), ma soltanto presi come punto di
riferimento per ulteriori autonome creazioni: [] la materia di cui sono costituiti
5. Colombia:
[] Including
dinflusso straniero e Emigrants
[] non vi in Their Societies
diretta imitazione of diOrigin ....... 101
un archetipo. Le
Urs Watter
componenti possono essere di origine alloglotta, il prodotto (cio la parola in quanto
tale) resta uninnovazione indigena. Siccome il prestigio che circonda la forma
5.1 Statestraniera
dimpronta Interest and Responsibility
un fattore determinante nella diffusione dei falsi esotismi e
poich towards their Citizens
essi presuppongono unaLiving
buonaAbroad ...........................................
conoscenza delle strutture della lingua 102
imitata, sar possibile incontrarne soprattutto in quegli ambienti in cui si assiste ad
una5.2 Applied
profonda Ethicstra
simbiosi ..............................................................................
culture diverse, con preminenza di una sullaltra..104 Tr.
Although these kinds of words are not exactly authentic borrowings, their creation
has been affected even if only indirectly by the tradition of learning foreign
languages, since itPolicy
5.4 Migration presupposes
in Colombiathe knowledge of some features of the 108
...................................................... other
language and the will to mimic it. In essence, they are analogical formations on
foreign models known
5.5 Colombia nos through other loans or through direct knowledge of109
une...................................................................... the
language itself. However, these models are not reproduced directly (that is why it is
5.6 Alianza
nonsense Pas
to define them..................................................................................
as borrowings), but only taken as reference points for other 112
invented words: [] they are made up [] of foreign elements but [] there is no
5.7imitation
direct Challenges ....................................................................................
of a foreign archetype. Even if components are of foreign origin, 114
the
product (namely the word itself) is still a native innovation. The prestige of a form
withBibliography .......................................................................................
foreign characteristics is a determining factor in the spread of false exoticisms 116
and, since they presuppose a good knowledge of the structures proper of the
Working
language Together
which is beingfor the Well-being
imitated, they are found of Migrants
mainly in...........................
contexts where there 119is
symbiosis between different cultures, with a certain predominance of one over the
Barry Halliday
other..

Monza/Italy
3.4 Theand
English, Human in Rights
doing so Approach ........................................................
are molding it into something new.. 5870
Finally, Chiarioni
3.5 Conclusion (1974: 85) and Colombo (1993: 186) argue that
...................................................................................... 59
false Anglicisms are the invention of Italian speakers who do not
haveBibliography
a sufficient .........................................................................................
knowledge of the Italian language itself.71 60
Although the answer to the question of why they are so popular is
still farEthics
4. The from of Migration.
certain, it is clear that false Anglicisms are created by
Reflections on
inventors usually Recent MigrationPolicies
journalists whose final aim is not accuracy
but the impact they want to make on the audience (Accornero
Laura Zanfrini
2005).72 In fact, most false Anglicisms have been introduced and
made4.1 popular
RestrictivebyPolicies
newspaper texts for
and Structural stylistic
Demand for reasons
Immigrant (Furiassi
Labour ..and 65
Hofland 2007: 347). The channels through which false Anglicisms
have spread
Migration: Labour
newspapers, Migration magazines,
but not Workerstelevision, Migrationradio, and the
............. 73
Internet are numerous and easily accessible. Therefore, since false
4.3 From Guest
Anglicisms are veryWorkers likelyto Unwelcome
to appear Guests in the..................................
media, especially 82in
advertising, their
4.4 Selective impact
Policies andonthe Italian
BrainisDrain............................................
bound to increase constantly.87
Psychologically, the use of false Anglicisms gives Italian
4.5 Equal
speakers theOpportunity
status, the and Denied Opportunities
authority, and the allure ................................
they crave. From90a
sociological
Bibliography perspective, the taste for the exotic, the charm of97a
.........................................................................................
foreign language, and the glamorous quirk of being creative and
playing with language
5. Colombia: Including are the coreinmotivations
Emigrants Their Societies forofthe birth.......
Origin of false
101
Urs Watter
70
Among English deverbal nouns ending in -ing, which, according to Mollin (2004:
5.1areState
132), Interest
typical and Responsibility
of Euro-English, zapping, that is the practice of switching channels
towards
by rapidly their
pressing theCitizens
buttons on Living Abroad
the remote ...........................................
control in order to skip advertisements 102
when watching television programs, is frequently used in Italian. However, although
5.2 Applied
channel Ethics
surfing and ..............................................................................
channel hopping seem to be preferred by native speakers 104of
English, zapping cannot be considered a false Anglicism since it is attested in the
OED and the Merriam-Webster.
71
As
5.4Chiarioni
Migration (1974:
Policy85) insays: Unaccettazione
Colombia indiscriminata dei forestierismi
...................................................... 108
generalmente favorita da uninsufficiente conoscenza della propria lingua [].. Tr.
People who accept foreign
5.5 Colombia nos une words indiscriminately are generally speakers who 109
...................................................................... have
a somewhat limited competence of their own language []..
72
5.6 Alianza
Gusmani Pas ..................................................................................
(1986: 110, 111) argues that [s]embra opportuno riservare 112la
designazione di falso esotismo a quei casi in cui chi ha messo in circolazione queste
5.7 Challenges
innovazioni lha fatto....................................................................................
col proposito di impiegare un forestierismo, sia che fosse 114in
qualche modo cosciente di contrabbandare un ghost-word sia che fosse convinto
Bibliography
della reale esistenza .......................................................................................
di un corrispondente nellaltra lingua.. Tr. It is probably 116 more
appropriate to label as false exoticisms only cases in which those who introduced
Working
these Together
innovations did itfor in the
order Well-being
to use a foreignof Migrants
word, either...........................
because they 119 were
somehow
Barry aware of smuggling in a ghost-word or because they were sure of the
Halliday
existence of an equivalent item in the other language..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

Anglicisms, whichRights Approachsocially
then become acceptable.73 In fact, young
........................................................ 58
speakers though
3.5 Conclusion unconsciously seem particularly prone to using
...................................................................................... 59
false Anglicisms in Italian as a way to feel closer to the international
Bibliography
milieu in which.........................................................................................
they live. Since teenagers will grow older sooner60 or
later, it is likely for some false Anglicisms to propagate (and for
4. Theto
others Ethics of Migration.
be dropped) in the future.74
Reflections
Finally, theonpolitical
Recent Migration
reason forPolicies the spread of false Anglicisms in
Italian coincides with the conditions which favored the circulation of
Laura Zanfrini
real Anglicisms (Rando 1973a). As Prat Zagrebelsky argues:
The Italian context, where no linguistic policy is seriously enforced,
4.2 Initiatives
unlike the casefor of
Governing
France, Family andaHumanitarian
provides good background for the
Migration:
observation of Labour Migration but
the spontaneous not Workers
selection Migrationof.............
and integration English73
words into the language. (Prat Zagrebelsky 1999: 108)
Italian,
4.4 as opposed
Selective Policies and tothe French (Dardano 1994: 429, Humbley
Brain Drain............................................ 87
2008b: 85-89) and Spanish (Calvi 1998, Carrera Daz 2000), has
4.5 Equal
always beenOpportunity
a democratic and Denied
language, Opportunities
open to ................................
neological borrowing 90
from other languages
Bibliography (Pulcini 2002: 153). In fact, extrovert
......................................................................................... 97

73
Referring
Urs Watter to falsi esotismi or pseudoprestiti, De Mauro and Mancini (2003: ix)
claim that [] il bisogno di interscambio linguistico cos forte da portare alla
5.1 StatediInterest
formazione prestitiand di Responsibility
desiderio, avventurose coniazioni glottologicamente
improprie di l dogni
towards effettivo Living
their Citizens contattoAbroad
tra lingue. [...] Non c da stupirsi se102
........................................... essa
sedimenta in elementi lessicali.. Tr. [] the need for linguistic interchange is so
strong
5.2 that luxury
Applied loans..............................................................................
Ethics are created, adventurous coinages that are inappropriate 104
from the glottological point of view, beyond any kind of real contact between
5.3 Migration
languages. [] It isPolicy
no wonder and that
Ethicsthey.........................................................
settle as lexical elements.. 106
74
As Giovanardi (2003: 17) states: Luniverso giovanile permeato di anglicismi..
Tr. 5.4
TheMigration Policy
world of young in Colombia
people is imbued......................................................
with Anglicisms.. Radtke (1992: 26)108 also
adds that [l]uso ricercato di prestiti fa sorgere nei giovani la convinzione di essere
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
pi avanzati rispetto ad altri strati sociali e questa convinzione rafforza in loro il
senso
5.6diAlianza
solidarietPase il..................................................................................
sentimento di identificazione.. Tr. The sophisticated use 112of
loans makes teenagers believe that they are more advanced than other social strata.
This5.7 Challenges
belief strengthens ....................................................................................
their sense of solidarity and identification.. Again referring 114
to the language of young people, Jezek (1993: 207) states that [r]isulta difficile,
Bibliography
allinterno di questo .......................................................................................
magma linguistico, individuare se alcune espressioni siano 116 state
forgiate in ambiente anglo-americano o se, piuttosto, siano nuove creazioni nate in
Working
Italia.. Tr. Together
Within thisfor the Well-being
linguistic jumble, itof Migrants
seems difficult...........................
to determine whether 119
some expressions
Barry Halliday were coined in an American-English context or are new creations
invented in Italy..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The towards

attitudes Human Rights Approach
the influence of........................................................
English on Italian are widespread 58
(Furiassi 2008a: ......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion 316, Petralli 1992a: 126). In addition, as argued 59 by
Sabatini:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
The Italian situation is still affected, perhaps, by the reaction to the
4. purism
The Ethicsimposed by the fascist government. (Sabatini 2008: 267)
of Migration.
1.9and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Attitudes towards False Anglicisms
Laura Zanfrini
Scholars have different
4.1 Restrictive Policies and opinions
Structuralabout the influence
Demand for Immigrant that Anglicisms
Labour .. 65
and false Anglicisms have on the Italian language (Furiassi 2008a:
314, 315). Some linguists (Dardano 1986b, Castellani 1987, Hastings
1987, Bolelli 1987, Nencioni 1987, 1996, Migliorini 1992, Sobrero
1992,4.3 Colombo
From Guest1993,
Workers to Unwelcome
DAchille Guests ..................................
2003, Giovanardi 2003, 2007) adopt 82
an 4.4 introvert
Selectiveattitude
Policies and andtheare Brainagainst their use, maintaining that
Drain............................................ 87
Italian is being spoiled by the unmonitored penetration of Anglicisms
and4.5the Equal Opportunity coinage
unsupervised and Denied of Opportunities
false Anglicisms. ................................
Borrowings 90in
general are viewed
Bibliography as an attempt to take over the national language
......................................................................................... 97
and more prescriptive measures should be taken in order to protect
75
it. Others (Bruni
5. Colombia: Including 1984, Vanvolsem
Emigrants 1985,
in Their Berruto
Societies of 1987,
Origin Beccaria
....... 101
1992,Urs2006,
Watter Moss 1992, Simone 1993, Lepschy and Lepschy 1995,
1999a, Marello 1996, Cortelazzo 2000, Fanfani 2002, Serafini 2002,
Serianni 2002, Bombi 2005, De Mauro 2005) have an extrovert
attitude, are less worried about their presence, and consider the use
5.2 Applied Ethics
of Anglicisms and false..............................................................................
Anglicisms one of the many ways in which 104
the5.3 Italian language
Migration Policy can andbeEthics
enriched. As Rothenberg argues:
......................................................... 106
75 5.4 Migration
Colombo (1993: Policy in Colombia
186) thinks that false......................................................
Anglicisms are [s]cherzi della mania 108di
imporre prestiti stranieri a parlanti ancora incerti nelluso dellitaliano. Una mania
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
che crea mostriciattoli non solo perfettamente inutili, ma inventati di sana pianta:
non5.6mi Alianza
risulta che in qualche
Pas paese anglofono ticket abbia il significato che gli112
.................................................................................. si
dato da noi; uninvenzione nostrana come lormai assimilato golf (che in inglese
non5.7 Challenges
indica ....................................................................................
un indumento) e il pi recente footing, inaudito su labbra anglofone. 114
Tr.
[t]ricks played to impose foreign borrowings to Italian speakers who are still
Bibliography
insecure .......................................................................................
about using their own language. A mania that creates totally useless 116 little
monsters based on nothing. There is no English-speaking country where ticket has
Working
the Together
same meaning it hasfor the Well-being
in Italian; of Migrants
it is an invention, like the...........................
already assimilated119 golf
(which does not
Barry Hallidayrefer to a piece of clothing in English) and the more recent footing,
never used by English-speaking lips..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
Still, Human
Italians Rights
should notApproach ........................................................
automatically reject Anglicisms, nor wait58
cravenly until such terms have become accepted even by purists. Well
3.5 Conclusion
selected ......................................................................................
Anglicisms [] can enrich the language []. Courage,59
vision, good sense,
Bibliography good taste, and a sense of humor are essential; and60
.........................................................................................
cultivated, creative Italians with such endowments should welcome
and adapt Anglicisms that could be uniquely useful and readily
assimilable in Italian, and even esthetically qualified. (Rothenberg
Reflections
1969: on Recent Migration Policies
164, 165)
Laura
After Zanfrini
taking stock of such different perspectives, one can only
conclude that noPolicies
4.1 Restrictive linguistic contamination
and Structural Demandshould be interpreted
for Immigrant Labour .. 65 as
wrong since it is always the product of cultural change, thus being a
4.2 Initiatives
symptom for Governing
of vitality, Family and
development, and Humanitarian
growth. As Beccaria (1992:
Migration: Labour Migration but
263, 264) maintains: Esser misti un notpregio
Workers
nonMigration .............
un difetto.. 76 73
1.10
4.4The Spread
Selective of False
Policies Anglicisms
and the in European Languages
Brain Drain............................................ 87
As attested by Filipovi (1996a), Deneire (1997), and Grlach
(2002b), numerous
Bibliography studies have been carried out recently on the
......................................................................................... 97
influence of English in Europe. According to Filipovi:
In theWatter
Urs twentieth century the contact of English with other languages of
Europe became closer due to new means of communication. The
5.1 State
result wasInterest
a veryand
freeResponsibility
and versatile linguistic borrowing of English
wordstowards their Citizens
by European Living
languages. Abroad ...........................................
(Filipovi 1996b: 38) 102
5.2 Applied
Filipovi Ethics
(1985: ..............................................................................
254) also observed how Anglicized jargon 104 is a
frequent source Policy
5.3 Migration of pseudoanglicisms in various countries.. Indeed,
and Ethics ......................................................... 106
the phenomenon of false Anglicisms is not just a feature of Italian:
like most aspects of English today, false Anglicisms are also present
77
5.5 Colombia
in many nos unelanguages.
other European ...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
76
Tr. Being mixed is a merit not a fault.. In addition, as Moore and Varantola
5.7 150)
(2005: Challenges ....................................................................................
argue: As long as language can assimilate the linguistic loan, play114 with
it and mould it to fit its own patterns, there is no danger. On the contrary, the
Bibliography
changes are normal.......................................................................................
developments in language contact.. 116
77
The DEA documents the spread of English in 16 European languages including
WorkingBulgarian,
Albanian, TogetherCroatian,
for the Dutch,
Well-beingFinnish, of French,
Migrants ...........................
German, Greek, Hungarian, 119
Icelandic, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish. Some
Barry Halliday
contributors to the DEA and other authors also compiled dictionaries of Anglicisms

Monza/Italy
3.4
ForThe Humanas
instance, Rights
statedApproach ........................................................
in the DEA, in Icelandic city dress refers58to
a mans suit composed
3.5 Conclusion of a black jacket and waistcoat and striped
...................................................................................... 59
trousers; in Norwegian road-racing means car (or motor bike)
Bibliography
racing; 78 .........................................................................................
in Dutch a space cake is a cake filled with hashish;60in
German a handy is a mobile phone;79 in Russian a clipmaker is a
4. The Ethics
person of Migration.
who produces videoclips; in Polish caddy refers to a kind of
trousers; in Croatian a Migration
barmixer is Policies
a person who mixes cocktails;
in Bulgarian a paceclock is a device that measures the speed of a
Laura Zanfrini
runner; in French baby-foot is used to refer to table football; in
Spanish a filmletPolicies
4.1 Restrictive is a commercial
and Structural spot on TV/cinema;
Demand for ImmigrantinLabour Romanian .. 65
(and French, its source) roastbeef is used as a nickname to refer to
the English;
Migration: inLabour
Finnish soft-ice but
Migration is anotspecial
Workers kind of ice cream
Migration .............sold
73
in a soft, i.e. semifluid, form; in Hungarian a deep cleaner is a
4.3 Fromlotion;
cosmetic Guest Workers
in Albanianto Unwelcome Guests ..................................
(via French) a recordman is 82a
sportsman whoPolicies
4.4 Selective has achieved a record;
and the Brain in Greek no future refers87to
Drain............................................
an attitude expressing hopelessness (among young people).80
4.5
SomeEqualfalse
Opportunity
Anglicisms and Denied haveOpportunities
even reached ................................
the status 90 of
internationalisms or, more appropriately, pseudo-English
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
internationalisms, i.e. English-looking words which have the same
form and the
5. Colombia: same Emigrants
Including meaning in manySocieties
in Their languages of Originof different
....... 101
Urs Watter
in their own languages. Although the following list does not mean to be exhaustive,
some5.1examples
State Interest and Responsibility
are Carstensen et al. (2001) for German; Alfaro (1970), Lorenzo
(1996), towards their Citizens
and Rodrguez Gonzlez Living
and Abroad
Lillo Buades...........................................
(1997) for Spanish; Hfler 102
(1982), Rey-Debove and Gagnon (1990), and Tournier (1998) for French; Graedler
and5.2 Applied(1997)
Johansson Ethics for..............................................................................
Norwegian; Srensen (1997) for Danish; and Seltn 104
(1993) for Swedish.
According to Johansson and Graedler (2002) also snacksy is a false Anglicism
which
5.4isMigration
used in Norway.
Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
79
According to Gottlieb (2005: 166), also Dressman, meaning male model, City,
meaning center of town,
5.5 Colombia nos une and......................................................................
Oldtimer, meaning classic car, are false Anglicisms 109
which are used in Germany and Austria.
80
5.6 examples
The Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
provided seem to answer the complaint made by Petralli (1992a: 112
119): [] i fenomeni neologici relativi ai prestiti linguistici sono stati spesso visti
5.7 Challenges
(malvisti) ....................................................................................
unilateralmente dalla parte della lingua darrivo di volta in volta implicata. 114
Cos facendo si per trascurata una dimensione europea del prestito interlinguistico
gi Bibliography .......................................................................................
operante da parecchio tempo: [].. Tr. [] neologistic phenomena related 116to
linguistic borrowings have often been interpreted (seen as unpopular) from the one-
Working
sided point Together
of view offor thethe Well-being
target language of Migrants
involved. By ...........................
doing so, the European 119
phenomenon of interlinguistic borrowings which has been active for a long time
Barry Halliday
is being neglected []..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The families

language Human Rights (Petralli Approach
1992a: ........................................................
121, 1992b: 74). Obviously, 58 all
false Anglicisms may eventually acquire the status
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 of
internationalisms. For instance, autostop (hitchhiking), happy end
Bibliography
(happy ending), .........................................................................................
recordman (record holder), and smoking (dinner 60
jacket or tuxedo) are found in several European and non-European
4. The Ethicsthus
languages, of Migration.
giving rise to World-Wide Pseudo-English
Reflections
(Carstensen 1986: on Recent
831).Migration Policies
In addition, it is also worth noting that the phenomenon of false
Laura Zanfrini
loans in Italian is not restricted to false Anglicisms.81 As recognized
by 4.1
Marello (1996:
Restrictive Policies36)and andStructural
De Mauro Demand andforMancini
Immigrant(2003) Labour false .. 65
Gallicisms, e.g. pain brioche, porte-enfant, tonn, false Germanisms,
e.g. blitz, and Labour
Migration: false Hispanisms,
Migration but e.g. espadrillas,
not Workers Migration may also 73
............. be
found.82
4.3
ViceFrom Guest
versa, as Workers
recognized to Unwelcome
by Lepschy Guests ..................................
and Lepschy (1999b: 191), 82
Pinnavaia (2001:
4.4 Selective 106, and
Policies 107), theTosi
Brain(2001: 207), Iamartino (2002: 32,
Drain............................................ 87
2003: 215), Sanson (2002: 336), Stammerjohann (2008: xi),
Stammerjohann and Denied
et al. (2008), andOpportunities ................................
Furiassi (forthcoming), there are 90
some false Italianisms
Bibliography mostly based on semantic shifts which are
......................................................................................... 97
found in English. For instance, the false Italianism confetti is used in
English to indicate
5. Colombia: Including tinyEmigrants
colored paper in Theirdisks or paper
Societies streamers
of Origin .......[]
101
(Merriam-Webster),
Urs Watter i.e. coriandoli in Italian (Oxford-Paravia).
Nevertheless, confetti is employed in Italian to refer to drages or
sugared almonds (Oxford-Paravia). Moreover, in Italian the word
stiletto means dagger (Oxford-Paravia). Conversely, in English,
5.2 Applied
stiletto usuallyEthics ..............................................................................
found as a modifier in the phrase stiletto heels 104
refers to a high
5.3 Migration Policy thin andheel
Ethicson.........................................................
womens shoes [] (Merriam- 106
Webster), i.e. tacco a spillo or scarpa con tacco a spillo in Italian
5.4 Migration Policy
(Oxford-Paravia). Other in Colombia
examples......................................................
of false Italianisms in English108 are
bimbo, gondola, latte, pepperoni, and terrazzo.
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
81 5.7 Challenges
Grlach ....................................................................................
(2003: 125-162) acknowledges the importance of compiling dictionaries 114
of -isms from languages other than English, starting from Gallicisms and
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Germanisms.
82
In contrast with Marello (1996: 36), who considers espadrillas a false Hispanism,
Working
De Mauro andTogether
Mancinifor the Well-being
(2003) consider it a of Migrants
variant ...........................
of espadrilles, a genuine 119 loan
fromBarry
French. The false Hispanism espadrillas corresponds to alpargatas or
Halliday
esparteas in Spanish.

Monza/Italy
3.4The
1.11 The Impact
Human Rights Approach
of False ........................................................
Anglicisms on the English Language 58
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Italian spoken and/or written with many Anglicisms and/or false
Bibliographywhich
Anglicisms, .........................................................................................
has been alternatively labeled as italiese 60
(Chiarioni 1974: 85, Dardano 1986b: 242, 1998: 356), Ingliano
4. The Ethics
(Devereux of Migration.
1976: 301), italo-inglese (Stammerjohann 2003: 78),
itangliano (Elliot 1977: 8, Dunlop 1989: 33, McArthur 2002: 155,
Venuta 2004: 5, Beccaria 2006: 146), Italish (Gani 2003: 174),
Laura Zanfrini
anglo-italiano (Italiano 1999: 36), and itanglese (Venuta 2004: 5),
is neither a newPolicies
4.1 Restrictive variety andof Italian Demand
Structural (Sanga for 1981: 102) Labour
Immigrant nor a ..new 65
83
variety of English
4.2 Initiatives (Bressan Family
for Governing 2006: 315). Instead, the coinage and
and Humanitarian
spreadMigration:
of false Anglicisms
Labour Migration but not WorkersasMigration
may be interpreted phenomena which
............. 73
may affect the English language.84
83 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Bressan (2006: 315) adds inglese maccheronico and spaghetti English to this
list.4.5
In addition, when French,
Equal Opportunity andGerman,
Denied and Spanish are................................
Opportunities spoken or written with 90a
large number of Anglicisms (and false Anglicisms), the following labels are used:
franglais (tiemble
Bibliography 1980, Hartmann 1983b: 117, Bogaards 2008: 13) 97or
.........................................................................................
franricain (Hagge 1987: 16), Germish (Vogel 2004: 57), Denglisch,
Germang, Engleutsch, Neudeutsch, McGermish (Busse 2008b: 60) or
5. Colombia:
Denglish Including
(Bergien 2008: 183), Emigrants in Their
and Spanglish (SanSocieties
Vicente 2002:of Origin
21). ....... 101
84 Urs Watter
Crystal (1988: 134) maintains that [i]nevitably, the emergence of new Englishes
raises the spectre of fragmentation the eventual dissolution of English into a range
5.1 Stateunintelligible
of mutually Interest and languages
Responsibility [].. Prat Zagrebelsky (1998: 7) states that
towards their
[] impossibile predireCitizens LivingsiAbroad
se in futuro svilupper...........................................
un rapporto equilibrato tra 102le
esigenze per un verso di garantire lintelligibilit e per laltro di riconoscere le
5.2 Applied
diversit Ethics ..............................................................................
e le specificit. O se, al contrario, si arriver come gi avvenuto 104in
passato per altre lingue internazionali, alla fissione dellinglese in diverse lingue..
Tr. It is impossible to predict whether there will be a balanced relationship between
the 5.4
needMigration
for granting mutual
Policy comprehension
in Colombia on the one hand, and acknowledging
...................................................... 108
diversity and specificity on the other. Or, vice versa, whether English will be fixed
in different languages,
5.5 Colombia nosasunealready happened to other international languages in109
...................................................................... the
past.. As Italiano (1999: 36) claims: Cos si sta creando una variante di inglese-
5.6 Alianza
italiano totalmentePas ..................................................................................
originale, che un giorno potrebbe, perch no, far ritorno al 112 nato
suolo inglese e ivi assumere legittima statura di forma alternativa.. Tr. A totally
5.7 Challenges
original ....................................................................................
variety of English-Italian is being created. One day this variety could return 114
to the native English territory and become a legitimate accepted alternative there..
Bibliography
Italiano (1999: 105) .......................................................................................
further develops her theory: Ci che gli stranieri fanno 116 della
miriade di pezzetti dinglese a loro disposizione, potrebbe risultare persino cos
WorkingeTogether
innovativo accattivante fordathefarneWell-being
ritorno sul of Migrants
suolo ...........................
inglese sotto una nuova forma 119e
con Barry
un nuovo significato, al punto di spingere allobsolescenza i termini originari.
Halliday
La lingua che si trover pi perdente sar forse linglese stesso [].. Tr. What

Monza/Italy
3.4
TheThe Human Rights
presence of falseApproach ........................................................
Anglicisms may be viewed either as the 58
nativization (Knospe
3.5 Conclusion 2007: 140), i.e. Italianization, of English 59
...................................................................................... or
as the Englishization (Kachru 1994: 140) of Italian, a language
Bibliography
whose speakers.........................................................................................
[] digest linguistic material transferred from 60
English [] freely and creatively.. However, as summarized by
Fischer:
and foreignization
[] Non-policiesofinother
Italylanguages
and Europe ...........................................
through English seems unlikely61
[].
Laura(Fischer
Zanfrini2008: 4)
4.1
ViceRestrictive
versa, Policies and Structural
since false AnglicismsDemand
arefor ImmigrantofLabour
instances .. 65
language
change, is the for
4.2 Initiatives English
Governing language
Familyreally endangered by them? As
and Humanitarian
forecast by Simone
Migration: (1988:
Labour 200), is
Migration butthenotworld
Workers witnessing
Migration the.............
birth and 73
growth of neoinglese? Obviously, in the age of global English
(Salvi 2002, Crystal 2003), world English (Baugh and Cable 1993),
English as aPolicies
4.4 Selective worldandlanguage (Conrad and Fishman 1977),
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
international
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90a
English (Ross 1997, Seidlhofer 2003), or English as
lingua franca (Mauranen 2005, Seidlhofer 2001, 2007), false
Bibliography
Anglicisms eventually do more harm to English than Italian.8597
may.........................................................................................
On the one hand, it is interesting to notice how false Anglicisms
5. Colombia:
originate fromIncluding
the sameEmigrants
processes in Theiraccording
which, Societies oftoOrigin Crystal ....... 101
(2003:
Urs Watter
160), are typical of the vocabulary features of new Englishes, i.e.
compounding fromandEnglish
5.1 State Interest elements, word-class conversion, and
Responsibility
varioustowards
processes
their Citizens Living Abroadclipping,
of abbreviation, and blending.102
........................................... In
addition, Crystal (2003: 160) states that sometimes [] a word or
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
phrase from a well established variety is adopted by a New English
and5.3given a newPolicy
Migration meaning or use,
and Ethics without undergoing any structural
......................................................... 106
change.. On the other hand, some word-formation processes which
lead to the coinage of false Anglicisms in Italian coincide with the
5.5 Colombia strategies
word-formation nos une......................................................................
which give birth to neologisms in English, 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
foreigners do with the myriad pieces of English available to them may even become
Bibliography
so innovative and .......................................................................................
intriguing that such words may return to their original soil with 116a
new form and a new meaning, thus making the original words obsolete. The
Working
language Together
that for the
will lose more willWell-being
perhaps be Englishof Migrants ........................... 119
itself []..
85
See McArthur
Barry Halliday(2001: 4, 5) for a comprehensive list of labels used to refer to
English as a world language.

Monza/Italy
i.e.3.4compounding,
The Human Rights Approachchange,
semantic ........................................................
proper-noun derivatives, 58
shortenings, and ......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion trademarks (Ayto 1996: 65). 59
As recognized by Berns (1995a: 6), it is true that [] Europeans
makeBibliography .........................................................................................
adaptations and introduce innovations that effectively de- 60
Americanize and de-Anglicize English but false Anglicisms may
4. The Ethics
eventually of Migration.
affect English, by de-Anglicizing and de-Americanizing
Reflections
it (Berns 1995b: on Recent
26), only Migrationif they Policies
are, in turn, introduced in the
English language.
Laura Zanfrini
However, the Europeanization of English (Quirk 1970: 68)
through the reborrowing
4.1 Restrictive Policies and ofStructural
false Anglicisms
Demand for is Immigrant
not common, Labour except
.. 65
for a very limited number of cases.86 For example, the compound
slow food, originally
Migration: Labour a false
MigrationAnglicism
but not in Italian,Migration
Workers may be .............
considered 73
a lexical innovation reborrowed by real English from pseudo-
4.3 From
English. AsGuest Workers
explained to Unwelcome
by McFedries Guests
(2004: ..................................
172), the term slow food, 82
coined in Italy Policies
4.4 Selective in 1986, andrefers
the Brainto [a]n agricultural and gastronomic
Drain............................................ 87
movement that emphasizes traditional, organic growing methods and
the4.5 Equal Opportunity
appreciation of fineandfood Denied andOpportunities
wine or to................................
[f]ood grown and 90
consumed in this
Bibliography way. The Slow Food movement was actually
......................................................................................... 97
founded in Italy in 1987 and, according to the GDU, slow food has

been attested Including
5. Colombia: in Italian Emigrants
since 1989.inThe Their compound
Societies of SlowOriginFood .......soon
101
became a registered trademark now used generically and then
Urs Watter
spread to other languages, including English. Therefore, slow food
will not be considered a false Anglicism but a neologism in the
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
As Scollon and Wong Scollon (2005: 31, 32) state: A world-wide movement in
reaction to both thePolicy
5.4 Migration health in andColombia
sociopolitical consequences of producing and eating
...................................................... 108
fast food has begun in Italy. The name for the movement uses the English words
slow
5.5food, even when
Colombia nos unespeaking and writing in Italian, a move accomplished
...................................................................... 109in
part by registering the English words as a brand name, Slow Food.. In addition,
5.6 (2003:
Bombi Alianza Pas
112) ..................................................................................
states that [l]impiego del sintagma in riferimento ad un fatto 112di
civilt tipicamente italiano ci induce a interpretare tale neoformazione come una
5.7 Challenges
creazione autonoma ....................................................................................
dellitaliano in termini di falso anglicismo. [] la creazione 114di
slow food stata agevolata dalla pregressa integrazione in italiano dei prestiti slow e
fastBibliography
food [].. Tr. .......................................................................................
The fact that the phrase is used to refer to a cultural concept 116
which is typically Italian leads us to think that this neologism is an autonomous
Working
creation Together
of the for the Well-being
Italian language, therefore a false of Migrants
Anglicism. ...........................
[] the coinage of 119 slow
foodBarry
was favored
Halliday by the integration of the borrowings slow and fast food in Italian
[]..

Monza/Italy
3.4 Thelanguage. 87
Human Rights Approach ........................................................ 58
English In fact, the CALD defines slow food as good
food
3.5that is prepared
Conclusion and cooked carefully.
...................................................................................... 59
All in all, because of their sporadic nature, false Anglicisms
Bibliography
should .........................................................................................
not be viewed as a phenomenon that may seriously endanger 60
the vocabulary of English, at least in the near future.
1.12
andFalse Anglicisms
Non-policies in the
in Italy andLanguage Contact Scenario 61
Europe ...........................................
Laura Zanfrini
In finalizing the definition, classification, and systematization of
false Anglicisms in Italian, some remarks about their linguistic status
must
4.2be added in
Initiatives fororder to be Family
Governing able to and
relocate false Anglicisms within
Humanitarian
Migration:
the broad and Labour Migrationscenario
multi-faceted but not Workers
of language Migration .............with
contact, 73
particular reference to the lexical influence exerted by English
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 on
Italian.
4.4 SelectivetoPolicies
According Onysko: and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Despite groundbreaking research in the field of language contact [],
the definition .........................................................................................
Bibliography of language influence and thus the conceptualization of97
the term anglicism has remained subject of controversy []. (Onysko
5. 2007b: 215) Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Colombia:
Urs Watter
This is even truer for false Anglicisms, which have traditionally
received less
5.1 State attention
Interest from linguists: some scholars consider false
and Responsibility
towardsatheir
Anglicisms Citizens
subtype Living Abroad
of adapted ...........................................
or indirect Anglicisms whereas 102
other scholars consider false Anglicisms an independent
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
manifestation of language contact.88
87
With regard to neologisms
5.5 Colombia in English, Onysko (2007a: 55) notices that 109
nos une...................................................................... []
dictionaries lag behind in documenting English neologisms, which can be borrowed
[]5.6 Alianza
before beingPas ..................................................................................
registered in English. [] This emphasizes the fact that possible 112
pseudo anglicisms need to be confirmed with the help of dictionaries and native
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
speakers..
88
As Fischer (2008: 9, 10) maintains: Another question is whether pseudo-
Bibliography
anglicisms should.......................................................................................
be viewed as anglicisms, since they are not true borrowings. 116
Nevertheless, most scholars at least deal with pseudo-anglicisms in connection with
Working Together
anglicisms, for the Well-being
since the influence of English is of obvious.
MigrantsMoreover,...........................
many pseudo- 119
formations lend themselves to study because they are so impressive and
Barry Halliday
extraordinary..

Monza/Italy
3.4 Therecent
In the Humanpast,
Rights Approach
when ........................................................
scholars approached the complex issue58 of
language contact......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion (Haugen 1950, Weinreich 1963, Hope 1971, Klajn 59
1972, Filipovi 1985, Dardano 1986b, Viereck 1986), a traditional
Bibliography
typological .........................................................................................
classification differentiated between borrowings 60 or
loanwords, calques, and hybrids. Under the heading borrowings
4. The
or Ethics of Migration.
loanwords, non-adapted or direct borrowings or loanwords
and adapted on
Reflections Recent Migration
or indirect borrowings Policies
or loanwords were identified.
As shown in Fig. 1, within this framework and with reference to the
Laura Zanfrini
lexical influence exerted by the English language, false Anglicisms
were4.1considered a special
Restrictive Policies andkind of adapted
Structural Demand or for indirect
ImmigrantAnglicisms,
Labour .. 65
either morphologically suited to the
rules of the supposed recipient
language or semantically
Migration: apt for itsbutcultural
Labour Migration context.
not Workers Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers language
to Unwelcome
contact Guests .................................. 82
(lexical influence of English on Italian)
Bibliography .........................................................................................
borrowings hybrids calques 97
or loanwords (hybrid Anglicisms) (calques from English)
(Anglicisms)
Urs Watter
towards
non-adapted their Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
or direct adapted or indirect 102
borrowings or loanwords borrowings or loanwords
5.2 Applied
(non-adapted Ethics
or direct ..............................................................................
Anglicisms) (adapted or indirect Anglicisms)104
false loans
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ......................................................
(false Anglicisms) 108
5.5 Colombia
Figure nos
1. Language une......................................................................
Contact: A Traditional Typology 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
However, as shown
5.7 Challenges by more recent studies (Gusmani 1986, 1989,
.................................................................................... 114
Picone 1996, Iamartino 2001, Busse and Grlach 2002, Humbley
Bibliography
2002, Pulcini .......................................................................................
2002, Onysko 2004, 2007a, 2007b, Gottlieb 2004, 116
2005, Fischer 2008), false Anglicisms are not to be considered as
Working Together
Anglicisms sensufor the Well-being
stricto since they of areMigrants
autonomously ...........................
created 119 not
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

borrowed Rights Approach
by non-English speakers in a non-English context.89 58
........................................................ As
claimed by Busse (2008b: 64): pseudo-Anglicisms [] are not
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
borrowings []..
Bibliography
With regard.........................................................................................
to morphology, false Anglicisms would have to 60 be
seen as a phenomenon per se, unsubordinated to adapted or
4. The Ethics
indirect of Migration.
Anglicisms. 90
False Anglicisms are coined with the aid of
Reflections
English on Recent
language materialMigrationbut are Policies
not formally adapted to the
supposed recipient language system, as happens instead for adapted
Laura Zanfrini
or indirect Anglicisms. On the one hand, false Anglicisms
constituted by Policies
4.1 Restrictive autonomous
and Structural compounds,
Demand for e.g. recordman,
Immigrant Labour ..and 65
autonomous derivatives, e.g. footing, are not to be considered
adapted or indirect
Migration: Anglicisms
Labour Migration but notsince they Migration
Workers consist in.............
the free 73
combination of English lexical and/or morphological material on the
91 Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
part4.3ofFrom Guestspeakers.
Italian Workers to On the other hand, false Anglicisms
89
As
4.5Gusmani (1986: 106) argues:
Equal Opportunity and DeniedUna particolare
Opportunities categoria di prestiti apparenti
................................ 90
quella costituita dai cosiddetti falsi esotismi [], parole che hanno tutto laspetto
di forestierismi
Bibliography o sono addirittura identiche, in apparenza, ad un termine straniero,
......................................................................................... 97
ma che in realt sono state create indipendentemente da un preciso modello. Che
non si sia in presenza di un genuino fenomeno di prestito dimostrato o dallassenza
di5.un
Colombia: Including Emigrants
eventuale corrispondente nella lingua instraniera
Their Societies
o, se questo of esiste,
Origin dal.......
fatto101
che
Urs Watter
esso ha un significato affatto diverso.. Tr. A particular category of apparent
borrowings is constituted by the so-called false exoticisms [], words that totally
5.1 State
resemble Interest
or are and Responsibility
even formally identical to foreign words, but that have been in fact
created towards their Citizens
independently Living model.
from a precise AbroadThe ...........................................
fact that this is not a genuine 102
borrowing is demonstrated either by the absence of an equivalent item in the foreign
5.2 Applied
language Ethics
or, if this exists,..............................................................................
by its totally different meaning.. 104
90
As Gusmani (1986: 99) maintains: [] laspetto straniero di un termine non
costituisce in s garanzia sufficiente per considerarlo un forestierismo. []
Determinanti restano
5.4 Migration la presenza
Policy in Colombiadi un modello alloglotto e la verisimiglianza108
...................................................... che
tra questi e il termine in questione intercorra un rapporto mimetico.. Tr. [] the
foreign appearance of
5.5 Colombia nosa une
word......................................................................
is not by itself sufficient to consider it a borrowing. 109
[] The determining factors are the presence of a foreign model and the possibility
that5.6
the Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
word in question is an imitation of the foreign element.. 112
91
As Gusmani (1986: 114) argues: [] la combinazione, nei processi di
5.7 Challenges
derivazione o anche....................................................................................
di composizione, di elementi linguistici dinflusso straniero, 114
ormai perfettamente accclimatati in un dato sistema, pu benissimo attuarsi
Bibliography
nellambito .......................................................................................
di questo stesso sistema e non rientrare quindi a nessun titolo 116 nella
fenomenologia del prestito.. Tr. [] the combination in the processes of
WorkingorTogether
derivation compounding for the ofWell-being of Migrants
linguistic elements of foreign...........................
influence, which119 are
already
Barryan Halliday
established part of a given linguistic system, may take place within this
system and lie outside the phenomenology of linguistic borrowings.. Moreover,

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

originating from Rights
compound Approach
ellipses,........................................................
e.g. basket, and clippings, e.g. 58
happy end, cannot
3.5 Conclusion be considered adapted or indirect Anglicisms
...................................................................................... 59
since they neither conform to the rules of English word formation
norBibliography
obey the rules.........................................................................................
of Italian word formation.92 60
With regard to semantics, false Anglicisms occur only when
4. The
meaning Ethics of Migration.
extension takes place since the new meaning acquired in
Reflections
Italian is distanton Recent
from Migration
the meaning Policies
(or meanings) of the English
homograph. Therefore, not even semantic shifts, e.g. mister,
Laura Zanfrini
eponyms, e.g. carter, and toponyms, e.g. new jersey, are a subtype of
adapted or indirect
4.1 Restrictive PoliciesAnglicisms:
and Structuralthese Demand false
for Anglicisms
Immigrant Labour acquire .. 65a
totally new meaning in Italian and do not simply select one of several
meanings that aLabour
Migration: word Migration
already has but not English.93Migration
in Workers False Anglicisms
............. 73
originating from generic trademarks are a case apart since in the
4.3 From
coinage of Guest Workerswhich
trademarks, to Unwelcome
eventually Guestsbecome..................................
generic, different 82
linguistic strategies
4.4 Selective Policiesare and involved: either a British or American
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
trademark, which is not generic in English, e.g. Rimmel, becomes
Iamartino (2001: 122)
Bibliography states that [] non sono prestiti nemmeno quelle parole 97
......................................................................................... che
una lingua crea combinando autonomamente materiali lessicali di origine
alloglotta.. Tr. [] even those words that a language creates by combining lexical
5. Colombia:
material Including
of foreign origin cannot Emigrants
be calledin Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
borrowings..
92 Urs Watter
By referring to prestiti decurtati, Gusmani (1986: 100) claims that []
composti inglesi che appaiono, soprattutto in francese e in italiano, in una forma
5.1 State
abbreviata, Interest
cio in genereandcon Responsibility
perdita del secondo elemento: dunque la discrepanza
rispettotowards
al modellotheir CitizensquiLiving
concerne Abroad ...........................................
il significante.. Tr. clipped borrowings 102 []
English compounds that are often clipped mainly in French and Italian through
the 5.2 Applied
ellipsis of theEthics
second..............................................................................
element: so the discrepancy with the model concerns104 the
form of the word.. In addition, Dardano et al. (2000: 41) say that [l]anglicismo
tagliato [] una falsificazione della grammatica inglese.. Tr. Anglicisms which
are 5.4
clipped [are] aPolicy
Migration falsification of English
in Colombia grammar..
...................................................... 108
93
Gusmani (1986: 104) remarks that [s]embra poi improprio attribuire la qualifica
di veri prestiti alle designazioni
5.5 Colombia di oggetti che traggono spunto dalla provenienza
nos une...................................................................... 109
degli stessi dallambiente a cui, a torto o ragione, sono sentiti legati []. [] di
5.6 Alianza
prestito Pas ..................................................................................
si potr legittimamente parlare solo a proposito del nome proprio, mentre 112la
creazione dellappellativo, fondata su unassociazione di idee compiuta in ambiente
5.7 Challenges
esclusivamente ....................................................................................
italiano, avvenuta al di fuori di ogni influsso della tradizione 114
alloglotta.. Tr. It does not seem appropriate to attribute the status of real
Bibliography
borrowings .......................................................................................
to those designations of objects that have been inspired by116 the
environment which they are (rightly or wrongly) believed to be connected to [].
Working
[] the onlyTogether
borrowed forelement
the Well-being
is the proper of Migrants
noun, whereas ...........................
the creation 119 of a
common
Barrynoun, which is based on an association of ideas entirely made in an Italian
Halliday
environment, has occurred with no influence on the part of the foreign tradition..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
generic in Human
Italian Rights Approachis
or a trademark ........................................................
coined in Italy (or elsewhere) 58 by

combining real English words, e.g. Ticket Restaurant . Since very
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
often generic trademarks are not coined in an English-speaking
Bibliography
context, .........................................................................................
e.g. Autogrill
, there is no reason to classify these types60 of
false Anglicisms as adapted or indirect Anglicisms.
4. The Ethics of
As Sanniti di Migration.
Baja argues:
and
A Non-policies
loan has to do within Italy andof
the act Europe ...........................................
lending, though here there often61
remains very little which is borrowed, and a lot which is taken,
Laura Zanfrini
changed and added. (Sanniti di Baja 1992: 159)
This
4.2isInitiatives
the reasonfor why the graph
Governing Familyinand
Fig.Humanitarian
1 has been drawn anew in
order Migration:
to grant false Anglicisms the prominence they deserve
Labour Migration but not Workers Migration within
............. 73
the scenario of language contact. In Fig. 2 false Anglicisms
4.3 Froman
constitute Guest Workers representation
alternative to Unwelcome Guests ..................................
of language contact on the 82
same level asPolicies
4.4 Selective Anglicisms, calques
and the Brain from English, and hybrid
Drain............................................ 87
Anglicisms.
language contact
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
(lexical influence of English on Italian)
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interestfalse
borrowings andloans
Responsibility
hybrids calques
or loanwords (false Anglicisms) (hybrid Anglicisms) (calques from English)
(Anglicisms)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
non-adapted or direct adapted or indirect
5.4 Migration
borrowings Policy in Colombia ......................................................
or loanwords borrowings or loanwords 108
(non-adapted or direct Anglicisms) (adapted or indirect Anglicisms)
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
Figure 2. Language
5.6 Alianza Contact: A New Typology
Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
2. 3.4 The Human RightsCorpus

Lexicography, Approach ........................................................
Linguistics and False 58
Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura Zanfrini
2.1 Electronic Resources
Electronic resources
4.4 Selective Policiesproved
and thetoBrain be essential research instruments 87
Drain............................................ for
the study of false Anglicisms and for the compilation of a dictionary
4.5 Equal
of false Opportunity
Anglicisms and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
in Italian.
Nowadays, .........................................................................................
Bibliography there are two stages of dictionary making for which 97
computers are essential: the exploitation of already available
machine-readable
5. Colombia: Including lexicographic
Emigrants inresources Their Societies suchof Origin
as electronic
....... 101
dictionaries
Urs Watter both on-line and in CD-ROM format and the use of
electronic corpora (Calzolari et al. 1987: 55).1
Thetowards
retrieval
theirand analysis
Citizens Living ofAbroad
false ...........................................
Anglicisms is possible both 102
through dictionaries and through corpora, where textual data may be
5.2 Applied
converted intoEthics ..............................................................................
lexicographic information. In conjunction with native- 104
speaker intuition,
5.3 Migration electronic
Policy and Ethics dictionaries and computerized corpora
......................................................... 106
provide evidence on the basis of which the lexicographer may
5.4 Migration
evaluate whether Policy
or notin Colombia
a candidate ......................................................
item should qualify as a false 108
2
Anglicism.
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
1
According to Barnbrook (1996: 134): The need for computer assistance in
5.7 Challenges
lexicography is now....................................................................................
fully established, although it is a fairly recent development. 114
[] Modern dictionaries, like most modern publications, depend on the
Bibliography
technologies .......................................................................................
of word processing, desktop publishing and data manipulation116 that
computers have made possible. [] Lexicography already makes extensive use of
Working
basic Togethertechniques
text exploration for the Well-being
[].. of Migrants ........................... 119
2
Rundell and Stock (1992: 28, 29) state that [t]he arrival of large corpora has
Barry Halliday
clearly revolutionized lexicographic practice. It has also sparked a lively debate on

Monza/Italy
3.4Electronic
2.1.1 The HumanDictionaries
Rights Approach ........................................................ 58
3.5 Conclusion
Although they are ......................................................................................
secondary sources of linguistic investigation, 59
existing dictionaries constitute a valid starting point for the making
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
of new dictionaries and assist the lexicographer in drafting a
provisional
4. The Ethics listofof candidate entries.
Migration.
Through the electronic
Reflections on Recent Migration medium, dictionaries have become richer
Policies
andandmore user-friendly, and
Non-policies in Italy and Europe the range of ...........................................
possible uses and users has 61
expanded. Most
Laura Zanfrini recent on-line or CD-ROM dictionaries are not
simple transcriptions of paper dictionaries: they are real linguistic
4.1 Restrictive
laboratories, Policies
where theandlanguage
Structural Demand
can be for Immigrant
actively Labourfrom
studied .. 65
3
different perspectives.
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Electronic
Familydictionaries
and Humanitarian are convenient tools
whichMigration:
enhance Labour the scope Migration of but linguistic
not Workers and Migration
metalexicographic
............. 73
research and allow scholars to deal with the internal structure of the
dictionary far better than printed editions (Marello 1996: 219).
4.4
OneSelective
of thePoliciesseveral and advantages
the Brain Drain............................................
of electronic dictionaries 87is
modularity, i.e. the possibility of being partially modified and adapted
in order to better interact with the specific needs of the user. Moreover,
Bibliography
electronic .........................................................................................
dictionaries take advantage of multimedia facilities, using 97
5. Colombia:
the relative valueIncluding
of corpusEmigrants
evidence and in Their Societies intuition.
native-speaker of Origin[] .......while
101
Urs Watter
intuition is a valuable aid to interpreting the evidence of a corpus, it cannot on its
own form the basis of a reliable still less authoritative account of word meaning
or 5.1
wordState Interest
usage. Our and Responsibility
dependence on native-speaker intuition is likely to be
towards
progressively their Citizens
reduced as corpora Living
become Abroad
bigger ...........................................
and more representative, and 102as
automatic analysis tools become more sophisticated. [] whether the role of
5.2 Applied
intuition Ethicsever
can or should ..............................................................................
be eliminated altogether is [] a question that will 104be
hotly debated for years to come..
According to Dodd (2003: 355): It is clear that we are not far from the point at
which
5.4 the dictionary
Migration Policywill incease to be ......................................................
Colombia merely a product, such as a book, 108 or a
somewhat more sophisticated substitute for a book, for example a CD-ROM, which
remains as fixed in its
5.5 Colombia noscontents as a book is, and will also become a service.. In109
une...................................................................... fact,
some dictionaries were not originally conceived as electronic but they have only
been5.6transferred
Alianza Pasinto..................................................................................
electronic format by exactly mirroring paper editions.112 As
Fontenelle (1997: 2) argues, there is a difference between a machine-readable
5.7 Challenges
dictionary (MRD), i.e.....................................................................................
a dictionary which had been encoded in machine-readable 114
form for typesetting purposes and a computerized dictionary, i.e. a dictionary
Bibliography
whose organization .......................................................................................
of information is based on a set of explicit and well-defined 116
conventions.. In addition, Wilks et al. (1993: 9) add the label machine-tractable
Working(MTD)
dictionary Together to for the Well-being
contrast machine-readable of Migrants
dictionary ...........................
(MRD): Machine- 119
tractability means [] the conversion of an existing dictionary to a form that is
Barry Halliday
appropriate for further CL tasks..

Monza/Italy
2. Lexicography, Corpus Linguistics and False Anglicisms 79
3.4 The
various Human Rights codes
communicative Approach such ........................................................
as writing, sounds, and images. 58
Also3.5graphs and ......................................................................................
Conclusion tables are often easily obtainable and printable. 59 An
additional user-friendly feature of electronic dictionaries makes it
Bibliography
possible for the.........................................................................................
user to look up a word just by keying in part of it, thus 60
saving a great amount of time. By means of Boolean operators, which
4. The Ethics
enable of Migration.
dictionary users to combine different parameters, electronic
Reflections on Recentfull-text
editions also perform Migration Policiesvery quickly.4 For instance,
searches
etymological queries allow the user to verify whether the presence of a
Laura Zanfrini
false Anglicism in Italian is mediated by another language. Moreover,
usage and register
4.1 Restrictive labelsand
Policies addStructural
frequency Demanddata and specify the
for Immigrant semantic
Labour .. 65
field to which a false Anglicism belongs.5
Finally, theseLabour
Migration: types Migration
of customized but not searches
Workers can be easily
Migration saved
............. 73
and reused when needed. Therefore, the feasibility of full-text
4.3 From
searches is Guest Workers
the main reasonto Unwelcome
for choosing Guests ..................................
electronic dictionaries82to
study false Anglicisms,
4.4 Selective Policies and since the Brain thisDrain............................................
procedure allows the user 87to
retrieve the precise target entries in the whole dictionary rapidly.
2.1.2 Computer.........................................................................................
Bibliography Corpus Lexicography 97
Technology has revolutionized many areas of linguistics and one of
5. Colombia:
the Including
tools which Emigrants
has undergone the in Their Societies
greatest changes of
is Origin ....... 1016
the dictionary.
Urs Watter
4 5.1 State
Full-text Interest
searches areand
alsoResponsibility
defined as multiple searches, cross searches, or complex
searches.
5
Among the several advantages of electronic dictionaries, a word can be searched
for 5.2
evenApplied
when theEthics ..............................................................................
exact spelling is unknown (Jackson 2002: 69-72). Indeed, 104
electronic dictionaries independent from a rigid alphabetical order do not require
the user to know the lemma form of the searched word which is being looked up.
Users
5.4may look upPolicy
Migration all theinwords
Colombia that ......................................................
start, end, or contain a specific string 108of
characters using wildcard options, i.e. ? and *. A certain item may be looked up in
different parts of the
5.5 Colombia nosmicrostructure, i.e. definition, semantic fields, examples,
une...................................................................... 109
etymology, etc. Complex searches may be carried out using Boolean operators by
5.6 Alianza
coordinating, Pas ..................................................................................
alternating, or excluding the desired parameters, i.e. AND, OR,112 and
NOT. The user can also rapidly switch from one entry to another. In addition, it is
5.7possible
often Challenges ....................................................................................
to obtain information about morphology, e.g. plurals, inflected forms, 114
and semantics, e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms. Finally, as argued by Spina
Bibliography
(2001: .......................................................................................
95) and Marello (2002: 159), it is possible to listen to the pronunciation116 of a
specific word without necessarily being able to read the symbols used in phonetic
Working Together
transcription, such as IPA for(International
the Well-being of Migrants
Phonetic Alphabet)............................ 119
6
Dodd
Barry(2003: 352) argues that [t]extual analysis software has been associated
Halliday
mostly with literary studies, but it has become obvious that it is of great value to

Monza/Italy
Even3.4 though
The Human
onlyRights
a few Approach
decades ago ........................................................
the idea of using computers58to
compile a dictionary
3.5 Conclusion seemed unfeasible, computational linguistics
...................................................................................... 59
had already anticipated the wide range of opportunities that
Bibliography
technology would.........................................................................................
offer. Lexicography has proved to be dynamic and 60
open to the integration and the enrichment brought about by new
4. The Ethics
research tools.ofAccording
Migration.to Dodd:
Itand
is Non-policies in Italy and
not hard to imagine Europe
a future in ...........................................
which the production of61
Laura Zanfrini
dictionaries will be aided to a yet greater extent by computer. A very
large proportion of all texts produced nowadays are at some stage put
into computer-readable form []. (Dodd 2003: 354)
Since the early
Migration: 1970sMigration
Labour computersbuthave been used
not Workers on a large
Migration scale73in
.............
the production of dictionaries, and over the last few years they have
significantly modified the working techniques used to compile
7
4.4 Selective
dictionaries andPolicies andinformation.
to present the Brain Drain............................................
As recognized by Biber et al.: 87
Today, advances in computer technology have given corpus-based
lexicographic research several advantages over earlier work. (Biber et97
Bibliography .........................................................................................
al. 1998: 22)
Computer
Urs Watter corpus lexicography may be viewed as a field of
research which combines the perspectives of computational
linguistics, computational lexicography, and computer corpus
linguistics (Ooi 1998: 2). Computer corpus lexicography may also be
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
lexicographers
5.4 Migrationas well.
Policy ThisinisColombia
thanks to ......................................................
its capacity to produce at short notice,108 and
with absolute accuracy, a list of all the words used in a given text in either alphabetic
or frequency order, whether
5.5 Colombia nos une normal or inverse, and to expand this to an index giving
...................................................................... 109
each words place of occurrence in the text if needed. It can also provide a
5.6 Alianza
concordance, Pas ..................................................................................
permitting the immediate surroundings of each word to be examined 112in
detail, with right-sorted and left-sorted contexts usually both possible..
7 5.7Marello
As Challenges ....................................................................................
(1996: 155) argues: Il calcolatore elettronico, permettendo 114di
immagazzinare e rielaborare grandi quantit di dati, stato fondamentale per le
Bibliography
operazioni .......................................................................................
di spoglio preliminari alla compilazione di dizionari storici e soprattutto 116
per redigere concordanze, liste di frequenza, dizionari inversi [].. Tr. Since it is
Working
possible Together
to store for the
and process Well-being
a large amount of ofdata,
Migrants
computers ...........................
have been of utmost 119
importance for the preliminary steps in compiling historical dictionaries and
Barry Halliday
especially concordances, frequency lists, reverse dictionaries []..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
viewed asHuman Rights Approach
the making of dictionaries........................................................
with the aid of machine- 58
8
readable corpora.......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion Halliday in fact argues that: 59
Bibliography
The .........................................................................................
effect of these resources on dictionary-making is already60
apparent: the dictionary can now be founded on authentic usage in
4. writing and speech.
The Ethics (Halliday 2004: 17)
of Migration.
Compiling
and a dictionary
Non-policies in Italy and of false
Europe Anglicisms with the aid 61
........................................... of
corpora has several
Laura Zanfrini advantages. First of all, frequency lists and
concordance lines show how often and where a false Anglicism is
encountered. It is also possible to detect the most frequent spelling
when4.2 multiple
Initiativesorthographic
for Governingvariants Family and areHumanitarian
found in the corpus. This is
Migration:
particularly Labour
useful Migration
since somebutfalse not Workers
Anglicisms Migration .............
especially 73
autonomous compounds often vary in spelling
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 as, for instance,
longseller, which can also be spelt long seller or long-seller. In
4.4 Selective
addition, the mostPolicies
common and the Brain Drain............................................
collocations of each false Anglicism help 87
to 4.5
distinguish between and
Equal Opportunity alternative senses and determine
Denied Opportunities the typical
................................ 90
contexts in which they appear.
Bibliography
Computerized .........................................................................................
corpora also prove to be useful for retrieving, 97
collecting, and storing real citations to be quoted in the example
section of the microstructure (Sherman 1979: 142). According to
Urs Watter
Cowie (1989: 55), examples have two major functions: [] that of
clarifying
5.1 State aInterest
senseandand that of distinguishing between senses..
Responsibility
Examplestowards their Citizens
extracted Living Abroad
from corpora ...........................................
as opposed to made-up examples 102
show the searched words in context and grant the authenticity
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 of
the false Anglicisms selected and included in the dictionary.
5.3 Migration
Authentic Policy and
examples alsoEthicsshow .........................................................
the grammatical and semantic 106
9
properties that false
5.4 Migration PolicyAnglicisms
in Colombia have in the Italian language. 108
...................................................... The
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
8
5.6pivotal
The Alianza Pas
role of ..................................................................................
corpora in dictionary-making is highlighted by Rundell112 and
Stock (1992: 21), who state that [] corpus data must now be regarded as an
5.7 Challenges
indispensable tool in....................................................................................
any serious dictionary venture.. This is confirmed by Tognini 114
Bonelli and Sinclair (2006: 217), who point out that [] major dictionaries will be
Bibliography
based on corpora in.......................................................................................
the years to come [].. 116
9
As Drysdale (1987: 213) points out: Examples are often overlooked in the
WorkingofTogether
discussion for the
lexicography, Well-being
either because they of Migrants
are considered ...........................
to be less important 119
thanBarry
definitions,
Hallidaywhich may be true, or because they are thought to involve less of
the lexicographers skill, which is not true. [] reliance on made-up examples

Monza/Italy
only3.4 microstructural
feature of ........................................................
the dictionary that most corpora 58
cannot provide is......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion pronunciation. 59
Finally, even though definitions are not directly supplied by
Bibliography
corpora, .........................................................................................
contexts of occurrence and collocations are certainly an aid 60
to the lexicographer who has to create definitions to be included in a
4. The Ethics
dictionary. of Migration.
According to Hanks:
and Non-policies
[] any attempt to in Italya and
write Europe analytical
completely ...........................................
definition of any61
Laura Zanfrini
common word in natural language is absurd. [] What a good
dictionary offers instead is a typification: the dictionary definition
summarises what the lexicographer finds to be the most typical
common features,
4.2 Initiatives in his experience,
for Governing in the use, context, and
Family and Humanitarian
collocations of the word. (Hanks 1979: 38)
2.2 Lexicographic Products
All4.5
theEqual
lexicographic
Opportunity resources
and Denied consulted
Opportunitiesare referred to by means90
................................ of
acronyms or abbreviations which are well-established in the
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
literature. The dictionaries mentioned below electronic editions
were preferred to paper editions in order to carry out a quick and
efficient investigation are listed in chronological order from the
Urs Watter
least recent to the most recent. A comprehensive list is available in
the5.1 State Interest
reference and Responsibility
section.
2.2.1
5.2General Dictionaries
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
The5.3list of the latest
Migration Policyeditions of.........................................................
and Ethics the Italian monolingual dictionaries 106
consulted in order to detect the presence of false Anglicisms in the
5.4 Migration
Italian vocabularyPolicy
is asinfollows:
Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 Colombia
Dizionario nos une......................................................................
etimologico della lingua italiana (DELI) published 109
in
1999; Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.6 Alianza
Grande
5.7 dizionario
Challenges italiano delluso (GDU), also known114
.................................................................................... as
GRADIT, in seven volumes: six volumes were published in
Bibliography
2000 and.......................................................................................
the supplement Nuove parole italiane delluso116 del
involves
Barrythe risk of creating some sentences that are forced and artificial, whether
Halliday
awkwardly stilted or inappropriately colloquial..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Humandizionario

Grande Rights Approach
italiano........................................................
delluso was published in 2003 58
10
(De Mauro
3.5 Conclusion 2003a);
...................................................................................... 59
11
Il Vocabolario
Bibliography Treccani (Treccani) published in 2003;
......................................................................................... 60
Il Sabatini Coletti. Dizionario della lingua italiana (DISC)
published in 2007;
Grande dizionario italiano (Gabrielli) published in 2008;
Il Devoto-Oli
Laura Zanfrini 2010. Vocabolario della lingua italiana (Devoto-
Oli) published in 2009;
Lo Zingarelli 2010. Vocabolario della lingua italiana (Zingarelli)
published in 2009.12
In addition, some monolingual English dictionaries were
examined in order to verify whether English-looking words extracted
4.4 Selective
from Policies and the
Italian monolingual Brain Drain............................................
dictionaries and collections of foreign 87
words and neologisms were to be considered false or
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 real
Anglicisms:13
Bibliography .........................................................................................
14 97
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) published in 1989;
The New Shorter Emigrants
Oxford in Their
English Societies
Dictionary of Originpublished
(NSOED) ....... 101
Urs Watter
in 1997;
10
Il5.2 Applieddella
dizionario Ethics ..............................................................................
lingua italiana (De Mauro) was also examined; the De Mauro 104
is the abridged edition of the GDU.
The on-line edition of the Treccani is available at www.treccani.it.
12
Since 1994 the Policy
5.4 Migration Zingarelli has been ......................................................
in Colombia updated yearly (Petralli 1996: 20). 108 Each
edition includes neologisms, Anglicisms, and also false Anglicisms that previous
editions did not list. nos
5.5 Colombia For une
instance, concept store appears in the 2004 edition though
...................................................................... 109
not in the 2003 edition. This commercially strategic policy is of great use to scholars
5.6 Alianza
interested Pas ..................................................................................
in metalexicographic issues, thus making it possible to do diachronic 112
research on the same source (Pulcini 1999: 361). It now seems that other major
5.7 Challenges
dictionary publishers....................................................................................
have adopted the same strategy. The on-line edition of114 the
Zingarelli is available at www.dizionari.zanichelli.it.
13 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The observation made by Onysko (2007a: 55) on the limitations of monolingual
English dictionaries is of core importance: [] dictionaries are not capable of
Workingall
containing Together for the compounds
possible English Well-beingsoofthat Migrants
the lack of ...........................
an entry in an English 119
dictionary
Barry is not tantamount to its non-existence in the English language..
Halliday
14
The updated and revised on-line edition of the OED is available at www.oed.com.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

Websters Rights
Third NewApproach ........................................................
International Dictionary Unabridged 58
15
(Merriam-Webster)
3.5 Conclusion published in 2000;
...................................................................................... 59
The New Oxford
Bibliography Dictionary of English (NODE) published 60in
.........................................................................................
2001;
4. The Ethics
Concise of Migration.
Oxford English Dictionary (COED) published in 2004;
Cambridge Dictionary of American English (CDAE) published in
2007;
Laura Zanfrini
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE)
published in 2009.
TheMigration:
following advanced learners English dictionaries were also
Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
used:
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (MEDAL)
4.4 Selective
publishedPolicies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
in 2002;
Oxford
4.5 Equal Advanced
OpportunityLearners
and Denied Dictionary
Opportunities(OALD) published 90in
................................
2005; ......................................................................................... 97
Bibliography
Collins COBUILD Advanced Learners English Dictionary
(COBUILD) Emigrants
published in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
in 2006;
Urs Watter
Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary (CALD) published in
2008.
Finally, Italian-English bilingual dictionaries were examined in
5.2 to
order Applied Ethics
find real ..............................................................................
English equivalents of false Anglicisms: 104
Oxford
5.3 Paravia.
Migration Policy Il
anddizionario inglese-italiano italiano-inglese
Ethics ......................................................... 106
(Oxford-Paravia) published in 2006;
Grande dizionario inglese (Picchi) published in 2007;
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
Grande dizionario di inglese (Hazon) published in 2009;
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
Il Ragazzini 2010. Dizionario inglese-italiano italiano-inglese
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
(Ragazzini) published in 2009.
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

15
The
Barryon-line edition of the Merriam-Webster is available at www.merriam-
Halliday
webster.com.

Monza/Italy
3.4Dictionaries
2.2.2 The Human Rights Approach
of Foreign ........................................................
Words and Neologisms 58
3.5 Conclusion
Several dictionaries......................................................................................
of foreign words including Anglicisms and 59
neologisms were also used to extract false Anglicisms not found
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 in
general dictionaries. Although these dictionaries are more likely to
record
4. The recent
Ethics of coinages,
Migration. they should be consulted with caution since
they are less reliable in
Reflections on Recent Migration determining whether a neologism will last
Policies
andand
survive in the language.
Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
The main
Laura resource taken into consideration in order to draft a
Zanfrini
provisional list of false Anglicisms in Italian is the DEA (A
4.1 Restrictive
Dictionary Policies and
of European Structural Demand
Anglicisms), edited by for Manfred
ImmigrantGrlach Labour ..and 65
16
published in 2001.
4.2 Initiatives In addition,
for Governing Family the Dizionario degli anglicismi
and Humanitarian
nellitaliano postunitario,
Migration: Labour Migration compiled but bynotGaetano
WorkersRando Migration and.............
published 73
in 1987, was consulted. Although it is not up to date and does not
clearly mention the selection criteria adopted, i.e. adapted
4.4 Selectivecalques,
Anglicisms, Policies and andthe Brain Drain............................................
encyclopedic information are included 87
along
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90it
with non-adapted Anglicisms, this dictionary was used since
is the only existing dictionary of Anglicisms in Italian (Pulcini 2007:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
291).
The complete list of glossaries and collections of foreign words
5. Colombia:
and neologisms Including
consulted, Emigrantsarranged in Their Societies of Origin
in chronological order, .......
is101the
Urs Watter
following: Jacono (1939), Monelli (1943), Panzini (1950), Migliorini
(1963), Klajn
5.1 State (1972),
Interest De Felice (1984), Pasquarelli and Palmieri
and Responsibility
(1987),towards
Pittnotheir(1987),
CitizensQuarantotto
Living Abroad(1987, 2001), Carpitano 102
........................................... and
Csole (1989), Cortelazzo and Cardinale (1989), Cosoli (1989),
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Schmid (1989, 1992), Vassalli (1989), Amato et al. (1990), Lurati
5.3 Migration
(1990), Magni Policy
(1990),and Ethics
Zolli .........................................................
(1991), Bencini and Citernesi (1992), 106
Bolelli (1993), Mini (1994), Verardi (1995), Cortelazzo (1995,
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 1996,
1997), Onorati (1996), Giovenali (1997), Lucarini and Scrofani
5.5 Colombia
(1999), Adamo and nos une
Della ......................................................................
Valle (2003, 2005, 2009), De Mauro 109 and
Mancini (2003),
5.6 Alianza PasGiovanardi and Gualdo (2003), Bencini and Manetti
.................................................................................. 112
(2005), De Mauro (2006).17
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
16
As Grlach (1994, 1997, 1998) points out, the DEA was previously conceived as
Working
the UDASELTogether for the Well-being
(Usage Dictionary of AnglicismsofinMigrants ...........................
Selected European Languages). 119
17
InBarry
addition to the above list, several lists of Anglicisms and false Anglicisms were
Halliday
retrieved in the following articles: Marri (1988a, 1988b, 1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1990,

Monza/Italy
2.33.4
TheTheLexicographic
Human Rights Approach
Approach........................................................
to False Anglicisms 58
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
The phenomenon of false Anglicisms in Italian was initially studied
Bibliography
through .........................................................................................
the analysis of general dictionaries and collections of foreign 60
words and neologisms and a provisional list of false Anglicisms was
4. The Ethics
obtained. of Migration.
Although the editors of these dictionaries proved to be
aware of the fact that some English-looking words in the Italian
vocabulary are not real English words, only some false Anglicisms
Laura Zanfrini
were recognized as such: at times false Anglicisms are mistaken for
real4.1Anglicisms. Therefore,
Restrictive Policies and Structural only Demanda limited numberLabour
for Immigrant of false
.. 65
Anglicisms wereforfound
4.2 Initiatives through
Governing dictionaries.
2.3.1 The Inadequacy of General Dictionaries
The inclusion and definition of false Anglicisms in Italian
4.4 Selectivedictionaries
monolingual Policies andistherather Brain problematic
Drain............................................
since the procedures 87
followed by dictionary editors, when dealing with false
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Anglicisms,
do not always seem to be consistent. In some cases false Anglicisms
areBibliography
not treated.........................................................................................
adequately even in the most up-to-date Italian 97
monolingual dictionaries, i.e. Devoto-Oli, DISC, GDU, and
5. Colombia:
Zingarelli. Including
The labels Emigrants
used to refer in Their Societies
to false of Originare
Anglicisms .......often
101
Urs Watter
ambiguous and false Anglicisms are sometimes inappropriately
recorded asInterest
5.1 State true Anglicisms
and Responsibility(Furiassi 2003: 126, 127).
None of the
towards theirItalian
Citizens dictionaries
Living Abroad consulted includes a full range
........................................... 102
of false Anglicisms and there are remarkable differences in the
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
labels used to refer to them: the Devoto-Oli uses the formulas non
in 5.3
usoMigration Policy anglosassoni
nei paesi and Ethics .........................................................
or non usato/a nei paesi 106
anglosassoni; the DISC labels each false Anglicism
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 as voce
pseudoingl.; the GDU identifies false Anglicisms with the label
5.5 Colombia
voce pseudoingl.;nos une ......................................................................
finally, the Zingarelli labels false Anglicisms 109
with5.6the abbreviations
Alianza pseudo-ingl. or vc. ingl. non usata 112
Pas .................................................................................. nei
paesi anglosassoni.
5.7 Challenges
According to....................................................................................
a recent study (Furiassi 2003), the three entries 114
explicitly labeled
Bibliography as false Anglicisms in the Devoto-Oli are beauty
....................................................................................... 116

1991), Fanfani
Barry (1991a, 1991b, 1991c, 1992a, 1992b, 1992c, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c,
Halliday
1994a, 1994b, 1994c, 1995, 1996), and Fazi (1988).

Monza/Italy
3.4 footing,
case, The Human andRights Approach
free shop. The........................................................
seven entries registered as false 58
Anglicisms DISC are beauty case, beauty hostess, Citymatic59,
in the......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion
happy end, naziskin, paraflying, and talkman. The thirteen items
Bibliography
included in the.........................................................................................
GDU as false Anglicisms are baby pusher, beauty, 60
18
beauty-case, far west, gin fizz, helisky, infotainment, nightclubbing,
4. The Ethics
pair-oar, of Migration.
play-out, recordman, recordwoman, and Slow-Food. The
Reflections
three on Recent
entries which areMigration
considered Policies
to be false Anglicisms in the
Zingarelli are block-notes, flipper, and recordman.
Laura Zanfrini
Except for recordman, which is present in both the GDU and the
Zingarelli, and Policies
4.1 Restrictive beauty and case, which Demand
Structural appearsfor inImmigrant
the Devoto-Oli,Labour .. the 65
DISC, and the GDU, all the other items vary in each dictionary.
The total number
Migration: Labour of Migration
false Anglicisms
but not Workers is twenty-three,
Migration ............. which 73
appears to be very limited. Therefore, no definite picture emerges
from4.3this
From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
examination.
Moreover,
4.4 Selectivesince
Policies threeand items
the Brain outDrain............................................
of twenty-three are actually true 87
Anglicisms, i.e. infotainment, nightclubbing, and pair-oar, the
4.5 Equal
findings areOpportunity
even more and Denied Opportunities
contradictory. Despite the ................................
fact that the GDU 90
treats the entries
Bibliography infotainment, nightclubbing, and pair-oar as false
......................................................................................... 97
Anglicisms, they can be found in the LDOCE, the NODE, and the
Merriam-Webster.
5. Colombia: Including These discrepancies
Emigrants in Their may lead scholars
Societies of Originto....... have 101a
biased picture of the incidence of false Anglicisms on Italian.
Urs Watter
Although there are not very many false Anglicisms in the Italian
vocabulary, there are many more than the ones recorded in the
dictionaries analyzed.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
18
The form helisky, recorded in the GDU, the Devoto-Oli, and the Zingarelli, is
clearly a misspellingnos
5.5 Colombia ofune
heliski, which derives from the blending of heli-, 109
...................................................................... from
helicopter, and -ski, from skiing. As Fanfani (1991: 14) states: [] risaputo che la
y, in5.6 Alianza
quanto Pas ..................................................................................
grafema forestiero, esercita unattrattiva e [] non deve essere 112 stato
estraneo [] a casi di ipercorrettismo [].. Tr. [] it is well-known that y,
being5.7a Challenges ....................................................................................
foreign grapheme, is particularly attractive and [] somehow connected 114to
hypercorrection [].. It must be noted that the written variant elisk is also
Bibliography
attested .......................................................................................
in the Zingarelli. In addition, French etymology is assigned to helisky 116in
both the Devoto-Oli and the Zingarelli, while the GDU considers it voce
Working Together
pseudoingl.. Finally, forsincethe theWell-being
NODE includes of Migrants
the noun ...........................
heli-skiing, meaning 119
skiing
Barryin Halliday
which the skier is taken up the mountain by helicopter, heliski, the
clipping of heli-skiing, will be considered a false Anglicism.

Monza/Italy
3.4The
2.3.2 The Limitations
Human Rights of Approach
Dictionaries ........................................................
of Foreign Words and 58
Neologisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
TheBibliography
collections.........................................................................................
of foreign words and neologisms available for the 60
Italian language were analyzed manually: some were very accurate,
as far as
4. The methodology
Ethics of Migration. was concerned, and exhaustive; others were
simple
Reflections on Recent Migrationthey
miscellanea. Nonetheless, Policiesall contained false Anglicisms
thatand
were not recorded in general dictionaries.
The most
Laura detailed lexicographic resource considered is the DEA
Zanfrini
(A Dictionary of European Anglicisms). The search for false
4.1 Restrictive
Anglicisms Policies
in the DEA and wasStructural Demand for Immigrant
rather straightforward since, Labour
as Grlach .. 65
(2001: xxi) clearly
4.2 Initiatives indicates,Family
for Governing each entry followed by an asterisk is
and Humanitarian
not a word in English,
Migration: Labour although
Migrationan butAnglicism
not Workers nevertheless. The 162
Migration ............. 73
items alphabetically listed below in Tab. 1 are marked with an
asterisk in the DEA and labeled It, i.e. attested in Italian.
A (15) eurocity madison scout
4.5Afro-look
Equal Opportunity and class
executive Denied Opportunities
maizena ................................
script-girl 90
after-ski
Bibliography F (9) matchball self-actor/-ing 97
.........................................................................................
after sun five-oclock tea matchwinner shed roof
airfresh Includingfloating
5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their
mediaSocieties
man of Origin ....... 101
shetland
Urs Watter
antibaby pill fly-and-drive megabit shirting
antidoping
5.1 flying
State Interest and junior
Responsibility midrange six-days
antidumping forcing minibasket ski stopper 102
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
art director forechecking minimarket skunks
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
auditing Fosbury flop montgomery skylab
5.3 Migration Policyfree
auto-camping and Ethics .........................................................
climber Muppets slowfox 106
auto-caravan
5.4 free
Migration Policy inclimbing muting smoking 108
Colombia ......................................................
autoreverse G (5) N (1) soft porno
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
autoscooter gin-fizz net (ball) soft white
5.6autostop
Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
gin-tonic O (2) soft-core 112
autotraining
5.7 gold-exchange off-off software house 114
Challenges ....................................................................................
(standard)
Bibliography
B (4) .......................................................................................
golf oxford sonnyboy 116
babydoll Good Templar P (13) star system
Working Together for the
beauty farm Well-being ofparking
H (8) Migrants ...........................
stark delicious 119
Barry Halliday
body-shirt hammerless pay-TV stockhouse

Monza/Italy
3.4 boxer
handicam
........................................................
peeling stop-and-go 58
3.5 CConclusion
(13) hard discount pershing stripteaser
...................................................................................... 59
cableman hard porno playgirl stunt girl
Bibliography
camping-gas .........................................................................................
heavy rock powerlifting super-G 60
carpool horror show powersteering sweating system
carter hot jazz preshave (lotion) T (13)
cellotape
and hydroforming
Non-policies pressbook
in Italy and Europe tax-free shop 61
...........................................

cinemascope
Laura Zanfrini I (2) primaries taxi-girl
cinerama IC progressive jazz
taylorism/Taylor
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrantsystem
Labour .. 65
clivia
4.2 Initiatives for investment
Governingfunds
Family andpuddling
Humanitarian toe-loop
compound- J (5) punching
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers ball Migration
top .............
class 73
copy-shop jacket crown Q (0) top manager
cowper- jamming R (12) top weight
4.4cracking
Selective Policiesjazzband
and the Brain Drain............................................
randomization topless 87
4.5crash test Opportunityjetand
Equal linerDenied Opportunities
randomize ................................
topmodel 90
D (9) jet-society ranking list travelling matte
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
daltonian K (2) record(s)man trawler-yacht
day hospital knockdown reforming truck (system)
diplexer
Urs Watter K-way relax tubeless

discman L (6) Remington U (1)
doomwriting land-art reset u(ltra)p(ast)e(uriz
ation) 102
double-face
5.2 leasing restyling V (1)
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
double-scull lobbyism ribs video art
doubleton longplay riding coat W (0)
5.4dressman
Migration Policy in Colombia ......................................................
looping roastbeef X (0) 108
E (3)
5.5 Colombia lynch
nos une S (26) Y (0)
...................................................................... 109
easy rider M (12) salvationist Z (0)
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
Table
5.7 1. False Anglicisms
Challenges in the DEA
.................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The criteria adopted in the DEA described exhaustively in Grlach
(2003)
Working Together
deserve for
further remarks. ofFirst
the Well-being of all,
Migrants the number119
........................... of
lexicographic sources exploited by the DEA compilers (Grlach
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
2001: Human
xviii) to Rights
verify Approach ........................................................
the authenticity and usage of candidate 58
Anglicisms, i.e. to
3.5 Conclusion attest to their presence in the English language,59is
......................................................................................
limited to The Concise Oxford Dictionary (COD) published in 1995,
theBibliography
Shorter Oxford.........................................................................................
English Dictionary (SOED) published in 1993, 60
and The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology (BDE) published in
4. The19Ethics of Migration.
1988.
Reflections
Secondly, someon Recentof theMigration
entries marked Policieswith an asterisk in the DEA
and existing in the Italian language were found in English
Laura Zanfrini
dictionaries and/or corpora with the same meaning given in the DEA
and4.1should therefore
Restrictive Policiesbeandconsidered
Structural Demand real Anglicisms.
for Immigrant For instance,
Labour .. 65
reset was recorded in the LDOCE and defined as a control that is
used to make a Labour
Migration: machine or instrument
Migration ready toMigration
but not Workers work again. Also
............. 73
some toponyms which have become generic can be found in English
4.3 From Guest
dictionaries. For Workers
example,to Shetland,
Unwelcomewas Guests ..................................
defined in the Merriam- 82
Webster as a Policies
4.4 Selective fabric and or athegarment made of Shetland wool and
Brain Drain............................................ 87
Oxford was defined in the LDOCE as a type of shirt made of thick
4.5 Equal
cotton. Opportunity
In addition, some andofDenied
the items Opportunities
marked with ................................
an asterisk in the 90
DEA are not .........................................................................................
Bibliography found in Italian dictionaries and/or corpora, e.g. 97
dressman, soft white.
Finally, other
5. Colombia: IncludingitemsEmigrants
only appear in Their in Societies
the Italian of Originlanguage
....... 101 as
translations,
Urs Watter e.g. dopo sole from after sun, renditions, e.g. servo
sterzo from powersteering, or adaptations, e.g. salvazionista from
salvationist. Some of the Anglicisms marked with an asterisk and
attested in Italian are obsolete, e.g. Cinemascope (Pulcini 2008c:
5.2 Conversely,
477). Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
some items, such as beauty case, flipper, and jolly, 104
which are false Policy
5.3 Migration Anglicisms,
and Ethics are.........................................................
not marked with an asterisk in106 the
DEA and therefore not included in the list above.
5.4
TheMigration
exclusionPolicy
of somein Colombia
recent ......................................................
false Anglicisms from the DEA 108is
justified by the nos
5.5 Colombia factunethat......................................................................
the DEA word list was collected prior109to
1995. As Grlach explains:
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
The Dictionary of European Anglicisms is intended as a
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
documentation of the lexical input of English into European languages
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
19
The following remark made by Bailey (2003: 256) is curious: [] some of these
Working Together
non-English forare
anglicisms theinWell-being
fact English,ofthough
Migrants ...........................
not included in the Concise 119
Oxford Dictionary.,
Barry Halliday as is his suggestion that [o]ne would be happy to introduce
some of these non-English anglicisms to our language..

Monza/Italy
3.4 to
up The
theHuman
early Rights
1990s (with Approach ........................................................
a cut-off date of 1995) []. (Grlach58
2001: xvi)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Since more than.........................................................................................
Bibliography a decade has passed, new false Anglicisms are likely 60
to be in use nowadays.
Another
4. The reason
Ethics why some newly attested false Anglicisms are not
of Migration.
recorded
Reflections on RecentisMigration
in the DEA the fact Policies
that the dictionary project is not
based on corpus evidence. Indeed,
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe as Grlach points out:
........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
[] the basic decision as far as the currency of loanwords from
4.1 Restrictive
English Policieswas
is concerned andnot
Structural
to rely Demand for Immigrant
on text corpora. Labour
(Grlach 1997: .. 65
68)
Migration:
Even if large and Labour Migration
balanced but not
corpora are Workers
not easy Migration
or cheap.............
to collect, 73
many moreGuest
4.3 From electronic
Workerscorpora to Unwelcome shouldGuests be obtainable now for the
.................................. 82
languages for which they were not available when the DEA was
compiled. If a new corpus-based edition of the DEA is compiled, it
would be ofOpportunity
4.5 Equal paramountand importance to verify whether
Denied Opportunities the corpora90to
................................
be used comply with the parameters of representativeness and
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
comparability (Busse 2008a).20 Although it will be very difficult to
achieve, Hartmann
5. Colombia: Includinghopes, as general
Emigrants desiderata
in Their Societiesin lexicography,
of Origin .......that: 101
Urs Watter
[] every European language should have a set of comparable (and
interchangeable) text Responsibility
5.1 State Interest and corpora, concordances and databases of both
written
towards their Citizens Livingwhich
and spoken material, Abroad should be made available to
........................................... 102
lexicographers, language teachers and students []. (Hartmann 2006:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
156)
2.45.4
Language Corpora
Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 Colombia
Inevitably, nosaune
it takes ......................................................................
certain amount of time for general dictionaries 109
and5.6
even dictionaries of foreign words and neologisms to record the
Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
latest innovations which take place everyday in the language
5.7 Challenges
(Furiassi 2008b: ....................................................................................
153, 154). As Bowker and Pearson argue: 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
20
Working
Humbley Together forsuggests:
(2008b: 103) the Well-being of Migrants
[] to continue ...........................
the DEA and to be stricter 119
on
the Barry
criteriaHalliday
of inclusion, so that cross-linguistic comparisons can at least be made
with some accuracy..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
One of Human Rights
the biggest Approach
problems ........................................................
associated with dictionaries is their58
inherent incompleteness. [] dictionaries go out of date very quickly.
3.5 Conclusion
(Bowker ......................................................................................
and Pearson 2002: 15) 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Even if the dictionaries used were up-to-date and scientifically valid,
other
4. The sources, such as Italian newspaper corpora and English
Ethics of Migration.
corpora, were consulted
Reflections on Recent Migration in order Policiesto undertake further research on
false
and Non-policies in Italy and Europeby
Anglicisms since, as recognized Meijs (1996: 100), []
........................................... 61
lexicography
Laura Zanfrini without computerized corpus data is practically
unthinkable nowadays..21
Although there is a consensus among linguists on the fact that
[t]here is no such
4.2 Initiatives thing as aFamily
for Governing perfect andcorpus for lexicography [].
Humanitarian
(Atkins and Rundell
Migration: Labour2008: Migration 54),but thenotfollowing considerations
Workers Migration .............help
73
explain why newspaper corpora are likely to be the best compromise.
Some authoritative scholars maintain that the language of
4.4 Selective
newspapers is Policies
just oneand the Brain
variety of Drain............................................
the language (Sinclair 1991: 18) 87
and4.5
that analyses must be based on a diversified corpus
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 representing
a wide range of registers in order to be appropriately generalized to
theBibliography
language as .........................................................................................
a whole (Biber 1993: 220); others believe that 97
newspapers employ a variety of text types or genres (Jucker 1992:
5. Colombia:
3) and that forIncluding Emigrants
a linguistic study in Their Societies
of general of Origin
language use.......today
101
Urs Watter
focusing on vocabulary or grammar, newspaper texts clearly offer a
more5.1 adequate basis
State Interest andthan literary or specialized categories (Engwall
Responsibility
22
1994: towards
64). their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
21
With regard to newspaper language, Dardano (1986a: 492) claims that [] il
linguaggio dei giornali presenta una duplicit di aspetti; da una parte costituisce
unentit ben differenziata
5.4 Migration Policy inrispetto
Colombia alla ......................................................
lingua comune, dallaltra appare come 108lo
specchio e il promotore di innovazioni riguardanti il futuro della nostra lingua. Il
linguaggio dei giornali
5.5 Colombia nos uneanticipa quello che pu definirsi una nuova fase
...................................................................... 109di
europeizzazione dellitaliano.. Tr. [] newspaper language has two main aspects;
on 5.6
the Alianza
one hand Pas
it ..................................................................................
represents a well-defined entity if compared to everyday 112
language; on the other hand, it appears as the mirror and the promoter of innovations
5.7 Challenges
regarding the future ....................................................................................
of our language. Newspaper language anticipates what can 114be
defined as a new phase of the Europeanization of Italian..
22 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The issue of representativeness is obviously a complicated one. Kilgarriff (1997:
137) poses the following questions: [] what different text-types do we want in the
Working
corpus, and Together for the
in what ratios? How Well-being
many samples of Migrants
of each, and ...........................
in what sample 119 size?
AndBarry
the entirely practical question that this then collides with is: how many samples
Halliday
of each text type can we get hold of, with what copyright restrictions, and at what

Monza/Italy
3.4
TheThe Human Rights
language Approachoften
of newspapers ........................................................
works as a mediator between 58
specialized discourse
3.5 Conclusion and general language (Gotti 2003: 26). The
...................................................................................... 59
fact that false Anglicisms are often graphically marked and explained
by Bibliography
glosses after.........................................................................................
their occurrence in newspaper texts is likely to 60 fix
them in both the passive and the active lexical competence of Italian
4. The Ethics
newspaper of Migration.
readers. According to Gotti (2003: 64), terms coined in a
specialized setting Migration Policies
are increasingly likely to become part of everyday
lexis, thus introducing Anglicisms and false Anglicisms, which may
Laura Zanfrini
be initially circumscribed to specialized fields, in general use.
Indeed, as Moss Policies
4.1 Restrictive argues:and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 the
As Initiatives for Governing
most widely diffused Family and Humanitarian
of the written media, these [newspapers
and Migration:
magazines]Labour
are theMigration buttonot
most likely Workers
reflect Migration
the majority of .............
peoples73
exposure to the use of anglicisms in the language. (Moss 1992: 132)
Newspaper language
4.4 Selective Policiesisand indeed
the Brain highly receptive and open towards
Drain............................................ 87
neologisms, loanwords and linguistic creativity in general (Furiassi
and Hofland 2007: 349). Italian newspapers as potentially
representative
Bibliography of a wide range of registers were chosen because
......................................................................................... 97
they are rich in false Anglicisms, which, along with Anglicisms, are
5. Colombia:
very often Including
used forEmigrants their positive in Their connotation,
Societies of Origin ....... 101
strategically
Urs Watter
communicative features, and intrinsic stile brillante (Marello 1996:
23
32).5.1 By Interest
State referring andto Italian newspapers, Robinson (2006: 13)
Responsibility
cost. The outcome is a corpus which will never be beyond challenge at a theoretical
5.2but
level, Applied Ethics
which does ..............................................................................
nevertheless allow us to address with a degree of objectivity 104
some central questions about the language, where before we could only speculate..
Biber (2008: 63, 64) adds that [r]epresentativeness refers to the extent to which a
sample includes Policy
5.4 Migration the fullin Colombia
range of ......................................................
variability in a population. [] 108 the
representativeness of a corpus depends on the extent to which it includes the range
of 5.5
linguistic distributions
Colombia nos une in......................................................................
the population. [] linguistic representativeness 109
depends on issues such as the number of words per text sample, the number of
5.6 Alianza
samples Pas
per text, and..................................................................................
the number of texts per text type.. 112
23
Though referring to the broad phenomenon of foreign words in Italian
5.7 Challenges
newspapers, ....................................................................................
the following quotations may also be of significant value for114 the
description of false Anglicisms. By referring to borrowings in the press, Vanvolsem
Bibliography
(1985: 162) affirms .......................................................................................
that [l]uso delle parole straniere ormai appare a tutti i livelli 116
della lingua dei giornali [].. Tr. Nowadays the use of foreign words appears at
Working
every Together
level of newspaper forlanguage..
the Well-being Dardanoof(1987b:
Migrants ...........................
61) adds that [l]anglicismo 119
[]Barry
spessoHalliday
deborda in ogni settore del quotidiano, come indice di prestigio, di
precisionismo, di rapporto diretto con le fonti dellinformazione.. Tr. Anglicisms

Monza/Italy
3.4 Thethat
suggests Human[] Rights
English Approach
is being ........................................................
used as a language of status58to
draw3.5 readers
Conclusion attention.. The press indeed plays a very important
...................................................................................... 59
role as a primary source for the introduction of Anglicisms and false
Bibliography
Anglicisms in .........................................................................................
the Italian language (Merlini 1986: 19).24 The 60
connotative meaning associated to real English or simply English-
4. The Ethics
looking wordsof isMigration.
perhaps the main reason why they are used in
Reflections on
newspaper articles Recent Migration Policies
and especially in eye-catching headlines (Magni
and Non-policies25in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
1968, Proietti 1992). Because of its high receptivity and openness
Laura Zanfrini
[]4.1 Restrictive
often appear inPolicies and Structural
every section of newspapers Demand as a for
mark Immigrant
of prestige, Labour .. 65
precision,
and of a direct relationship with information sources.. Finally, Carrera Daz (2000:
19) 4.2 Initiatives
states for che
that [q]uel Governing
soprattutto Family andHumanitarian
colpisce la fortissima e peculiare presenza
Migration:integrali
degli anglicismi Labournei Migration
mezzi dibut not Workersscritti,
comunicazione Migration
cio .............
nella stampa 73
italiana, aspetto che, mi pare, non trova paragone nei mass media di nessuna delle
altre4.3 Fromromanze
lingue Guest Workers
[].. Tr.toWhatUnwelcomeis reallyGuests
striking ..................................
is the strong and unique 82
presence of non-adapted Anglicisms in written media, that is, in the Italian press. It
seems that this does not happen to the same degree in the mass media of the other
Romance languages []..
24 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
As for the lexical features of on-line newspapers, Bonomi (2002: 343, 344)
recognizes [] una
Bibliography forte componente attualistica (stranierismi, soprattutto anglo-
......................................................................................... 97
americanismi, e in minor misura neologismi).. Tr. [] an important present-day
component (foreign words, especially Anglicisms and Americanisms, and, to a
5. Colombia:
lesser Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
extent, neologisms)..
25 Urs Watter
On the reasons for the spread of English loanwords in the Italian press, Dardano
(1986a: 488, 489) claims that [] prevale senza dubbio il potere connotativo dei
5.1 State
vocaboli Interest
stranieri, andResponsibility
il quale certo un fattore determinante nelle scelte del linguaggio
towards
dei giornali. theirunaltra
Spesso Citizensmotivazione
Living Abroad ...........................................
dellanglicismo appare in primo piano: 102
linglese, ricco di monosillabi e bisillabi, torna utile nei titoli []. Anche per coloro
che5.2 Applied
hanno Ethics ..............................................................................
una mediocre conoscenza dellinglese la brevit delle parole e 104 delle
espressioni indice di rapidit e modernit; la stessa plasticit di una lingua, che ha
categorie morfosintattiche facilmente intercambiabili e ampie possibilit di
composizione
5.4 Migration nominale,
Policysuscita
in Colombiadiffusi ......................................................
sentimenti di ammirazione. Rispetto108 alla
complessa grammatica dellitaliano, linglese appare come una lingua facile e
funzionale. [] sia nos
5.5 Colombia gli anglicismi sia i neologismi ubbidiscono ad alcune tendenze
une...................................................................... 109
di fondo della scrittura giornalistica: la ricerca della concisione nei titoli, la
5.6 Alianza
collocazione Pas
delle ..................................................................................
parole chiave nei luoghi di massima evidenza, lalternanza112 dei
sinonimi, la citazione della fonte.. Tr. [] the connotative power of foreign
words5.7 Challenges
undoubtedly ....................................................................................
prevails, being a key factor in the linguistic choices 114of
newspapers. There is another important reason for the use of Anglicisms: English,
whichBibliography
is full of one-.......................................................................................
and two-syllable words, comes in handy in headlines 116 [].
Short words and expressions are a sign of speed and modernity, even for those that
Working
only have aTogether for the Well-being
limited competence in English; of theMigrants
flexibility ...........................
of a language, that119 has
easily
Barryinterchangeable
Halliday morpho-syntactic categories and many possibilities of
nominal composition, arouses broad feelings of admiration. In comparison with

Monza/Italy
3.4 Theinnovations,
towards Human Rights Approachvocabulary
newspaper ........................................................
has managed to greatly 58
affect Italian usage
3.5 Conclusion in toto (Guia 1981): written texts in fact favor
...................................................................................... 59
highly motivated vocabulary acquisition and are therefore
Bibliography
particularly .........................................................................................
suitable for the study of this lexical phenomenon. The 60
fact that false Anglicisms are contextualized and sometimes directly
4. The Ethics
explained in of Migration.
Italian newspapers may give them more chances to
Reflections
survive. 26 on Recent Migration Policies
Laura Zanfrini
2.4.1 Italian Newspaper Corpora
4.1 RestrictiveaPolicies
Unfortunately, and Structural
large-scale generalDemand
corpusforsimilar
Immigrant
to Labour .. 65
the British
National Corpusfor(BNC)
4.2 Initiatives is still
Governing unavailable
Family for the Italian language.27
and Humanitarian
4.3 grammar,
Italian From Guest Workers
which to Unwelcome
is so complex, English Guests
seems to..................................
be an easy and functional 82
language. [] both Anglicisms and neologisms are effective in underlying trends of
4.4 Selective
newspaper language:Policies and the
the quest forBrain
conciseDrain............................................
headings, making key words most 87
evident, alternating synonyms, quoting sources..
26 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
On the role played by the press in spreading Anglicisms, Dardano (1986a: 485)
argues that [l]a stampa svolge certamente un ruolo di primo piano nel campo del
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
prestito linguistico: il testo scritto permette lapprendimento mediato e formalmente
pi motivato di anglicismi puri e variamente adattati perch in esso le diversit
5. Colombia:
grafiche, Including
fonologiche Emigrants
e morfologiche cheinseparano
Their Societies
le due lingue of Origin
trovano....... 101
soluzioni
pi Urs
idonee
Watter alla struttura dellitaliano e pi vicine alle aspettative dei lettori
qualificati. Inoltre il testo scritto, tendenzialmente pi stabile di quello orale, offre
5.1 State
maggiori Interestdiand
possibilit Responsibility
accompagnare con glosse e con collegamenti intratestuali
chiarificatori
towards gli their
anglicismi..
CitizensTr.LivingThe pressAbroad certainly has a central role in the 102
........................................... field
of linguistic borrowing: the written text makes the acquisition of both non-adapted
and5.2 Appliedadapted
variously EthicsAnglicisms
..............................................................................
mediated and more formally motivated, since 104
orthographic, phonological, and morphological variants, which separate the two
5.3 Migration
languages, are morePolicy
suitable and Ethics
to the .........................................................
structure of Italian and match the expectations 106of
the educated reader. In addition, the written text, which is usually more stable than
the 5.4 Migration
spoken one, has Policy
moreinopportunities
Colombia ......................................................
to provide Anglicisms with glosses108 and
clarifying intratextual links..
27 5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
The only available corpus of written Italian is the Corpus di Italiano Scritto
(CORIS), which, Pas
5.6 Alianza however, is not rich in false Anglicisms. The CORIS was compiled
.................................................................................. 112
at the Centro Interfacolt di Linguistica Teorica e Applicata (CILTA) of the
5.7 Challenges
Universit di Bologna, ....................................................................................
Italy. It was devised in 1998 and is available on-line on 114an
experimental basis. According to Rossini Favretti et al. (2002: 27): The project
aimsBibliography
to create .......................................................................................
a representative and sizeable general reference corpus116of
contemporary Italian []. CORIS contains 100 million running words and will be
Working
updated Together
every two years forby themeans
Well-being of Migrants
of a built-in monitor ...........................
corpus. It consists 119 of a
collection of authentic
Barry Halliday texts in electronic form considered to be representative of
written Italian []. Besides the defined model, a dynamic model (CODIS) was

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

Therefore, Rights
in order to Approach
retrieve ........................................................
and study false Anglicisms, two 58
corpora of Italian......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion newspaper language were considered, i.e. the 59 La
Repubblica corpus and the HF corpus.28
Bibliography .........................................................................................
Italian newspaper corpora were mainly analyzed in order to verify 60
how the false Anglicisms found in the lexicographic products
4. The Ethics
consulted areofused.
Migration. In addition, the collocations of each false
Anglicism made Recent
Reflections on it possible Migration Policies between alternative senses.
to distinguish
By highlighting the typical contexts of occurrence in which false
Laura Zanfrini
Anglicisms appear, authentic examples were also selected. Finally,
the4.1
application
Restrictiveof computational
Policies and Structural techniques
Demand for made it possible
Immigrant Labour to ..find
65
new false Anglicisms that were not included in the dictionaries
consulted. Investigating
Migration: Labour MigrationItalian but newspaper
not Workers corpora and .............
Migration comparing 73
data included in English corpora was essential in order to distinguish
4.3 From
authentic Guest
and falseWorkers
Anglicisms. to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
2.4.1.a The La Repubblica Corpus
The La Repubblica corpus was compiled at the Scuola Superiore di
Bibliography
Lingue Moderne .........................................................................................
per Interpreti e Traduttori (SSLMIT) of the 97
Universit di Bologna, Italy. The La Repubblica corpus amounts to
380,823,725 tokens. Emigrants
The corpus in Their Societies
includes of Origin
593,593 ....... 101
articles
Urs Watter
originally collected in 16 CD-ROMs that appeared in 5,163 issues
published betweenand1985
5.1 State Interest and 2000 by the national daily La
Responsibility
Repubblica, one of the
towards their Citizens Livingmost widely-read Italian newspapers. 102
Abroad ........................................... The
corpus is also tokenized, POS-tagged, lemmatized, and categorized
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
in terms of genre and topic (Baroni et al. 2004). Advanced searches
in the La Repubblica
5.3 Migration Policy and corpusEthics can be performed through the Corpus
......................................................... 106
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza
designed, Pas ..................................................................................
which allows the selection of subcorpora [] in order to adapt the corpus 112
structure to different comparative needs. A number of tools were developed, both for
5.7 access
corpus Challenges ....................................................................................
and corpus POS tagging and lemmatisation.. See also Rossini Favretti 114
(2000) for more details about the CORIS and the CODIS.
28 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The corpora considered for analysis do not include the most widely read free-press
newspapers distributed in Italy, i.e. Leggo, City, and Metro, even if the free press
Working
has reached Together for theover
a wide audience Well-being of Migrants
the last decade and at times...........................
as recognized 119
by
Frenguelli (2006: 231-233) has even outnumbered the best-selling Italian
Barry Halliday
newspapers, i.e. Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica, and La Stampa.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human(CQP)

Rights(EvertApproach 29
........................................................
Query Program 2005). The La Repubblica corpus58is
considered a pioneer
3.5 Conclusion project in the compilation of a large-scale
...................................................................................... 59
corpus more than 100 million words of Italian newspaper
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
language.
4. The Ethics
2.4.1.b The HF of Corpus
Migration.
TheandHFNon-policies
corpus was implemented
in Italy and Europe at the ...........................................
Bergen Advanced Training 61
SiteLaura
in Multilingual
Zanfrini Tools (BATMULT) of the Universitetet i Bergen,
Norway.30 The corpus was named HF after the initials of the
4.1 Restrictive
surnames Policies and Knut
of its compilers, Structural
HoflandDemand andfor Immigrant
Cristiano Labour ..The
Furiassi. 65
acronym also recalls
4.2 Initiatives the nameFamily
for Governing of a building at the university campus
and Humanitarian
whereMigration:
the projectLabour
startedMigration
(Furiassibut and notHofland
Workers2007: 350).............. 73
Migration
The HF corpus contains texts gathered along a ten-month span
from August 2003 to May 2004 from the web sites of three Italian
4.4 SelectiveLaPolicies
newspapers: and the Brain
Repubblica, Corriere Drain............................................
della Sera, and La Stampa. 87
The4.5method used to select articles and include them in
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 the HF corpus
employed enhanced Unix scripts combined with w3mir software,
Bibliography
which was used.........................................................................................
to copy and mirror HTML texts from the web sites97 of
the newspapers considered. The texts collected amount to about
5. Colombia:
24.34 million Including
tokens (about Emigrants
13.44 in Their from
million Societies of Origin .......about
La Repubblica, 101
Urs Watter
6.51 million from Corriere della Sera, and about 4.39 million from
La 5.1
Stampa) and 384,414
State Interest types. The software used to search the
and Responsibility
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
29
A previous experimental version of the La Repubblica corpus included
175,239,348 tokens and 880,111 types. The texts collected covered a time span of
eight
5.4years, from 1985
Migration Policy to 1993, including......................................................
in Colombia more than 224,000 articles that appeared 108
in about 2,000 issues of the Italian newspaper La Repubblica. This version of the
corpus
5.5 Colombia
also implemented
nos une at the Scuola Superiore di Lingue Moderne per Interpreti
...................................................................... 109
e Traduttori (SSLMIT) of the Universit di Bologna, Italy, and available for research
5.6 Alianza
purposes Pas
since the ..................................................................................
beginning of 2002 is searchable with SGML Aware Retrieval 112
Application (SARA) (Aston and Piccioni 2004). SARA is the software used to search
the 5.7 Challenges
British National ....................................................................................
Corpus (BNC). See Aston and Burnard (1998) for the use 114of
SARA with the BNC.
30 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The Bergen Advanced Training Site in Multilingual Tools (BATMULT) is located
in the Avdeling for kultur, sprk og informasjonsteknologi senter (Aksis), formerly
Working Together
Humanistisk for the Well-being
informasjonsteknologi (HIT) andof Migrants
now Uni Digital............................
The implementation 119
of the project
Barry developed at BATMULT was partly sponsored by the Marie Curie
Halliday
Training Site (MCTS) host fellowship.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
corpus Humanon
is based Rights
Corpus Approach
Workbench ........................................................
(CWB) and each newspaper 58
may 3.5also be searched
Conclusion individually.
...................................................................................... 59
The HF corpus, which has been accessible on-line since 2004
Bibliography
exclusively for.........................................................................................
research purposes, is available for future work, not 60
only to find instances of false Anglicisms but also to retrieve
4. The Ethicsneologisms,
Anglicisms, of Migration.and other features of Italian newspaper
Reflections
language. on Recent Migration Policies
Laura Zanfrini
2.4.2 English Corpora
4.1 Restrictive
English corporaPolicies
were mainlyand Structuralanalyzed Demand for Immigrant
in order to verify Labourwhether.. 65
candidate items,for
4.2 Initiatives i.e.Governing
words likely Family to beandfalse Anglicisms, were indeed
Humanitarian
31
false Migration:
AnglicismsLabour or real English
Migration words.
but not Workers English
Migration corpora were
............. 73
looked up any time an English-looking word extracted from either
lexicographic resources or Italian newspaper corpora was absent
from4.4the
Selective
EnglishPolicies and the Brain
dictionaries consulted.Drain............................................
In addition, English corpora 87
were searched in order to find instances of real English
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 equivalents
of false Anglicisms.
Bibliography
The following .........................................................................................
is the alphabetically-ordered list of the English 97
corpora and/or corpus collections utilized: the British National Corpus
5. Colombia:
(BNC), Including
the Bank Emigrants
of English (BoE),in Theirthe Societies
Corpus of of Origin ....... 101
Contemporary
Urs Watter
American English (COCA), the International Computer Archive of
Modern andInterest
5.1 State Medieval and English
Responsibility(ICAME), and the International Corpus
32
of English (ICE).
The BNC is a corpus of about 100 million words of British
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
English of which 90 % is constituted by written texts and 10 % by
spoken texts. The
5.3 Migration Policycompilation
and Ethics of the BNC started in 1991 and106
......................................................... the
latest edition was released in 2007. The BNC project was
carried out
and is managed by an industrial/academic consortium which includes
the5.5 Colombia
University of nos and Lancaster University, UK.33
une......................................................................
Oxford 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
31
As Aston and Burnard (1998: 48) state: One of the most widespread uses of large
5.7 Challenges
corpora ....................................................................................
of contemporary language is to identify changes in vocabulary. Many 114
recently-published dictionaries of English have used corpora to hunt for neologisms,
Bibliography
or for .......................................................................................
evidence that words or senses have fallen into disuse, in order to decide 116 what
words and senses they should include..
32
Working Together
See Hockey (1998) forfora the Well-beinglistofofMigrants
comprehensive electronic ...........................
resources and databases 119
available
Barry for research.
Halliday
33
See Leech et al. (2001) for further information on the BNC.

Monza/Italy
3.4
TheThe Human
BoE Rights
project wasApproach ........................................................
launched in 1991 at the University 58of
Birmingham,
3.5 Conclusion UK. The BoE is a monitor corpus, i.e. constantly
...................................................................................... 59
updated, which has now reached over a billion words of both spoken
andBibliography .........................................................................................
written registers. The BoE is mostly made of British English 60
34
texts but also American and Australian English texts are included.
4. The
The Ethics
COCA,ofcompiled
Migration. at Brigham Young University, Utah, USA, and
Reflections on
first released in 2008,Recent Migration
contains morePolicies
than 400 million words, including
approximately 20 million words each year from 1990 to 2009. The
Laura Zanfrini
COCA is a collection of American English texts equally divided among
35
spoken, fiction, popular
4.1 Restrictive Policiesmagazines,
and Structural newspapers,
Demand forand academic.
Immigrant Labour .. 65
The ICAME is a collection of corpora which resides at the
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family 36 and Humanitarian
Universitetet
Migration:i Bergen,
LabourNorway.Migration but Only notthe following
Workers corpora
Migration included
............. 73
in the archive were used: the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus of British
4.3 From
English Guestincluding
(LOB), Workers toapproximately
1 million words of written 82
British English,Policies
4.4 Selective started and in 1970 and Drain............................................
the Brain completed in 1978; the Freiburg- 87
Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus of British English (FLOB), including
4.5 Equal
about Opportunity
1 million wordsandofDenied British Opportunities
English, ................................
started in 1991 and 90
completed in 1998;
Bibliography the Brown Corpus of American English (BROWN),
......................................................................................... 97
including nearly 1 million words of written American English, started
in 1964 and Including
5. Colombia: completed in 1979;in the
Emigrants TheirFreiburg-Brown
Societies of Origin Corpus
....... 101 of
American
Urs Watter English (FROWN), including about 1 million words of
American English, started in 1992 and completed in 1998.37
Finally, the ICE is a corpus collection that accounts for different
geographical varieties of both written and spoken English. The ICE
5.2 Applied
project began in Ethics
1990 ..............................................................................
and includes several components corresponding 104
to different varieties
5.3 Migration Policyofand English: Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, New
Ethics ......................................................... 106
Zealand, Jamaica, East Africa, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the
5.4 Migration
Philippines. EachPolicy
ICE incomponent
Colombia ......................................................
amounts to about 1 million words. 108
For5.5theColombia
present analysis, only the British English component of109
nos une...................................................................... the
ICE, i.e. ICE-GB, was considered. The ICE-GB, released in 1998 and
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
34
Only the sample version of the BoE was consulted. See Hunston (2001) for a
Bibliography
detailed analysis of.......................................................................................
the BoE. 116
35
See Davies (2009) and Davies et al. (2008) for a complete description of the COCA.
36
Working Together
See Hofland for the
et al. (1999) for aWell-being
description of ofthe
Migrants ........................... 119
ICAME collection.
37
See Hofland
Barry and Johansson (1982) for a detailed description of the BROWN
Halliday
corpus included in the ICAME collection.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

developed Rights College
at University ApproachLondon, ........................................................
UK, is based on the Survey 58
38
of English Usage......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion (SEU). 59
Bibliography
2.4.3 .........................................................................................
Italian Newspaper Archives 60
Although
4. The Ethicsnewspaper archives are not proper corpora, they were
of Migration.
considered
Reflectionsforon
analysis
Recentsince they include
Migration Policies the latest articles published
to and
date.Non-policies
The archivesin of the best-selling Italian newspapers, i.e.
Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Corriere della
Laura Zanfrini Sera, La Repubblica, and La Stampa, were exploited
in order to retrieve examples of false Anglicisms attested in Italian
4.1 Restrictive
monolingual Policies and
dictionaries Structural
but absent Demand for Immigrant
from Italian newspaper Labour .. 65
corpora,
i.e.4.2
theInitiatives
La Repubblica corpus Family
for Governing and theand
HFHumanitarian
corpus.
ForMigration:
instance, Labour
doomwriting,
Migration attested
but notinWorkers
the DEA, the Gabrielli,
Migration .............and
73
the GDU, was only found in Italian newspaper archives but not in
Italian newspaper corpora. The false Anglicism doomwriting may be
4.4 Selective
defined Policies and
as pessimistic the Brain
style Drain............................................
of writing, affected by an apocalyptic 87
vision of the future, which consists in describing and prophesizing
disasters.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
2.4.4 Web Corpora
Corpora, as well as dictionaries, may not be totally reliable in
Urs Watter
recording the latest changes in the use of language. For this reason it
was5.1necessary
to resort to web corpora in order to extend the range
towards
39 their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
of analysis. Web corpora were analyzed when items that might be
considered
5.2 Appliedfalse
Ethics Anglicisms were found neither in English
.............................................................................. 104
dictionaries nor in English corpora. Eventually, the presence of such
5.3 Migration
items in a certainPolicy and Ethics
number .........................................................
of different English texts extracted from 106
the5.4
Web would Policy
Migration lead the researcher
in Colombia to consider them as very recent
...................................................... 108
neological formations in the English language, i.e. real Anglicisms.
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
38
5.6Greenbaum
See Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
(1991a, 1991b, 1996) for a description of the ICE. 112
39
On the issue of considering the Web as a corpus, Grefenstette (2002: 214) states
that5.7 Challenges
[t]he ....................................................................................
future lexicographer will not only master his or her language, but will114 also
master the computer. Lexicography will be performed by computational
Bibliography
lexicographers .......................................................................................
rather than by language artisans.. In addition, Carr (1997: 116 209)
suggests the term Cyberlexicography, which is definable as employing the
Working
Internet Together
to compile for thea Well-being
or create dictionary. See of Migrants
Aristar Dry...........................
and Rodrigues Aristar 119
(1998)
Barryfor Halliday
more information on how the Web can contribute to both linguistic and
lexicographic research.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

However, Rightsby
as noticed Approach ........................................................ 58
Grefenstette:
3.5 Conclusion
[] the WWW......................................................................................
is big, but it is obviously not as clean as a corpus of59
newspaper texts
Bibliography []. (Grefenstette 2002: 206)
......................................................................................... 60
Therefore,
4. The Ethics theof only
Migration.reliable resources used were WebCONC and
WebCorp. WebCONC
Reflections on Recentand WebCorp
Migration are systems employed to extract
Policies
andand customize concordances
Non-policies in Italy and Europe from texts included in web sites.
........................................... 61
WebCorp is a
Laura Zanfrini set of tools which allows access to the Web as a corpus
(Morley 2006, Renouf et al. 2007). WebCONC is a single tool used to
4.1 Restrictive
generate Key Word Policies and Structural
in Context (KWIC) Demand for Immigrant
concordances basedLabour on ..web65
pages. Both systems
4.2 Initiatives allow theFamily
for Governing researcher to limit the analysis to one
and Humanitarian
language English
Migration: Labour or Migration
Italian inbut thisnotcase either
Workers by selecting
Migration the
............. 73
language in which web sites are written (WebCONC) or by specifying
the web site domain (WebCorp), e.g. .it for Italy, .uk for United
Kingdom.
Along
4.5 Equalwith considering
Opportunity andweb Denied corpora, Word Spy
Opportunities was also employed
................................ 90
for further investigation on false Anglicisms. According to McFedries
Bibliography
(2004: x), Word .........................................................................................
Spy is a web site devoted to lexpionage, 97 the
sleuthing of new words and phrases in the English language. It does
5. Colombia:
not Including
include stunt words Emigrants in Their but
or singlets, Societies
newofterms Originthat .......have
101
Urs Watter
appeared multiple times in newspapers, magazines, books, Web sites,
and5.1
other
Staterecorded
Interest andsources. Word Spy also provides a definition of the
Responsibility
items collected and shows
towards their Citizens Living the context
Abroad of occurrence.
........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
2.5 The Corpus-Based Approach to False Anglicisms
In the corpus-based
5.4 Migration Policyapproach
in Colombia to false Anglicisms, Italian newspaper
...................................................... 108
corpora, i.e. the La Repubblica corpus, were analyzed in order to
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
gather usage instances of false Anglicisms which had already been
5.6 Alianza
attested in thePas resources consulted.40 The corpus-based
..................................................................................
lexicographic 112
approach highlights
5.7 Challenges the instability of false Anglicisms in Italian 114
.................................................................................... and
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

40
According to Tognini Bonelli (2001: 65): [] the term corpus-based is used to
Working
refer Together for
to a methodology thatthe Well-being
avails of Migrants
itself of the ...........................
corpus mainly to expound, test 119or
exemplify theories and descriptions that were formulated before large corpora
Barry Halliday
became available to inform language study..

Monza/Italy
3.4degree
their The Human Rights Approach
of orthographic ........................................................
complexity and morphological variation. 58
It also makes it possible
3.5 Conclusion to detect different degrees of prototypicality.
...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography
2.5.1 Exploring.........................................................................................
the La Repubblica Corpus 60
A4. list
TheofEthics
false ofAnglicisms
Migration.obtained from lexicographic resources was
compiled and on
Reflections then the La
Recent Repubblica
Migration corpus was consulted in order
Policies
to and
verify whether they were all present. However, not all false
Anglicisms extracted
Laura Zanfrini from the dictionaries were found. Vice versa,
the La Repubblica corpus contains false Anglicisms which are not on
the4.1listRestrictive
compiledPolicies and Structural resources.
from lexicographic Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
2.5.1.aMigration:
Orthographic
LabourComplexity
Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
With4.3 regard to punctuation,
From Guest Workers to Unwelcome false Anglicisms encountered in press
Guests .................................. 82
articles may be marked with single quotation marks, e.g.
recordman, double inverted commas, e.g. beauty farm, double
angle brackets,
4.5 Equal e.g. food
Opportunity valley,
and Denied or italicized
Opportunities orthography, e.g.
................................ 90
beauty case. However, false Anglicisms which are frequently used
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
are not always graphically marked, e.g. footing. Sometimes false
Anglicisms
5. Colombia: derived
Including from Emigrants genericin Their trademarks,
Societies of eponyms,
Origin ....... 101 and
toponyms are
Urs Watter written with an initial capital letter, e.g. Autogrill.
However, it is also important to add that misspellings are frequent in
5.1 State texts,
newspaper Interestespecially
and Responsibility
in connection with the use of Anglicisms
towards their Citizens Living
and false Anglicisms. Rothenberg advanced Abroad ...........................................
the following justification: 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Some pseudo-English must be due to the difficulty of printing foreign
terms correctlyPolicy
5.3 Migration []. (Rothenberg 1969: 151)
and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration
Although it is Policy
still in Colombia whether
uncertain ......................................................
misprints are occasional 108
mistakes due to nos
5.5 Colombia haste
uneor errors, there are numerous examples109
...................................................................... of
misspelling made by the authors of newspaper articles, e.g. breafing
5.6 Alianza
or breefing Pas ..................................................................................
instead of briefing, pull instead of pool, spyder instead 112
of
spider, streap(tease)
5.7 Challenges or streep(tease) instead of striptease, and wisky
.................................................................................... 114
instead of whisky or whiskey.41
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
41
Working
AccordingTogether for the24):
to Hall (1957: Well-being of Migrants
Lesistenza ...........................
di queste alternanze comprovata 119
dagliBarry
sbagliHalliday
di ortografia che si manifestano un po dappertutto nella trascrizione di
nomi e di parole straniere. Si trovano principalmente in scritti di persone incolte o

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

Although Rights Approach
misspellings do not........................................................
qualify as false Anglicisms, 58at
times this lack ......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion of precision may affect frequency counts. For 59
instance, skimann was also found in the La Repubblica corpus as
theBibliography
erroneous .........................................................................................
transcription of skiman. In addition, the false 60
Anglicism pull is used fortunately only very few times as the
4. The Ethics of
inappropriate Migration. variant of the authentic Anglicism pool,
orthographic
Reflections
in cases where theon Recent
contextMigration
would Policies
have required the real Anglicism
pool, e.g. C un pull di investigatori distaccato dalle indagini
Laura Zanfrini
tecniche per lavorare soltanto sul testamento politico dellex
sindaco. (LR 15Policies
4.1 Restrictive gennaio and1988).
Structural Finally,
Demand theforfalse Anglicism
Immigrant Labour water,
.. 65
which is the compound ellipsis of the real Anglicism water-closet,
was sometimes associated
Migration: Labour to thebutitem
Migration closed instead
not Workers Migration of .............
closet, i.e. 73
water-closed, e.g. In particolare, lattentatore ha collocato
4.3 Fromnel
lordigno Guest Workers
piccolo vano,to Unwelcome
sopra il water Guestsclosed,
..................................
dove si trova82il
senza solide conoscenze di altre lingue []. Ma di tali inesattezze non sono scevre
Bibliography
neanche .........................................................................................
pubblicazioni di livello superiore; [] anche nei giornali delle citt 97
principali [] e nelle opere di professori universitari.. Tr. The presence of
orthographic
5. Colombia: variants is witnessed
Including Emigrantsby spelling mistakes
in Their which of
Societies areOrigin
widespread .......in101
the
transcription of proper nouns and foreign words. They are mainly found in the
Urs Watter
writings of the unlearned or people without a good knowledge of foreign languages
[].5.1However, such and
State Interest mistakes are also evident at higher levels; [] in the
Responsibility
newspapers of the main cities
towards their Citizens Living [] and Abroad
in works...........................................
written by university professors. 102
As Erasmi (1983: 241) notices: Per le parole prese tali e quali si noteranno a volte
incertezze ortografiche;
5.2 Applied sar possibile leggere spyder, wisky dove il primo
Ethics .............................................................................. 104
senzaltro un errore e dove nel secondo sarebbe possibile vedere un inizio di
5.3 Migration
adattamento graficoPolicy
[].. and Ethicswords
Tr. When .........................................................
are taken just as they are, some spelling 106
mistakes may occur; words such as spyder or wisky may be encountered: the former
5.4 Migration
is undoubtedly Policy mistake
a spelling in Colombia while ......................................................
the latter might show that there has 108 been
some kind of initial attempt at graphic adaptation [].. In addition, Bonomi (2002:
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
160, 161) argues that [i]nteressante e significativa , poi, la presenza di molte grafie
errate
5.6[]. Innanzitutto
Alianza si hanno casi di semplici errori di grafia di fonemi o grafemi
Pas .................................................................................. 112
estranei allitaliano [] e casi di errori di flessione []; poi si hanno casi di
5.7 Challenges
ipercorrettismo [];....................................................................................
la terza possibilit, che la pi frequente, si ha quando 114la
grafia errata segno di un parziale adattamento, pi o meno consapevole [].. Tr.
TheBibliography
numerous cases .......................................................................................
of wrong spelling are interesting and revealing []. There 116are
cases of simple mistakes due to foreign phonemes and graphemes [] and cases of
Workinginflections
mistaken Together[]; for there
the Well-being
are also cases of Migrants ...........................
of hypercorrectness []; the 119 third
case,Barry
whichHalliday
is the most frequent one, occurs when wrong orthography is a sign
more or less conscious of partial adaptation []..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

portarotolo delle Rights
strisce di Approach
carta che ........................................................
si usano per coprire la tavoletta 58
del3.5
wc. (LR 8 giugno
Conclusion 1994).
...................................................................................... 59
While the majority of false Anglicisms formally appearing as
Bibliography
single-word .........................................................................................
units were searched for in the La Repubblica corpus 60
simply by keying the desired item in the query slot, the retrieval of
4. TheAnglicisms
false Ethics of Migration.
in the form of compounds was more problematic
because of orthographic variants: Policies
when looking for compound false
Anglicisms in the La Repubblica corpus, the procedure consisted in
Laura Zanfrini
inserting three variants of the desired item in the query slot: as a
solid
4.1 compound, as two
Restrictive Policies andwords
Structural separated
Demandby for aImmigrant
space, and Labour as ..two
65
words separated by a hyphen.42
Some false Anglicisms
Migration: Labour Migration can only but notbe Workers
found inMigrationthe La Repubblica
............. 73
corpus as solid compounds, e.g. clergyman, skiman. An instance of a
4.3Anglicism
false From Guest Workers
solely to Unwelcome
retrievable Guests ..................................
as a compound separated by a space82is
beach basket. Although
4.4 Selective Policies and hyphenated compounds constitute one of 87
the Brain Drain............................................ the
possible variants of some compound false Anglicisms, false Anglicisms
in 4.5
the Equal
form Opportunity
of hyphenated and Denied
compounds Opportunities
are less................................
likely to appear 90 as
variants of solid.........................................................................................
Bibliography compounds or compounds separated by a space. 97
Some false Anglicisms have two variants: solid compounds and
compounds
5. Colombia:separated
Including by a hyphen,
Emigrants e.g. Societies
in Their recordwoman of Origin or .......
record-
101
woman, or compounds separated by a space and compounds
Urs Watter
separated by a hyphen, e.g. baby pusher or baby-pusher, beauty case
or beauty-case, food valley or food-valley.
Some false Anglicisms, which are usually considered compounds,
may 5.2have
Applied Ethicsorthographic
all three ..............................................................................
variants: solid compounds, two words 104
separated by a Policy
5.3 Migration hyphen, and orEthicstwo.........................................................
words separated by a space, 106 e.g.
farwest, far west, or far-west, freeshop, free shop, or free-shop
5.4 Migration
longseller, longPolicy
seller,in Colombia
or long-seller, ......................................................
recordman, record man,108 or
record-man, sexyshop, sexy shop, or sexy-shop. For instance,
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109 a search
performed by using the La Repubblica corpus showed that the false
5.6 Alianza
Anglicism longPas ..................................................................................
seller appears 26 times, longseller 13 times, and long- 112
seller
5.7 11. These data
Challenges are mirrored by similar statistics regarding the
.................................................................................... 114-s
plurals: the form long sellers the most likely to occur was found 8
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
times, longsellers was found twice, whereas long-sellers only
42
The onlyHalliday
Barry false Anglicisms longer than two graphic words are coast to coast, fly
and drive, and stop and go.

Monza/Italy
3.4 Theonce.
appeared Human Rights Approach
Therefore, the form ........................................................
longseller will be selected as 58 the
entry of the dictionary since it is the most frequent in the corpus.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography
2.5.1.b .........................................................................................
Morphological Variation 60
The
4. Themorphological
Ethics of Migration. variants of false Anglicisms are particularly
interesting
Reflectionsin ontheRecent
formation of plurals
Migration Policies(Rando 1970: 136-138). Like
most Anglicisms, when they become plural, false Anglicisms may add
the Laura
inflection -s,
Zanfrini e.g. il free shop becomes i free shops, form irregular
plurals with -men endings, e.g. il recordman becomes i recordmen, or
4.1 Restrictive
maintain Policies
invariable and Structural
plurals, e.g. il Demandpersonal for Immigrant
remains iLabour .. 65
personal.
Therefore, plurals
4.2 Initiatives forwere
Governingsearched Family forand in the La Repubblica corpus by
Humanitarian
addingMigration:
the morpheme Labour-sMigration
to the singularbut notform Workers of the false Anglicism
Migration or
............. 73
by changing the suffix -man into -men.
In the majority of cases, false Anglicisms as well as real
4.4 Selective
Anglicisms Policies and
maintain thethe Brain Drain............................................
invariable singular form even in contexts 87
which would require a plural form. For example, the
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 following items
were only found in the singular: i beauty, i blob, i dancing, i golf, i
Bibliography
jolly, .........................................................................................
i lift, i mister, i peeling, i personal, i pocket, i pull, gli slip, 97i
topless, i trench, i water.
5. Colombia:
Although Including
the most Emigrantsfrequent choice in TheirisSocieties of Originplural,
the invariable ....... 101at
Urs Watter
times false Anglicisms add the inflection -s in plural contexts, e.g. i
cocktails,
5.1 Statei Interest
flippers,and i free shops, i nights, i sexy shops, i testimonials,
Responsibility
i tickets. It seems that the insertion
towards their Citizens Living Abroad of the...........................................
inflectional morpheme 102 -s is
used to reinforce the English authenticity of a term which is not in
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
fact English. Moreover, the addition of -s does not always mean that
a plural form isPolicy
5.3 Migration beingand used:Ethicsfor .........................................................
instance, block notes, which is only 106
orthographically found in the plural, maintains the suffix
-s even in
contexts which would require a singular form, e.g. il block notes.
5.5
TheColombia
irregularnos une......................................................................
English plural -men is applied only to the 109 few
false Anglicisms
5.6 Alianza ending in -man. However, of the false
Pas .................................................................................. 112
Anglicisms ending in -man found in the La Repubblica corpus, e.g.
5.7 Challenges
adventure man, ....................................................................................
clergyman, recordman/record man/record-man, 114
recordwoman/record-woman, skiman, only a few, e.g. adventure
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
men, recordmen/record men/record-men, skimen, change the
suffix
Working -man into -men
Together for the according
Well-being to of
theMigrants
inflectional rules proper119
........................... of
the Barry
English language. It must be noted that skimen may appear with
Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4 Theorthography
a plural Human Rights evenApproach
when ........................................................
it is used in the singular, e.g.58 lo
skimen. The plural form clergymen is also used in contexts which
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
would regularly require the singular form, e.g. un clergymen.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.5.1.c Prototypicality
When searching
Reflections corpora,
on Recent particular
Migration attention must be paid to the
Policies
context
and Non-policies in Italy and EuropeAnglicisms
of occurrence since some false may also be used
........................................... 61
either as real
Laura ZanfriniAnglicisms or as part of real Anglicisms. An example
of the former is the semantic shift poker, which is a real Anglicism
when4.1 used
Restrictive Policies
to denote theand cardStructural
game itself,Demand e.g.for[]
Immigrant
impara Labour
a giocare.. 65
a poker [] (LR
4.2 Initiatives for1Governing
giugno 1985), Familywhile it is a false Anglicism when
and Humanitarian
it indicates a combination
Migration: Labour Migration of fourbutcards of the same
not Workers kind,.............
Migration e.g. [] 73
ha un poker [] (LR 24 febbraio 1991). An example of the latter is
the word cocktail, which is a real Anglicism if used with the meaning
4.4 Selective
of alcoholic Policies
drink, e.g. and[] thebere
BrainunDrain............................................
cocktail con gli amici [] (LR 87
2 dicembre 1987). Conversely, cocktail is a false Anglicism
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 if used
as the elliptic form of cocktail party, e.g. [] ha partecipato a un
Bibliography
cocktail [] (LR .........................................................................................
4 maggio 1990). 97
In addition, the retrieval of false Anglicisms is further complicated
5. Colombia:
by the existenceIncluding Emigrants inhomographs.
of Italian-English Their SocietiesFor of Origin
instance, .......when
101
Urs Watter
searching the word pile, the output will include both the false
Anglicism
5.1 Statepile, meaning
Interest fleece or fleece jacket, e.g. [] indossando il
and Responsibility
pile [] (LR 17 febbraio
towards their Citizens Living 1998),Abroad and the Italian word pile, meaning
........................................... 102
stacks, e.g. [] pile di lettere [] (LR 18 settembre 1991) or
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
batteries, e.g. [] le pile del mangianastri [] (LR 26 ottobre
1985).
The procedure for distinguishing between real and false Anglicisms
was carried out manually and required a long process of observation of
each5.5 word
Colombia nos uneThis
in context. ......................................................................
phenomenon led to the definition109 of
different degrees
5.6 Alianza Pasof prototypicality of false Anglicisms, which can112
.................................................................................. be
determined by calculating the number of times a certain item was
5.7 Challenges
concretely used as ....................................................................................
a false Anglicism compared to the total number 114of
times it occurred in the La Repubblica corpus. Some false Anglicisms
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
are always used as such, e.g. far west, block notes, recordman,
autostop, telequiz, footing,
Working Together sexyshop, of
for the Well-being skiman,
Migrants longseller, food valley,
........................... 119
beauty-case,
Barry Hallidaybaby-pusher, peeling, adventure man, record-woman,

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

afterhour, basket,Rights
thus makingApproach them........................................................
the most prototypical; some are 58
often
3.5 but not always
Conclusion used as false Anglicisms, e.g. testimonial, slip,
...................................................................................... 59
ticket, smoking, clergyman, flipper, trench, volley, tight, toast,
Bibliography
pocket, .........................................................................................
box, water, dancing, night, minibar, personal, cocktail, 60
mister, lift, free shop, jolly, poker; some the least prototypical are
4. Theused
rarely Ethics
asofa Migration.
false Anglicisms, e.g. pull, golf, full, beauty, topless,
pile, ginger. on Recent Migration Policies
Reflections
Laura Zanfrini
2.5.2 Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Based Approach
A 4.1 Restrictive Policies
corpus-based analysis and ofStructural
the LaDemand Repubblicafor ImmigrantcorpusLabour provided.. 65
insights on theforgreat
4.2 Initiatives Governing deal Familyof orthographic
and Humanitarian and morphological
variation which Labour
Migration: characterizes
Migrationfalse but notAnglicisms in Italian.............
Workers Migration (Furiassi 73
2005: 282-295). This variation clearly shows how false Anglicisms
do not constitute a stable and well-defined phenomenon, but are
4.4 Selective
complex Policies
and hard and the Brain Drain............................................
to circumscribe: the problematic nature of false 87
Anglicisms forces the linguist to pay close attention
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 to the context
of occurrence.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
The main disadvantage of using a corpus-based approach to study 97
false Anglicisms consists in not being able to find new ones: only
5. Colombia:
false AnglicismsIncluding
whichEmigrants
were previously in Theirselected
Societiesfrom of Origin ....... 101
lexicographic
Urs Watter
resources could be searched for in the La Repubblica corpus.
2.6 The Corpus-Driven Approach to False Anglicisms
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
The corpus-driven approach to false Anglicisms implies that the
construction and investigation of a specific corpus, i.e. the HF corpus,
allows the user toPolicy
5.4 Migration retrieve new false......................................................
in Colombia Anglicisms from first-hand sources, 108
without making reference
5.5 Colombia to the false Anglicisms previously selected
nos une...................................................................... 109
from dictionary word lists (Furiassi 2004: 57-65, 2007: 347).43
5.6 Alianza the
Although Pas HF..................................................................................
corpus was initially conceived as a dynamic 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
43
As Tognini Bonelli (2002: 75) points out: The corpus-driven approach [], in
Bibliography
contrast .......................................................................................
to the corpus-based approach, constitutes a methodology that uses a corpus 116
beyond the selection of examples to support linguistic argument or to validate a
Workingstatement.
theoretical TogetherThe forcommitment
the Well-being of the of Migrants
scholar is to the...........................
integrity of the data 119as
a whole
Barry[]. The theoretical statements [] arise directly from, and reflect, the
Halliday
evidence provided by the corpus..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

self-expanding Rightsthe
corpus, Approach ........................................................
data considered in this work are limited58to
the3.5
collection period:
Conclusion since the main goal was the compilation of 59
...................................................................................... an
up-to-date database of Italian newspaper articles from which false
Bibliography
Anglicisms .........................................................................................
could be extracted after data were collected, the system 60
automatically updates on a daily basis and a list of words is produced
4. The Ethics 44
continuously. of Migration.
andExploiting
2.6.1 Non-policies in Italy
the HF and Europe ........................................... 61
Corpus
Laura Zanfrini
The HF corpus originally contained 24.34 million tokens and
4.1 Restrictive
384,414 types. Policies
The word and Structural
list generatedDemandby for Immigrant
the HF corpus Labour ..was 65
reduced to 232,001
4.2 Initiatives types after
for Governing the elimination
Family and Humanitarian of proper nouns by
removing upper-case
Migration: Labour words Migration butandnot numbers.
Workers This Migrationword.............
list was 73
subsequently refined through the implementation of various
automatic procedures in order to allow false Anglicisms to be
selected.
TheEqual
4.5 method applied and
Opportunity in order
Denied toOpportunities
extract false................................
Anglicisms from the 90
HF corpus is twofold. The first procedure makes use of the
Bibliography
intersection .........................................................................................
of previously selected English and Italian word lists with 97
the word list obtained from the HF corpus. The second procedure
5. Colombia:
applies n-gram Including
statisticsEmigrants
in order to in identify
Their Societies of Origin
orthographic ....... 101
patterns of
Urs Watter
English and Italian words respectively. At a later stage, the two
methods were
5.1 State combined
Interest and a single list was created. The aim of
and Responsibility
both methods is that of eliminating
towards their Citizens Living Abroad English and Italian words from
........................................... 102
the HF corpus word list and retaining potential false Anglicisms.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
2.6.1.a Intersecting
5.3 Migration Word
Policy Lists ......................................................... 106
and Ethics
By5.4
intersecting
Migration aPolicy
list ofin English
Colombiaword forms and a list of Italian word
...................................................... 108
forms with the HF corpus word list, it was possible to detect and
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
44
The self-expansion of the HF corpus mirrors the procedures developed for the
Working Newspaper
Norwegian Together for the -Well-being
Corpus of Migrants
Norsk Aviskorpus ...........................
(NNC-NA). See Hofland (2000) 119
for aBarry
detailed description of the automatic collection of newspaper articles from the
Halliday
Web and their inclusion in a corpus.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The real

eliminate Human Rights
English Approach
words and real........................................................
Italian words in order to isolate 58
45
potential false Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion from the resulting list.
...................................................................................... 59
This procedure generated a provisional list of 6,663 words which
stillBibliography
included some.........................................................................................
undesired items. This list was then submitted60to
further automatic trimming: for instance, in order to exclude
4. The Ethics ofacronyms,
abbreviations, Migration. and prepositions, words shorter than or
equal to three orthographic Policieswere deleted from the list.
characters
This did not affect frequency counts since no false Anglicism equal
Laura Zanfrini
to or shorter than three letters exists, as shown by previous research
based on lexicographic
4.1 Restrictive Policies resources
and Structural (Furiassi
Demand2003). Therefore,
for Immigrant Labour a list of
.. 65
6,137 items was obtained.
2.6.1.b Recurrent Grapheme Combinations
Within the scope of the present work, n-grams of graphemes were
used4.4 to
Selective Policies
recognize theand the Brain Drain............................................
orthographic patterns of both the English 87
language and the Italian language and to identify items
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 belonging to
English and Italian according to the probabilities that certain
Bibliography .........................................................................................
grapheme-combinations occur in either English or Italian. 9746
Subsequently, each word in the HF corpus word list was checked
5. Colombia:
against Including
two n-gram Emigrants
based word lists, in Their oneSocieties
for English of Origin and.......
one101 for
Urs Watter
Italian, and identified as a possible English or Italian word. 47
Thanks
5.1 to this and
State Interest procedure,
Responsibility which made it possible to eliminate
English and Italian words
towards their Citizens Living Abroad from the...........................................
HF corpus word list, 102a
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
45
See Furiassi and
5.4 Migration Hofland
Policy (2007: 352-355)
in Colombia for a detailed description of108
...................................................... the
computational techniques implemented in order to extract a list of potential false
Anglicisms from thenos
5.5 Colombia HF corpus.
une...................................................................... 109
46
N-grams are recurrent combinations of items of various kinds, e.g. graphemes,
5.6 Alianza
morphemes, Pasphrases,
words, ..................................................................................
sentences, which may be customized according to112 the
users needs. N-grams are useful for several linguistic functions including finding
5.7 Challenges
collocations ....................................................................................
for machine translation and automatic tagging of texts and provide 114
insights into language usage. See Krenn and Samuelsson (1997) and Caropreso et al.
Bibliography
(2000) .......................................................................................
for a comprehensive definition of n-grams and their use in computational116 and
corpus linguistics.
47
Working
As Onysko Together for the
(2007b: 223) Well-being
affirms: of Migrants
Since language ...........................
is accessible through form 119
(as
sounds
Barryor Halliday
symbols), the recognition of anglicisms [] is dependent on formal
salience of English units []..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

provisional list ofRights
3,863Approach
items was obtained.48 After excluding 58
........................................................ all
words with accented characters which do not exist in the English
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
language and words equal to or shorter than three letters, in order
to Bibliography .........................................................................................
exclude acronyms, abbreviations, and prepositions, the final list 60
was reduced to 3,751 items.
Reflections
2.6.1.c Merging on the
Recent Migration Policies
Methods
TheLaura
two word lists generated from the first method (6,137 items) and
Zanfrini
the second method (3,751 items) were merged and a new word list of
4.1 Restrictive
9,888 items wasPolicies
obtained. and Structural
Since 1,541 Demand words for were
Immigrant common Labourto.. the 65
first4.2and the second
Initiatives method, Family
for Governing the combined word list was reduced to
and Humanitarian
8,347 Migration:
items. Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
This refined list was intended to eventually include words which
are merely English-looking but neither English nor Italian, i.e. false
4.4 Selective
Anglicisms. Policies it
Although andhadthebeen
Brainrefined,
Drain............................................
this list of English-looking 87
words still included along with false Anglicisms
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 real English and
real Italian words that could not be eliminated automatically: manual
Bibliography
selection .........................................................................................
of false Anglicisms proved necessary. 97
The search for new false Anglicisms was carried out by manually
5. Colombia:
checking Including
the context ofEmigrants
occurrenceinofTheir eachSocieties
single item of Origin
in the....... 101
refined
Urs Watter
word list. This list proved to be useful mainly to find instances of
false
5.1Anglicisms
State Interestwhich do not have a formal equivalent in English,
and Responsibility
i.e. autonomous compounds
towards their Citizens Living in Abroad
the form of solid compounds 102
........................................... and
autonomous derivatives.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Some of the new false Anglicisms detected by means of the
corpus-driven approach
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics described are barwoman, stripman,
......................................................... 106
stripwoman, and infopoint. The false Anglicism barwoman,
e.g.
Studia Scienze delle Comunicazioni ma nel weekend fa la
5.5 Colombia
barwoman. (LRnos 22une ......................................................................
gennaio 2004), which in Italian refers to109a
woman who serves
5.6 Alianza beverages at a bar, corresponds to the English
Pas .................................................................................. 112
words barmaid or bartender. Italian speakers may not be aware of
the5.7 Challenges
fact that in ....................................................................................
English maid is used instead of woman for 114 the
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

48
See Furiassi
Barry and Hofland (2007: 355-358) for a detailed account of the n-gram
Halliday
based methodology applied to the HF corpus word list.

Monza/Italy
3.4 Theof
feminine Human Rights
barman, Approach
whereas ........................................................
bartender is invariable for male and 58
female.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Similarly to barwoman, the appropriate substitute for stripman,
e.g.Bibliography
Con buffet, .........................................................................................
animazione intrigante e numerosi show e stripman. 60
(CS 28 gennaio 2004), and stripwoman, e.g. il piatto forte del
4. The Ethics
locale: la tableofdance
Migration.che ogni sera viene proposta agli ospiti da sexy
Reflections
stripwoman. (CS on Recent Migration Policies
17 novembre 2003), is simply stripper, since
English does not differentiate between male and female strippers.
Laura Zanfrini
Other appropriate English equivalents are striptease artist and strip
teaser. It must be
4.1 Restrictive noticed
Policies that the plural
and Structural Demand stripmen
for Immigrant was also Labour found,
.. 65
e.g. I partecipanti sono gli stripmen che vengono votati dal pubblico
del locale. (CS 9Labour
Migration: febbraio 2004).but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Migration
Finally, infopoint is the compound of info(rmation) which is
4.3 From
already Guest of
a form Workers
clipping to Unwelcome
and point, Guestse.g. ..................................
Ci sar anche 82 un
infopoint per aggiornare i cittadini sul recupero dellanfiteatro.
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 (CS
13 settembre 2003). In this case, several English equivalents are
4.5 Equal help
available: Opportunity
desk, and Denied Opportunities
information booth, ................................
information bureau, 90
information
Bibliographycenter/centre, and information desk.
......................................................................................... 97
2.6.2 Advantages
5. Colombia: and Limits
Including of the
Emigrants inCorpus-Driven Approach
Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
TheUrs Watter of false Anglicisms in any corpus cannot rely upon
retrieval
automatic processing
5.1 State Interest exclusively.49 Undoubtedly, computational
and Responsibility
linguistic tools
towards proved
their toLiving
Citizens be extremely useful for saving time102in
Abroad ...........................................
building a corpus, in retrieving specific items, and in collecting a list
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
likely to contain false Anglicisms. Despite the advantages, the
computational
5.3 Migrationtechniques
Policy and employed still do not seem to be sufficient
Ethics ......................................................... 106
to handle the complex and manifold phenomenon of false Anglicisms:
even though some pre-processing may be carried out automatically,
5.5 Colombia
instances of falsenos can only be extracted manually.50 109
une......................................................................
Anglicisms
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
49
Indeed, according to Leech (1991: 14, 15): [] the machine can discover some,
but 5.7
not Challenges ....................................................................................
all, of the truth; [] successful analysis depends on a division of labour 114
between the corpus and the human mind..
50 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
According to Rundell (2002: 152, 153): The wonderful thing about technology is
that it can supply us with the volume of data that we need [] in order to uncover
Working
and describeTogether
linguisticfor the Well-being
behaviour []. Butofthe Migrants
idea that...........................
the interpretative119 and
synthetic parts of lexicography can be automated to any significant degree seems
Barry Halliday
to me unlikely and possibly misguided. For the foreseeable future, tasks like this will

Monza/Italy
3.4
TheThecorpus-driven
Human Rights analysis
Approach ........................................................
applied to a corpus of Italian 58
newspaper language,
3.5 Conclusion i.e. the HF corpus, made it possible to retrieve
...................................................................................... 59
up-to-date examples of false Anglicisms of any type if they appeared
as Bibliography
autonomous.........................................................................................
compounds written as solid compounds. Although 60
some automatic filters were added in order to polish the final word
4. The
list, Ethics of
further Migration.
time-consuming manual scanning of the list was
indispensable forRecent
Reflections on tracingMigration
instances Policies
of new false Anglicisms.51
Laura Zanfrini
2.7 Lexicographic and Corpus Linguistics Criteria
The4.2combination
Initiatives forofGoverning
lexicographic,Family corpus-based,
and Humanitarian and corpus-driven
Migration:
procedures led toLabour Migration but
the compilation of not
a setWorkers
of criteria Migration
which .............
are crucial 73
for4.3
an From
operational definition of false Anglicisms.
Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Along with the theoretical definition of false Anglicisms
4.4 Selective
previously Policiesitand
provided, the Brain
is useful to Drain............................................
list a set of specific features that 87
items must Opportunity
4.5 Equal possess in and orderDeniedto qualify
Opportunities as false Anglicisms. The
................................ 90
following criteria inferred from both lexicographic evidence (1.a,
1.b,Bibliography .........................................................................................
1.c) and corpus data (2.a, 2.b, 2.c) determine the procedures 97
for selecting false Anglicisms and establish whether a candidate item
5. Colombia:
should qualifyIncluding
as an entry Emigrants
in an adinhoc Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
dictionary:
Urs Watter
1.a a false Anglicism must not be found as an entry or sub-entry
in monolingual English dictionaries;
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
1.b if a false Anglicism is found as an entry or sub-entry in
monolingual
5.3 Migration PolicyEnglish dictionaries,
and Ethics it must have a different
......................................................... 106
meaning in Italian;
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
be most effectively performed by a collaborative partnership of humans and
5.7 Challenges
machines. ....................................................................................
For we require not only high-quality data and cutting-edge software,114 but
also that rare combination of editorial judgement, market knowledge, linguistic
Bibliography
awareness, .......................................................................................
and good-old fashioned intuition [].. As argued by Wilks et al. (1993: 116
9): [] intuition without data is blind, and data without intuition are meaningless..
51
Working
See AlexTogether
(2005: 133) for for
the theWell-being
development of Migrants
of a system ...........................
which automatically 119
extracts Anglicisms
Barry Halliday from corpora. See also Valle (2007) for a study of Anglicisms
manually extracted from corpora.

Monza/Italy
3.4
1.cThe Human
a false Rights Approach
Anglicism must be ........................................................
found either in Italian monolingual 58
dictionaries
3.5 Conclusion or in collections of foreign words and neologisms
...................................................................................... 59
in the Italian language;
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.a a false Anglicism must not be found in large-scale English
corpora;
Reflections on Anglicism
2.b if a false Recent Migration
is foundPolicies
in large-scale English corpora, it
and Non-policies in Italy meaning
must have a different and Europe ........................................... 61
in Italian;
Laura Zanfrini
2.c a false Anglicism must be found in Italian newspaper
4.1 Restrictive
corpora.52Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives
While for 1.b,
criteria 1.a, Governing Family
2.a, and and Humanitarian
2.b must all be true at the same time,
criteriaMigration:
1.c and 2.c Labour
can beMigration
appliedbut not Workersi.e.
alternatively, Migration
a false .............
Anglicism 73
must
4.3be found
From Guestin Workers
dictionaries or corpora.
to Unwelcome Moreover,
Guests criteria 1.a and
.................................. 82
2.a only apply to autonomous compounds and autonomous
4.4 Selective
derivatives, Policies
which and formally
do not the Brain Drain............................................
exist in English, whereas criteria 87
1.b4.5
and 2.bOpportunity
Equal concern all andother
Deniedtypes of false ................................
Opportunities Anglicisms. Finally, 90
criteria 1.c and 2.c apply to all types of false Anglicisms.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
2.8 The Final

5. Colombia: Word List
Urs Watter
The false Anglicisms listed below were gathered by combining the
data automatically and/or manually
towards their Citizens Living Abroad extracted from the lexicographic
........................................... 102
products considered and the data obtained from the corpus-based and
5.2 Applied Ethics
corpus-driven ..............................................................................
analyses described above. Tab. 2 displays the 104 286
52 5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
In general, the advice provided by Cortelazzo (2000: 188, 189) was followed:
[]5.6non viene pubblicato
Alianza tutto quello che si viene via via raccogliendo, ma112
Pas .................................................................................. solo
quelle parole che mostrano in s le premesse per potersi consolidare (il che significa
5.7riscontrate
averle Challenges ....................................................................................
in almeno due fonti diverse, meglio se distanziate nel tempo).. 114
Tr.
Not everything which was gathered is going to be published but only those words
thatBibliography .......................................................................................
seem to be consolidating (which means that they were found in at least116 two
different sources, preferably distant in time).. Indeed, as Norling-Christensen (1995:
Working
35) argues: Together for the Well-being
[] the occurrence of a linguistic of Migrants
phenomenon ...........................
in one single random 119
sample is no indication
Barry Halliday of the distribution of this phenomenon in the language at
large..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
lexical Human
items whichRights
will Approach
become the ........................................................
headwords of the Dictionary58of
53
False
3.5 Anglicisms in Italian (DFAI).
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
A (20) cocktail L (10) revolving
Bibliography .........................................................................................

60
account colossal leasing Rimmel
adventure
4. The Ethics of Migration. comic liberty roller
adventure manon Recent
Reflections compact
Migration Policieslift S (38)
after dinner crack lifting
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 scotch
afterhour
Laura Zanfrini crash movie live self bar
after show cross living self service
4.1after
Restrictive
tea Policies and cult Structural Demand loft for Immigrant Labour
sexy bar .. 65
4.2ambient
Initiatives for Governingcustom Family andlongseller Humanitarian sexy party
antiage D (12)
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers look maker Migration sexy.............
shop 73
antidoping dancing Luna Park sexy show
4.3antismog
From Guest Workers dark
to Unwelcome Guests M (11)
..................................
sexy star
82
4.4aquagym
Selective Policiesdark andladythe Brain Drain............................................
mail skibus 87
aquapark discount match ball skiman
aquascooter doomwriter minibar skin
Bibliography
assist man .........................................................................................
doomwriting minibasket skipass 97
autocaravan dread minimarket skiroll
5. Colombia:
autogoal Includingdribbling Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin
minivolley ....... 101
ski stopper
Urs Watter
Autogrill drink miss slip
autoreverse drive in mister slot
autostop duty mobbing
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 slowfox
B (38) duty free mobility manager smart bar
5.2 Applied
baby Ethics ..............................................................................
E (1) montgomery smart shop 104
5.3baby boss
Migration Policy and eurogoal N (10) smile
Ethics ......................................................... 106
baby box F (17) naziskin smoking
5.4
babyMigration
business Policy in farColombia
west ......................................................
new jersey social card 108
baby
5.5 dance
Colombia nos une fast......................................................................
food new opening soft air 109
baby doll fiction next opening soft core
5.6baby
Alianza
gang
Pas ..................................................................................
fidelity card night speaker
112
5.7baby
Challenges
killer Spider 114
....................................................................................
film cult no global
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

53
Atkins and Rundell (2008: 163) state that [a] lexical item is any word,
Working Together
abbreviation, for the
partial word, Well-being
or phrase of Migrants
which can figure in a ...........................
dictionary (often as119 the
headword of an
Barry Hallidayentry) as the target of some form of lexicographic description,
most commonly a definition or a translation..

Monza/Italy
3.4baby
Thepark
Human Rightsflash
Approach ........................................................
no profit spot 58
baby parking flat no stop starter
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
baby pusher flipper notes step
Bibliography
backstage .........................................................................................
flirt nude look stockhouse 60
badge fly and drive O (7) stop
4. TheBarbie
Ethics
of Migration.
food valley off stop and go
Reflections
barwoman on Recentfooting Migration Policies office stopper
andbasket
Non-policies inforcingItaly and Europe open...........................................
space strip 61
Laura Zanfrini
Baywatch
franchising optional stripman
beach
4.1 basket Policies
Restrictive free
and shopStructural Demand organizer for Immigrant stripwoman
Labour .. 65
beach volley full outing super
4.2 beauty
Initiatives for Governing
full optional Family andoversoundHumanitarian surf
Migration:
beauty case
Labour Migration
G (10)
but not Workers
P (23)
MigrationT.............
(21)
73
4.3 From
beauty Guest Workers
farm gadgetto Unwelcome Guests palmer ..................................
taxi girl 82
beauty hostess garden parking telefilm
beep gas killer peeling Telepass
4.5bermuda
Equal Opportunityginger and Denied Opportunities personal ................................
telequiz 90
big gin lemon petting tennisman
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
bisex gin tonic phone center testimonial
bite girl pick up ticket
Blob global pile Ticket Restaurant
Urs Watter
block notes golden plaid tie break
5.1 State
body Interest and Responsibility
golf play tight
bomber H (9) Living Abroadplayback ...........................................
tilt 102
book happy end playmaker toast
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
bowling hard discount playout top
5.3 Migration
box Policy and Ethics .........................................................
heliski pocket topless 106
boxer
5.4 Migration hit
Policy in Colombia poker total body 108
......................................................
break hitball pole training
5.5 Colombia
brick
nos une ......................................................................
holding pony trench
109

5.6 CAlianza
(26) Pas ..................................................................................
hot club Pony Express trend maker 112
camera car hotline power drink trial
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
camping house pressing trolley
Canadair .......................................................................................
Bibliography I (5) pull tunnel 116
Career Book infopoint pullman U (1)
Working carterTogether forinstant
the Well-being
film of push
Migrants
up ...........................
under 119
Barry Halliday
carver instant seller Q (2) V (2)

Monza/Italy
3.4 carving
internet bar ........................................................
quad VibraCall 58
casting internet point quiz volley
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
catch J (5) R (11) W (4)
Bibliography
Caterpillar .........................................................................................
jersey reality wafer 60
champions jet recordman water
charleston jet society recordwoman windsurf
Reflections
chat on Recent jollyMigration Policies regimental Wonderbra
andcheck-in
Non-policiesjumbo in Italytramand Europerelax ...........................................
X (0) 61
Laura
chillZanfrini
out K (2) residence Y (1)
4.1clergyman
Restrictive Policies killer
and Structural Demand restyling for Immigrant yorkshire
Labour .. 65
coast to coast K-Way revival Z (0)
Migration:
Table 2. Labour Migration
False Anglicisms: The Finalbut not Workers
Word List Migration ............. 73
The procedures necessary to compile the dictionary headword list are
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain
obviously manifold and complex.54 Drain............................................
Indeed, according to Atkins: 87
The source of lexicographical evidence the input to this process
Bibliography
may .........................................................................................
vary from a large electronic corpus with sophisticated software97
tools of manipulation, through citations gathered during a reading
5. program,
Colombia:andIncluding
the contents Emigrants
of onesinown Their andSocieties of Origin
other peoples ....... 101
published
dictionaries,
Urs Watter down to back-of-an-envelope jottings. (Atkins 2008: 33)
Despite the methodology that has been applied and the selection
criteria that have been established, the resulting word list might not
be 5.2
totally replicable
Applied since the final decision on whether to include
Ethics .............................................................................. or
104
exclude a falsePolicy
5.3 Migration Anglicism
and Ethics depends to a certain extent on 106
......................................................... the
lexicographers intuition.55
5.4 Migration
Finally, sincePolicy
updated in Colombia
lexicographic ......................................................
resources may come into108 the
market, more elaborate computational tools and techniques may
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109 be
developed, and new corpora may be created, the number of false
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
54 5.7Atkins
As Challenges ....................................................................................
and Rundell (2008: 162) recognize: The headword list is a list of 114
the
words that are the headwords of entries in the dictionary..
55 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
With regard to scientific replicability, Kilgarriff (1997: 147) asks the following
questions: Would another team, working in the same framework, with the same
Working
goals, arriveTogether
at the samefor the
list? []Well-being
This then breaksof Migrants
down into ...........................
two questions: firstly, 119
would it beHalliday
Barry the same list if they used the same corpora, and secondly, how similar
would it be if they did not?.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

Anglicisms Rights
included in theApproach
dictionary........................................................
word list is likely to increase 58
in the
3.5 future.
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.9 Quantifying False Anglicisms in the Italian Language
Although several
Reflections scholarsMigration
on Recent have already Policies tried to quantify the incidence
of and
Anglicisms
Non-policies in Italy and Europe 1973b,
in Italian (Rando 1969, Antonelli 2005, 61
........................................... De
Mauro and Ferreri
Laura Zanfrini 2005, Gualdo and Scarpino 2007, Furiassi 2007,
2008a, Bistarelli 2008), no thorough quantitative study on false
Anglicisms is yet available.
TheInitiatives
4.2 incidence for of false Anglicisms
Governing on the Italian vocabulary is
Migration:
represented by Labour
how Migration
many arebutincluded not Workers in Migration
the word.............
lists 73 of
56
dictionaries. The frequency of false Anglicisms
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 in the Italian
language is determined by how often they are used in corpora.57
4.4
TheSelective Policieschosen
dictionary and the Brain Drain............................................
to analyze the incidence of false 87
Anglicisms on the Italian
4.5 Equal Opportunity vocabulary
and Denied is the ................................
Opportunities GDU, which can 90 be
considered to include a valid approximation of the total number of
Bibliography
words existing.........................................................................................
in the Italian language. The main problem 97
encountered in ascertaining the number of false Anglicisms in the
5. Colombia:
GDU the Including
same is Emigrants
valid for inany Their Societies
other of Origin .......
lexicographic 101
source
Urs Watter
considered is that false Anglicisms are not always clearly
identifiable due toand
5.1 State Interest theResponsibility
different labels assigned. However, since the
false Anglicisms
towards their detected
Citizens Living in theAbroad present analysis are 286 and102
........................................... the
entries in the GDU are 251,209 (De Mauro 2000, 2003b),
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
it is
possible to estimate that the incidence of false Anglicisms on the
5.3 Migration
Italian vocabulary Policy and Ethics .........................................................
is approximately 0.1 %. 106
With regard to corpora, orthographic complexity, morphological
variation, misspellings, and the different degrees of prototypicality of
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
56
5.6 Alianza
When Pasthe
measuring ..................................................................................
incidence of false Anglicisms on the Italian vocabulary, 112
type frequency must be considered. As Bybee (2007: 9) states: Only patterns of
5.7 Challenges
language have type ....................................................................................
frequency, because this refers to how many distinct items114 are
represented by the pattern..
57 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
When measuring the frequency of false Anglicisms in the Italian language, token
frequency must be considered. As Bybee (2007: 9) writes: Token frequency counts
Working
the number Together for the
of times a unit Well-being
appears in runningoftext..
Migrants ...........................
In addition, Bybee (2007:119 16)
points out that
Barry [w]hen one is studying token frequency, there is an inherent problem
Halliday
in determining the point at which high should be distinguished from low..

Monza/Italy
3.4 Anglicisms
false The Human Rights
must all Approach ........................................................
be carefully considered in order not 58to
affect frequency ......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion counts. A recent analysis, which was carried out 59
using the La Repubblica corpus, showed that there are about 83 false
Bibliography
Anglicisms .........................................................................................
every 1,000,000 words, i.e. approximately 0.08 60
(Furiassi 2005: 296). However, it must be noticed that some false
4. The Ethicscan
Anglicisms of Migration.
be labeled as hapax legomena or casuals since they
Reflections on Recent 58
occur only sporadically. Migration Policies
Laura Zanfrini
58 Migration:
In this Labour
respect, false Migration
Anglicisms behave butexactly
not Workers
like realMigration
Anglicisms..............
As Loonen 73
(1996: 6) argues: [] the process of borrowing from English is now practised
4.3 From
worldwide andGuest
is notWorkers
restrictedtotoUnwelcome
specialised areas.Guests It ..................................
seems to obey the rules82of
linguistic catch-as-catch-can []. However, many of the borrowed words are
incidental loans and bound to disappear or to be transformed into native forms
sooner or later..
4.5 Equal Accordingly,
Opportunity and Scotti
DeniedMorgana (1981: ................................
Opportunities 40) states that [o]ccorre 90
distinguere tra veri prestiti e parole straniere citate occasionalmente (xnismes, o
casuals secondo .........................................................................................
Bibliography le terminologie); questi casuals sono usati abbastanza 97
frequentemente nelle cronache giornalistiche per produrre un effetto di esotismo, e
sono spesso introdotti da virgolette o circonlocuzioni. Col tempo i casuals possono
5. Colombia:
diventare Including
prestiti, ma allo Emigrants
stadio di semplicein Theircitazione
Societies nonof comportano
Origin ....... alcun101
Urs Watter
processo di interferenza linguistica, e quindi di prestito.. Tr. Real borrowings are to
be distinguished from foreign words which are occasionally quoted (xnismes, or
5.1 State
casuals Interest
according to theanddifferent
Responsibility
terminology); such casuals are rather frequently
used intowards
newspapertheircolumns
CitizensinLivingorder to Abroad
produce ...........................................
an exotic effect and are often 102
introduced by inverted commas or periphrases. As time goes by, casuals may
5.2 Applied
become Ethics
borrowings, but..............................................................................
as long as they remain simple quotations, they do104 not
constitute a phenomenon of linguistic interference or borrowing.. Finally, Dardano
(1986a: 487) argues that [n]ella stampa la prima fase dellinterferenza linguistica
data5.4dalla citazione
Migration Policydi un vocabolo ......................................................
in Colombia o di unespressione straniera; citazione 108
occasionale, ma al tempo stesso portatrice di un chiaro valore connotativo: si vuole
colpire lattenzione del
5.5 Colombia noslettore e sottolineare la presenza di un collegamento diretto
une...................................................................... 109
con la fonte dellinformazione. [] Dalla citazione si passa al prestito attraverso un
5.6 Alianza
processo Pas ..................................................................................
di transizione e di acclimatamento di cui i giornali permettono di seguire 112le
varie fasi. Tale processo riguarda sia il significato sia le circostanze duso del
5.7 Challenges
vocabolo.. Tr. The ....................................................................................
first phase of linguistic interference in the press is the quotation 114
of a foreign word or expression; it may happen only occasionally but the expression
mayBibliography .......................................................................................
be heavily connotative: the aim is that of catching the readers attention116 and
showing a direct connection to the source of information. [] An element which is
Working
quoted Together
becomes for the when
a borrowing Well-being
the processof Migrants
of transition...........................
and acclimatization 119
takesBarry
place.Halliday
Newspapers make it possible to follow this process which concerns both
the meaning and the usage of a certain word..

Monza/Italy
3. 3.4 The Human Rights

A Dictionary Approach
of False ........................................................
Anglicisms in Italian (DFAI) 58
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura Zanfrini
3.1 Introduction
The need for a lexicographic reference tool on false Anglicisms was
already mentioned
4.3 From Guest Workersin 1974 to by ChiarioniGuests
Unwelcome (1974: 85), who stated that
.................................. 82
1
[s]arebbe istruttivo [] un vocabolarietto italiese-inglese [].
On the basis of the analytical and methodological frameworks
4.5 EqualinOpportunity
illustrated the previous andchapters,
a set of headwords ................................
was devised 90
in order to be included
Bibliography in a dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian.
......................................................................................... 97
In this chapter the audience to which the dictionary is addressed will
be identified Including
5. Colombia: and the main features
Emigrants of both
in Their macrostructure,
Societies of Origin ....... i.e.101the
general characteristics of the dictionary, and microstructure, i.e. the
Urs Watter
internal properties of each entry, will be described.2
3.2 The Audience
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
The5.3Dictionary of False
Migration Policy andAnglicisms in Italian (DFAI) is addressed
Ethics ......................................................... to
106
an educated Italian readership who is familiar with the language of
the mass media and is also competent or desires to become proficient
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
1
Tr.5.6
AAlianza Pas ..................................................................................
little italiese-inglese dictionary [] would perhaps be instructive []..112
2
Martin et al. (1983: 78) define macrostructure as an ordered series of lexical
5.7 entries
items, Challenges ....................................................................................
or lemmata (the ordering principle often being the alphabet)114 and
microstructure as linguistic information contained inside the entry.. Accordingly,
Bibliography
Bjoint (2000: 11, .......................................................................................
12) defines macrostructure as a result of the selection of words 116
through the use of various criteria and microstructure as the result of the
Working of
application Together for the programme
a pre-established Well-beingofofinformation
Migrantsgiven ...........................
in each entry..119 See
Furiassi
Barry(2006b,
Halliday 2007) for the drafting of provisional criteria to be adopted in order
to compile a dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
in the Human
English Rights Approach
language (Pulcini 2006: ........................................................
316). However, the scenario 58
of possible target......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion users is multifaceted. 59
First of all, a dictionary focused on such a limited area of Italian
Bibliography
lexis will meet .........................................................................................
the scholarly needs of linguists interested in defining 60
and classifying false Anglicisms and in ascertaining the difference
4. The Ethics
between of Migration.
real Anglicisms and false Anglicisms.
Reflections
Monolingual onand
Recent Migration
bilingual Policies will also benefit from the
lexicographers
DFAI. Although it is often difficult to reconcile the demands of
Laura Zanfrini
lexicographers with those of publishers, Italian monolingual dictionaries
may 4.1be extendedPolicies
Restrictive by including
and Structural an inventory
Demand for of Immigrant
false Anglicisms.
Labour .. 65 In
addition, providing the appropriate English translation equivalents of
those Migration:
words which Labour are Migration
to be consideredbut not Workersfalse Anglicisms in Italian
Migration ............. 73
would eventually improve the compilation of Italian-English bilingual
dictionaries.
A lexicographic
4.4 Selective Policies product
and theofBrainthis Drain............................................
kind will also be useful to Italian 87
speakers, Italian EFL learners, translators, and native speakers of
4.5 Equal
English, Opportunity
who may take and advantage
Denied Opportunities ................................
of the information provided 90
3
according to their
Bibliography specific needs.
......................................................................................... 97
Italian speakers may benefit from the use of this dictionary to
extend the lexical
5. Colombia: Includingknowledge
Emigrants of the linguistic
in Their Societies milieu in which
of Origin ....... they
101
liveUrs
and to understand the ambiguities created by the use of false
Watter
Anglicisms in written and spoken Italian. In particular, Italian EFL
learners and teachers will find this dictionary helpful to verify the
identity of words which look and/or sound English. In fact, some
5.2Anglicisms
false Applied Ethics might..............................................................................
seem awkward or even embarrassing if used 104
in an
5.3English-speaking
Migration Policy and environment.
Ethics ......................................................... 106
3
As5.5
Lepschy
Colombia(1989:nos 189,
une190) states: [] in un buon vocabolario la persona
...................................................................... 109di
media cultura si aspetta di trovare ragguagli [] almeno sommari, a cui sono
5.6 Alianza
dedicati Pas ..................................................................................
separatamente i vocabolari specializzati []; dunque legittimo112 che
lautore di un vocabolario destinato al pubblico colto e alle scuole si proponga di
5.7 Challenges
rispondere ....................................................................................
a questo complesso di esigenze, e conciliarle in maniera coerente 114 anzi
proprio una delle difficolt che si presentano al lessicografo.. Tr. [] in a good
Bibliography
dictionary the user.......................................................................................
of average education expects to find at least some information 116
[] which is usually included in specialized dictionaries []; the compiler of a
Workingaddressed
dictionary Together to for the Well-being
an expert audience andoftoMigrants
schools should ...........................
try to achieve these 119
goals; meeting
Barry these needs coherently is one of the difficulties the lexicographer has
Halliday
to face..

Monza/Italy
3. A Dictionary of False Anglicisms in Italian (DFAI) 121
3.4
TheThe Human
DFAI is aRights Approach
reference and ........................................................
pedagogical tool for scholars and 58
students inasmuch
3.5 Conclusion as it deals with and clarifies the phenomenon59
...................................................................................... of
interference between Italian and English vocabularies and problems
of Bibliography .........................................................................................
[] synchronic irregularities [] of phonologic, orthographic, 60
morpho-syntactic, or lexical nature (Iamartino 2001: 126).
4. The
SinceEthics of Migration.
Italian synonyms and English translation equivalents of
Reflections
false Anglicisms on Recentare Migration
included, Policies the dictionary may also assist
translators and help English native speakers understand the meaning
Laura Zanfrini
of English-looking words which have been creatively manipulated by
the4.1
speakers/writers of aand
Restrictive Policies different
Structural language
Demandand for culture.
Immigrant Labour .. 65
3.3 Macrostructure
The dictionary contains 286 headwords which were accurately
4.4 Selective
selected Policies
according to theandlexicographic
the Brain Drain............................................
and corpus linguistics criteria 87
previously
4.5 Equaldescribed.
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
A dictionary of false Anglicisms cannot be properly considered a
Bibliography .........................................................................................
special-purpose dictionary (Landau 2001: 35), since it is not aimed 97
4
at describing a specialized area of the lexicon. A dictionary of false
5. Colombia:inIncluding
Anglicisms Emigrants
Italian covers in Their
a specific areaSocieties
of language of Origin ....... 101
(Atkins and
Urs Watter
Rundell 2008: 24) and may be labeled as a segmental dictionary
since
5.1itState
deals with aand
Interest restricted
Responsibility area of the lexicon and is the result of
5
a deliberate
towardsselection made
their Citizens by the
Living compiler
Abroad (Hartmann 1983a: 7).
........................................... 102
The approach of the dictionary is descriptive and synchronic. It is
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
descriptive since it records instances of false Anglicisms found in
5.3 Migration
dictionaries andPolicy
used in andthe Ethics
press.........................................................
without any normative implication. 106
The5.4dictionary has a synchronic approach in the sense that it
Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 does not
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109

4
As5.6 Alianza
stated Pas ..................................................................................
by Landau (2001: 35, 36): Special-purpose dictionaries [] may112 deal
with etymology, pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, usage, synonymy, offensive
and5.7 Challenges
taboo words, ....................................................................................
slang, dialect, neologisms, and many other subjects. 114 []
Collections of new words (neologisms) vary from flippant newspaper glossaries to
Bibliography
extensive .......................................................................................
dictionaries with illustrative quotations documenting each new term..116
5
A range of synonyms for segmental dictionaries has been put forward by Svensn
Working
(1993, Together
2009), who usesfor the the
termWell-being of Migrants
restricted dictionary, and ...........................
by Malkiel (2003),119 who
usesBarry
the term special dictionary. Similar terminological labels have also been used
Halliday
by Muljai (1991: 161-173), Lepschy (1989: 184-200), and Bjoint (2000: 32-41).

Monza/Italy
have3.4 explicit
etymological aims.6........................................................
However, information about the 58
origin of false Anglicisms,
3.5 Conclusion the mediating languages involved, the
...................................................................................... 59
linguistic processes employed in their coinage, and the date of first
Bibliography
attestation ......................................................................................... 60
is provided.
Another essential feature closely related to the audience to which
4. The Ethics of
the dictionary is Migration.
addressed is bidirectionality.7 Necessarily, the DFAI
willReflections
also containon Recent
information Migrationtypical Policies
of bilingual dictionaries, such as
phonetic transcriptions and translation equivalents, i.e. real English
Laura Zanfrini
words that Italian EFL learners are supposed to use instead of false
Anglicisms whenPolicies
4.1 Restrictive speaking andor writing Demand
Structural in English. for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Contrary to expectations, a dictionary of false Anglicisms in
ItalianMigration:
is neitherLaboura dictionary
Migrationofbut -isms (Filipovi
not Workers 1984: .............
Migration 73), i.e.73a
dictionary of loanwords in a language in contact with another, nor a
4.3 From Guest
dictionary Workers
of foreign to Unwelcome
words (LandauGuests 2001:..................................
41), since the items 82
included are pseudo-foreign.
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain False Drain............................................
Anglicisms are indeed authentic 87
Italian creations, which prevent lexicographers from classifying a
4.5 EqualofOpportunity
dictionary this kind asand Denied Opportunities
a collection of foreign ................................
words sensu stricto. 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
3.4 Microstructure
Urs Watter
Each headword listed in the dictionary in bold type and small print
complies with the
5.1 State Interest andparameters
Responsibility and criteria employed to select false
Anglicisms
towardsfrom
theirlexicographic
Citizens Livingresources and corpora.8
Abroad ........................................... 102
Although eponyms and toponyms were originally written with an
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
initial capital letter, the false Anglicisms derived from them having
6
As5.4Fanfani
Migration (2003: 173)inargues:
Policy Colombia []......................................................
una ricognizione storica del lessico 108di
influenza inglese non pu fare a meno di esercitarsi entro un ben circoscritto
spaccato sincronico []..
5.5 Colombia nos une Tr. ......................................................................
[] a historical overview of the influence of English 109
vocabulary cannot exist without a well-circumscribed synchronic view..
7
5.6 Alianza
Marello (2003: Pas
337,..................................................................................
338) maintains that [w]hen bidirectionality is only hinted 112at
(by indication of grammatical gender, phonetic transcription of pronunciation, style
5.7 Challenges
marking ....................................................................................
or other translated labels), it often serves merely to weigh down114 the
microstructure with indicators that are not at all useful to one of the two
Bibliography
communities .......................................................................................
and not useful enough to the other.. 116
8
According to Cowie (1983: 100): The basic structural component of the dictionary
isWorking
the entry, Together
or article, afor theofWell-being
block informationof Migrants ...........................
(grammatical, semantic, stylistic,119 etc.)
having theHalliday
Barry appearance of a paragraph and headed in boldface print by the aptly
named headword..

Monza/Italy
3.4 Thegeneric
become Humannouns RightsApproach
are listed ........................................................
in the dictionary by means of58a
lower-case initial......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion letter. 59
Conversely, all false Anglicisms that are believed to originate from
Bibliography
trademarks are .........................................................................................
included in the dictionary with an initial capital letter 60

and marked with the symbols and , even if they are often written
4. The
with Ethics of Migration.
a lower-case initial letter in the newspaper texts considered. The
Reflections
symbol indicates on Recent Migration
Italian Policiestrademarks; the symbol
registered
indicates English or American registered trademarks. However, the
Laura Zanfrini
unintentional omission of capitalization or the absence of the labels
and4.1Restrictive
should not be regarded
Policies and Structural as affecting
Demand for theImmigrant
legal status Labour of ..any
65
trademark or any company owner of the trademarks mentioned.9
Finally, acronyms
Migration: and abbreviations
Labour Migration but not Workers are excluded from the
Migration ............. 73
dictionary since they deserve separate treatment. An instance of this
kind4.3isFrom
the Guest
Italian Workers
acronym to Unwelcome
sms, whose Guests
English..................................
equivalent is text 82
message.
In line with the criteria set out by Jackson (2002: 26), each article
4.5 Equal
includes 14Opportunity
features of and theDenied Opportunities
headword, whose ................................
metalanguage 90is
10
described below:
Bibliography spelling, pronunciation, grammar, typology, date,
......................................................................................... 97
mediating language, frequency, usage domain, definition,
collocation,
5. Colombia:Italian
Including synonym,
Emigrants English
in Their translation
Societies of equivalent,
Origin .......cross 101
reference, and example.
Urs Watter
3.4.1 Spelling
The alternative spelling variants of each false Anglicism, separated
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
by a comma, are shown between round brackets in small print next to
the5.3
headword.
Migration Orthographic
Policy and Ethics variants serve to identify the different
......................................................... 106
forms in which false Anglicisms may be used in Italian,
e.g.
longseller, long seller, long-seller. The most frequent orthographic
5.5 Colombia
variant is chosennos uneheadword.
as the ...................................................................... 109
9
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
Also the French registered trademark K-Way is marked by the label .
10
5.7 Challenges
According ....................................................................................
to Hartmann (1983a: 8): [] dictionary-making may be usefully 114
guided by a metalanguage, i.e. a way of talking about language, and for handling
andBibliography .......................................................................................
presenting linguistic information.. The dictionary tends to conform to116 the
principles listed by Grlach (1999: 153) in relation to the DEA: [] there should be
Working
an Together
English summary of for the Well-being
the principles used, and ofatMigrants ...........................
least the abbreviations should119 also
be explained in English..
Barry Halliday However, since the dictionary is mainly intended for an
Italian audience, the metalanguage used will be Italian.

Monza/Italy
3.4Pronunciation
3.4.2 The Human Rights Approach ........................................................ 58
The3.5Italian
Conclusion ......................................................................................
pronunciation of false Anglicisms is indicated by IPA 59
transcription between square brackets. If multiple pronunciations
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
exist, they are all indicated and separated by a comma.
3.4.3 Grammar
and Non-policies
A striking factor is that in false
Italy and Europe ...........................................
Anglicisms, as well as real Anglicisms, 61
are Laura
almostZanfrini
all nouns, with rare exceptions such as antismog, full
optional, and off,Policies
4.1 Restrictive which and mayStructural
only be Demandused as for adjectives,
Immigrante.g. giornata
Labour .. 65
antismog, vettura full optional, spettacolo off. Although the false
4.2 Initiatives
Anglicisms for Governing
recorded Family and are
in the dictionary Humanitarian
mostly nouns, traditional
grammatical tags for parts of speech are used andbut not Workers Migration
placed.............
after the 73
phonetic
4.3 Fromtranscription:
Guest Workersn., i.e. nome
to Unwelcome Guests (noun), and agg., i.e.
.................................. 82
aggettivo (adjective).11 When false Anglicisms function as both
nouns and adjectives, the label n./agg. is used and the definition of
the4.5
false Anglicism
Equal is preceded
Opportunity and Denied by Opportunities
riferito a (referred to).
................................ 90
In addition, the labels m., i.e. maschile (masculine), and f., i.e.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
femminile (feminine), signal the grammatical gender which is
attributed
5. Colombia: to Including
each falseEmigrants
Anglicism in Italian,
in Their Societies usually
of Origin the.......
natural
101
gender (Clyne
Urs Watter 2003: 147). If both genders are possible, this is
indicated by m./f..12
5.1 State Interest
Finally, and Responsibility
morphological variants regarding the formation of plurals
are shown, e.g. mail remains Livingmail, Abroadskiman...........................................
may become skimen, 102
cocktail may become
5.2 Applied cocktails. The inflectional ending -s signals
Ethics .............................................................................. 104
that the morpheme -s may be added to form the plural, whereas
-men signals that a false Anglicism ending in -man may switch to
11
This grammatical nos
5.5 Colombia feature
une......................................................................
also shared by real Anglicisms may be due to109 the
fact that false Anglicisms are coined to lexicalize objects, concepts, and phenomena
5.6are
which Alianza
thoughtPas ..................................................................................
to be more stylish if characterized by a certain resemblance 112 with
English. With regard to the word classes of Anglicisms, Pulcini (2002: 159-161)
5.7 Challenges
recognizes ....................................................................................
that in Italian there are very few adjectives borrowed from English,114 e.g.
trendy, there are no adverbs, and verbs must necessarily be adapted to the Italian
Bibliography
system, preferably .......................................................................................
by assigning the morphological ending of the first conjugation -are. 116
12
With regard to gender assignment, false Anglicisms as well as Anglicisms are
Working
likely to be Together for the
used in Italian Well-being
as masculine of Migrants
nouns. However,...........................
some false Anglicisms 119
mayBarry
be alternatively
Halliday used as masculine or feminine, e.g. autocaravan, happy end,
Spider.

Monza/Italy
3.4 in
-men Thethe
Human Rights
plural. When Approach
a false ........................................................
Anglicism displays an invariant 58
form,
3.5 the abbreviation
Conclusion inv., i.e. invariabile (invariable), is used. 59
......................................................................................
Bibliography
3.4.4 Typology ......................................................................................... 60
Typological
4. The Ethicslabels are assigned to each lemma according to the
of Migration.
different typesonofRecent
Reflections false Anglicisms recognized. As shown in Tab. 3,
Migration Policies
acronyms mirror the Italian labels assigned to each type.
Laura Zanfrini
acronym acronym example
(Italian) (English)
A accorciamento C clipping happy end
(from happy ending)
Migration:composto
CA Labour Migration
AC but notautonomous
Workers Migration ............. 73
recordman
autonomo compound
(record + man)
DA derivato AD autonomous footing
autonomoand the Brain Drain............................................
derivative (foot + -ing) 87
4.5 EEqual Opportunity
eponimo and Denied
E Opportunities
eponym ................................
carter 90
(from J. H. Carter)
Bibliography
EC
.........................................................................................
ellissi di CE compound basket
97
composto ellipsis (from basketball)
MG marchio GT generic ticket restaurant
Urs Watter generico trademark
5.1SS slittamento
State Interest SS
and Responsibility semantic shift mister
semantico
T toponimo T toponym new jersey
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Table
5.3 3. Typological
Migration Acronyms
Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration
In the Policy in Colombia
case of clippings, i.e. A (C), ......................................................
compound ellipses, i.e. EC (CE), 108
eponyms, i.e. E (E),
5.5 Colombia nos uneand ......................................................................
toponyms, i.e. T (T), the real English word 109
which is clipped, the English compound from which the ellipsis
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
originates, the proper noun from which the false Anglicism derives,
or 5.7
the Challenges
place name which originates the false Anglicism is indicated
.................................................................................... 114
after the typological label and preceded by a colon, e.g. relax from
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
relaxation, basket from basketball, carter from J. H. Carter,
charleston from Charleston.
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4
WhenThe Human Rights Approach
it is complicated ........................................................
to decide what the linguistic process 58
involved in the ......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion creation of false Anglicisms is, more typological 59
labels are used, e.g. bermuda.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
3.4.5 Date
TheReflections
date provided afterMigration
on Recent the typological
Policies label indicates the earliest
attestation
and Non-policies in Italy and EuropeDates
of each false Anglicism. prior to 1984 were
........................................... 61
obtained from
Laura Zanfrini the dictionaries consulted, i.e. DELI, Devoto-Oli,
GDU, DISC, Gabrielli, Treccani, or Zingarelli. For false Anglicisms
not4.1yet
Restrictive
included Policies
in anyand Structural Demandresource
lexicographic for Immigrant or whoseLabour ..first 65
appearance is subsequent
4.2 Initiatives for Governing to Family
1984, and
the Humanitarian
date of first attestation was
extracted from the
Migration: Italian
Labour newspapers
Migration analyzed,Migration
but not Workers i.e. Corriere della
............. 73
Sera, La Repubblica, or La Stampa.
3.4.6
4.4Mediating Language
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
The4.5 mediating language
Equal Opportunity and Deniedthat Opportunities
contributed ................................
to introduce false 90
Anglicisms in Italian, if any, is specified using fr., i.e. francese
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
(French), ol., i.e. olandese (Dutch), sp., i.e. spagnolo (Spanish),
sved., i.e. svedese
5. Colombia: Including(Swedish),
Emigrants andinted.,
Their i.e. tedesco
Societies of (German).
Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
3.4.7 Frequency
Each entry is supplied with the symbols , , , or , which102
are
13
used to mark the relative frequency of false Anglicisms. Frequency
5.2 Applied Ethics
considerations ..............................................................................
are based on the data provided by the La Repubblica 104
corpus: since thePolicy
5.3 Migration La Repubblica corpus consists of about 380,000,000
and Ethics ......................................................... 106
tokens, false Anglicisms with a raw frequency below 38 (below 1 per
5.4 Migration
million Policy
words), i.e. theinleast
Colombia
frequent, ......................................................
are assigned only one dot ,108 e.g.
wafer; false Anglicisms with a raw frequency between 39
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109 and 380
(between 1 and 10 per million words), i.e. frequent, are assigned two
dots5.6,Alianza
e.g. tiePas ..................................................................................
break; false Anglicisms with a raw frequency between 112
3815.7and 3,800 (between
Challenges 10 and 100 per million words), i.e. very
.................................................................................... 114
frequent, are assigned three dots , e.g. slip; false Anglicisms with a
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

13
As Kiefer
Barry and van Sterkenburg (2003: 359) advise: [] it may be useful to indicate
Halliday
the relative frequency of a word or phrase..

Monza/Italy
raw3.4frequency
The Human Rights
above Approach
3,801 (above ........................................................
100 per million words), i.e. 58 the
14
most frequent, are assigned four dots , e.g. basket.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
However, since the La Repubblica corpus contains articles up to
theBibliography
year 2000, .........................................................................................
some false Anglicisms which were coined afterwards 60
are obviously not included. For this reason, frequency data of false
4. The Ethicscoined
Anglicisms of Migration.after the year 2000 are based on the La
Repubblica archive, Migration
which includesPolicies all articles published in La
Repubblica from 1984 to the present. In this case, frequency
Laura Zanfrini
considerations are calculated by estimating that the La Repubblica
archive, which is
4.1 Restrictive not aand
Policies proper corpus
Structural Demandbut isforconstantly
Immigrant Labour updated, .. 65is
likely to contain about 580,000,000 tokens.15 Therefore, false
Anglicisms withLabour
Migration: a rawMigration
frequency but below
not Workers58 (below Migration 1 per million
............. 73
words), i.e. the least frequent, are assigned only one dot , e.g. self
bar;4.3false
FromAnglicisms
Guest Workers withto Unwelcome
a raw frequency Guests ..................................
between 59 and 580 82
(between 1 andPolicies
4.4 Selective 10 per and million words),
the Brain i.e. frequent, are assigned two
Drain............................................ 87
dots , e.g. chill out; false Anglicisms with a raw frequency between
5814.5and
Equal Opportunity
5,800 (between and10 Denied
and Opportunities
100 per million ................................
words), i.e. very 90
frequent, are assigned
Bibliography three dots , e.g. reality; false Anglicisms
......................................................................................... 97
14
5.Although
Colombia: it is Including
difficult to establish
Emigrants a clear-cut
in Their threshold
Societies frequency
of Origin on the basis
....... 101of
which
Ursfalse
Watter Anglicisms should be included in or excluded from an ad hoc
dictionary, a well-meditated decision is particularly important since at times
5.1 State
frequency dataInterest
provided andbyResponsibility
corpus evidence are in contrast with the lexicographers
view oftowards
the language. For instance,
their Citizens Living the lexicographer would have the impression102
Abroad ........................................... that
a false Anglicism is quite common in the Italian language and therefore should be
5.2 Applied
included Ethics ..............................................................................
in the dictionary in spite of its very low frequency in newspaper corpora. 104
As Pulcini (2008b: 193) argues: [] corpus data are an important index of currency
but 5.3 Migration
figures must bePolicy and with
balanced Ethics the.........................................................
criteria set up for the dictionary []106 and
possibly with additional information from other sources [] and in some cases the
opinions of Italian experts in certain fields. Last and most importantly, the native
lexicographers
5.5 Colombia judgement
nos une will......................................................................
weigh up the different bits of information and make 109
a final decision.. Pulcinis argument is supported by Summers (1996: 266), who
5.6 Alianza
maintains Pas ..................................................................................
that [f]requency is a powerful tool in the lexicographers arsenal 112of
resources []. However, in dictionary-making editorial judgment is of paramount
5.7 Challenges
importance, because ....................................................................................
blindly following the corpus, no matter how carefully, can114 lead
to oddities..
15 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Although the number of tokens in the La Repubblica archive is not provided, an
approximate figure can be determined. If the number of tokens in the La Repubblica
Working
corpus, Together
i.e. about for the isWell-being
380,000,000, divided by 17 of (1984-2000),
Migrants ...........................
i.e. the years included 119
in the La Repubblica
Barry Halliday corpus, and then multiplied by 26 (1984-2009), i.e. the years
included in the La Repubblica archive, the result is about 580,000,000.

Monza/Italy
3.4a The
with rawHuman
frequencyRights aboveApproach
5,801........................................................
(above 100 per million words), i.e. 58
the3.5
most frequent,......................................................................................
Conclusion are assigned four dots , e.g. no global. 59
In the case of polysemous or homonymic false Anglicisms,
Bibliography
frequency .........................................................................................
considerations are provided for each single meaning, 60 by
checking all occurrences manually in both the corpus and the archive.
Reflections
3.4.8 on Recent Migration Policies
Usage Domain
Usage
Lauralabels are assigned to each lemma according to the domain in
Zanfrini
which each false Anglicism is likely to be used.16 Although based on
the4.1 Restrictivejudgment,
compilers Policies and
theStructural
indicationDemand
of theforusage
Immigrant
domain Labour .. 65
is meant
to be
4.2 of help tofor
Initiatives theGoverning
user andFamily
possibly
and provide
Humanitarian significant statistical
data on domainLabour
Migration: distribution (Grlach
Migration 1999: 154).
but not Workers The number
Migration of
............. 73
domains is limited to 16 labels, which are explained in detail in Tab.
4. If more semantic fields can be assigned to a false Anglicism, a
4.4 SelectiveofPolicies
combination usageand the Brain
labels Drain............................................
is indicated, e.g. skibus. If a false 87
Anglicism
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90is
is used with a general meaning, no usage domain
specified, e.g. relax.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
abbreviation Italian English
abb.
5. Colombia: abbigliamento
Including Emigrants e moda clothing
in Their Societies of and fashion
Origin ....... 101
Ursalim.
Watter alimentazione food
arch. architettura e arredamento architecture and furniture
bev. bevande drinks
cin. cinema e televisione cinema and television
5.2cosm.
Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
cosmesi e bellezza cosmetics and beauty 104
5.3crim. criminalit
Migration Policy and crime
Ethics ......................................................... 106
econ. economia e finanza economics and finance
gioc. giochi games
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
16
The semantic fields in which false Anglicisms occur are heterogeneous and tend
5.7 Challenges
to coincide with the ....................................................................................
usage domains of real Anglicisms (Caretti 1951a, 1951b, 1954, 114
Rando 1973a, Fiori 1990, Gianni 1994, Perotto 2001, 2010, Pulcini 2008a). As
Bibliography
Filipovi .......................................................................................
(1985: 253, 254) argues: [] most of those using pseudoanglicisms116 are
young people interested in entertainment of various types: sports, popular music,
Working
film, Together
TV, etc. for the Well-being
[] Pseudoanglicisms are of Migrants
used in the ...........................
vocabulary of political 119
journalists and other commentators. International jargon is sometimes responsible
Barry Halliday
for the use of pseudoanglicisms..

Monza/Italy
3.4mus.
musica e ballo ........................................................
music and dance 58
3.5prof. professioni e lavoro professions and job
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
ses. sesso sex
Bibliography
sport .........................................................................................
sport sport 60
tecn. tecnologia technology
trasp. trasporti transports
andtur. turismo
Non-policies in Italye and
viaggiEurope ...........................................
tourism and travel 61
Laura Zanfrini
Table 4. Usage Domains
3.4.9
4.2Definition
Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration:
The types of Labour
definitionsMigration but not Workers
provided both Migration intensional.............and
73
extensional (Geeraerts
4.3 From Guest Workers2003: 89) areGuests
to Unwelcome intended as definitions that
.................................. 82
communicate (Ayto 1983: 98), that is a balanced mixture of
4.4 Selective
linguistic Policies and thefeatures.
and extralinguistic Brain Drain............................................
17 87
Definitions,
4.5 written in
Equal Opportunity andItalian
Deniedand collocated................................
Opportunities in a new paragraph, 90
were made up from scratch. Definitions in English are not provided
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
since the target audience of the dictionary is mainly Italian and the
English speaker consulting the dictionary is expected to have
adequate knowledge of the Italian language.
Urs Watter
In the case of homonymic false Anglicisms false Anglicisms
with5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
etymologically unrelated meanings, e.g. spot as spot
towards their
advertisement andCitizens
spot asLiving Abroad...........................................
spotlight the different definitions102 for
18
each5.2homonym are identified
Applied Ethics by a number written in bold, e.g. 1. 104
.............................................................................. In
the case of polysemous false Anglicisms false Anglicisms with
5.3 Migration related
etymologically Policy and Ethics .........................................................
meanings, e.g. jolly the different definitions 106
for5.4
each meaning
Migration are identified
Policy in Colombia by......................................................
a letter written in small bold print, 108
e.g. a, and arranged according to their usage frequency, i.e. putting
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
17
5.6 Alianza
Hartmann Pas7)
(1983a: ..................................................................................
argues that [l]exemes [] can be described and explained 112
only by reference to the context in which they are used. For the same reason, it is not
5.7 Challenges
always possible to ....................................................................................
draw a clear dividing line between the dictionary and114 the
encyclopaedia.. However, a dictionary of false Anglicisms is not intended as a mere
Bibliography
alphabetical .......................................................................................
encyclopedia (Bjoint 2000: 26). 116
18
The meaning of polysemous false Anglicisms was disambiguated manually since,
Working
as Together
Zgusta (2003: for the
79) points out:Well-being
[] semantic of Migrants
effects which ...........................
are unsupported 119
by
nonambiguous distinctions in the linguistic form cannot be resolved by the
Barry Halliday
computer..

Monza/Italy
the3.4 Thefrequently
most Human Rights usedApproach
senses first ........................................................
(Kipfer 2003: 182). In the case 58
of 3.5
entries which
Conclusion comprise homonymic false Anglicisms with
...................................................................................... 59
multiple meanings, e.g. box, the different definitions are identified by
Bibliographyof
a combination .........................................................................................
a number and a letter, e.g. 1a (Furiassi 2006a). 60
4. The Collocation
3.4.10 Ethics of Migration.
Forand
some false Anglicisms,
Non-policies in Italytypical collocations
and Europe are included in italics
........................................... 61
after the example,
Laura Zanfrini e.g. fare footing, and preceded by coll., i.e.
collocazione (collocation).
3.4.11 Italian Synonym
ItalianMigration:
synonymsLabour
of false Migration
Anglicismsbut not wereWorkers added Migration
to each .............
entry73in
order to show
4.3 From whether tofalse
Guest Workers Unwelcome Anglicisms could be effectively
Guests .................................. 82
substituted by Italian domestic competitors (Laviosa 2006: 270).
Italian synonyms of false Anglicisms, if available, are preceded by
the4.5abbreviation sin.,andi.e.
Equal Opportunity sinonimo
Denied (synonym).
Opportunities At times, the
................................ 90
synonym of a false Anglicism, e.g. footing, is a real Anglicism used
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
in Italian, e.g. jogging. Whenever multiple synonyms are available,
they are all Including
5. Colombia: included Emigrants
and separated in Their by Societies
a comma. If no.......
of Origin Italian
101
synonym exists,
Urs Watter sin. is followed by the empty-set symbol .
5.1 State
3.4.12 Interest
English and Responsibility
Translation Equivalent
The translation of false Anglicisms into English is of utmost
5.2 AppliedinEthics
importance ..............................................................................
compiling the dictionary. English equivalents,104if
traceable, are Policy
5.3 Migration mostlyandtaken from bilingual dictionaries.19 106
Ethics ......................................................... The
appropriate English translation equivalent, listed after the Italian
5.4 Migration
synonym Policy in Colombia
and preceded by the ......................................................
abbreviation tr., i.e. traduzione 108
(translation), is shown
5.5 Colombia nos unein italics on a separate line. If the English
...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
19
Bressan (2006: 316) indeed complains about [] la creazione di forme ambigue,
5.7 Challenges
a volte ....................................................................................
irriconoscibili, in pseudo-inglese, che richiedono sovente una doppia 114
traduzione (dal pseudo-inglese allitaliano e dallitaliano allinglese autentico).. Tr.
[]Bibliography
the creation.......................................................................................
of ambiguous pseudo-English forms, which are at times 116
unrecognizable and often require a double translation (from pseudo-English to
Working
Italian and Together
from Italianfortothe realWell-being
English).. of In Migrants
addition, as ...........................
Svensn (1993: 119 153)
argues:
BarryEquivalents
Halliday in the target language are often lacking when words and
expressions in the source language denote culture-specific concepts []..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

translation RightsisApproach
equivalent a trademark, the symbol follows 58
........................................................ the

translation, e.g. K-Way and Windbreaker . At times, real Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
used in Italian are indicated as translation equivalents of false
Bibliography
Anglicisms, e.g..........................................................................................
personal computer or PC for personal. In some cases 60
there is more than one plausible option, as for the false Anglicism
4. The which
mister Ethics of Migration. to coach or trainer in English. Whenever
corresponds
Reflections on
multiple translation Recent Migration
equivalents are Policies
available, they are all included and
separated by a comma. If no authentic English equivalent can be
Laura Zanfrini
traced, tr. is followed by the empty-set symbol .
3.4.13 Cross Reference
If a false Anglicism
Migration: Labourhas givenbut
Migration rise
notor is semantically
Workers related 73to
Migration .............
another false Anglicism included in the dictionary, e.g. beauty and
beauty case, smoking and tight, an arrow followed by the related
4.4in
entry Selective Policies
bold type andused,
will be the Brain beauty case.
e.g. Drain............................................ 87
3.4.14 Example
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Lexicographers recommend that dictionary entries should be
20
accompanied by examples
5. Colombia: Including takeninfrom
Emigrants Their real instances
Societies of .......
of Origin usage. 101
Grlach indeed argues that:
Urs Watter
[] all good
5.1 State dictionaries
Interest include quotations to illustrate usage, if
and Responsibility
possible withtheir
towards some sourcesLiving
Citizens and data given.
Abroad (Grlach 1999: 154)
........................................... 102
5.2 Applied
In addition, Ethics ..............................................................................
Shermann states that: 104
[] computer-retrieved citations can fill important gaps in our
knowledge of Policy
5.4 Migration the complete semantic
in Colombia range of lexical items [].
...................................................... 108
(Shermann 1979: 142)
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
Examples
5.6 Alianza quoted in the dictionary are taken from the newspaper
Pas .................................................................................. 112
corpora/archives analyzed. The example, written in a separate
5.7 Challenges
independent ....................................................................................
paragraph collocated at the bottom of each entry, is written 114
in Bibliography
smaller print; the source newspaper and the date of attestation,
....................................................................................... 116

20
As Bjoint
Barry (1994: 219, 220) states: If word meanings can be described only in
Halliday
context, the definitions should indicate the typical contexts..

Monza/Italy
3.4 The between

indicated Human Rights
roundApproach
brackets,........................................................
follow the example, e.g. (CS 58 24
gennaio 2004). The false Anglicism within the example is italicized.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
3.5 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols
Acronyms, abbreviations,
Reflections and symbols
on Recent Migration used to describe the different
Policies
microstructural
and Non-policies in Italy and Europebelow
features are summarized in Tab. 5.
........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
acronym,
abbreviation,
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structuraldescription
Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
symbol
4.2Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
signals that a false Anglicism has given rise or is semantically
Migration: Labour
related Migration
to another but not Workers
false Anglicism included inMigration ............. 73
the dictionary
4.3() includes
From Guest spelling
Workers tovariants
Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
, separates alternative spellings, pronunciations, plurals,
4.4 Selectivecollocations,
Policies and the synonyms,
Italian Brain Drain............................................
and English translation equivalents 87
4.5[] includes IPAand

Equal Opportunity phonetic
Deniedtranscription
Opportunities ................................ 90
signals the least frequent false Anglicisms
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 97
signals frequent false Anglicisms
signals very frequent false Anglicisms

Urs Watter signals the most frequent false Anglicisms
1 indicates one of the meanings of a homonymic false Anglicism
5.1AState Interest
standsand Responsibilityi.e. clipping (C)
for accorciamento,
a indicates one of the meanings of a polysemous false Anglicism
5.2abb.
Applied stands
Ethicsfor
..............................................................................
abbigliamento e moda, i.e. clothing and fashion 104
alim.
5.3 stands
Migration for alimentazione,
Policy i.e. food
and Ethics ......................................................... 106
arch. stands for architettura e arredamento, i.e. architecture and
furniture
5.5bev. stands for bevande, i.e. drinks

Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
CA stands for composto autonomo, i.e. autonomous compound (AC)
5.6cin.
Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
stands for cinema e televisione, i.e. cinema and television
5.7 Challenges
cosm. ....................................................................................
stands for cosmesi e bellezza, i.e. cosmetics and beauty 114
crim. stands for criminalit, i.e. crime
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
CS stands for Corriere della Sera as the source newspaper of the
example
DA stands for derivato autonomo, i.e. autonomous derivative (AD)
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4 EThe Human Rights

stands Approach
for eponimo, ........................................................
i.e. eponym (E) 58
3.5EC stands for ellissi di composto, i.e. compound ellipsis (CE)
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
econ. stands for economia e finanza, i.e. economics and finance
Bibliography
f. .........................................................................................
signals feminine gender 60
fr. indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by French, i.e. francese
gioc. stands for giochi, i.e. games
inv.Non-policies
and signals invariant plural
in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
LR Zanfrini
Laura stands for La Repubblica as the source newspaper of the example
LS stands for La Stampa as the source newspaper of the example
m. signals masculine gender
4.2m./f.
signals both masculineFamily and Humanitarian
and feminine gender
Migration:
-men Labour Migration but not Workers Migration
signals that the suffix -men may be added to form ............. 73
the plural
4.3MG stands
From Guest for marchio
Workers generico, i.e.Guests
to Unwelcome generic ..................................
trademark (GT) 82
mus. stands for musica e ballo, i.e. music and dance
signals that a false Anglicism has no Italian synonym and/or no
English translation
4.5 Equal Opportunity equivalent
and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
ol. indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by Dutch, i.e. olandese
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
prof. stands for professioni e lavoro, i.e. professions and job

signals an Italian registered trademark
Urs-sWatter signals that the suffix -s may be added to form the plural
ses. stands for sesso, i.e. sex
sp. indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by Spanish, i.e.
spagnolo
sport
5.2 Applied stands
Ethicsfor sport, i.e. sport
.............................................................................. 104
SS stands for slittamento semantico, i.e. semantic shift (SS)
sved. indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by Swedish, i.e.
svedese
T stands for toponimo, i.e. toponym (T)
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
tecn. stands for tecnologia, i.e. technology
5.6ted.
Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by German, i.e. 112
tedesco
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
trasp. stands for trasporti, i.e. transports
Bibliography
tur. .......................................................................................
stands for turismo e viaggi, i.e. tourism and travel 116

signals an American or British registered trademark
Barry
Table Halliday Abbreviations, and Symbols
5. Acronyms,

Monza/Italy

Dictionary
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura Zanfrini
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday
DFAI 137

The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica A
appassionati in Francia. (CS 22
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
ottobre 2003)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
adventure man (adventure-man)
4. The Ethics of Migration. [advntur mn, advntr mn]
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies n. m. inv./-men CA 1985
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe amante di vacanze avventurose
........................................... 61
account [akkaunt] n. m./f. inv.
Laura Zanfrini specialmente in luoghi lontani e
difficilmente raggiungibili
EC: account executive 1984
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand sin. for Immigrant Labour .. 65
prof.
solitamente allinterno di unagenzia
tr. adventure lover
di pubblicit, persona
Migration: che siMigration
Labour occupa but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Certo, non basta il mezzo o
di trovare i clienti e di gestire i fondi
laccessorio per trasformarsi in
4.3campagna
di una From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeadventure-man.
pubblicitaria Guests ..................................
(LR 3 maggio 1985)
82
sin.
4.4 Selective
tr. account Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
executive
after dinner (after-dinner,
Se un tempo i protagonisti erano oscuri afterdinner) [afterdin(n)er] n. m.
artigiani, oppure .........................................................................................
Bibliography artisti prestati inv. EC: after-dinner party 1985 97
temporaneamente al messaggio festa che si tiene dopo cena
promozionale, nel nuovo corso essi sin. dopocena
sono i manager delle agenzie, i creativi, tr. after-dinner party
Urs Watter
gli account. (LR 19 ottobre 1994)
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility La memoria di quei dolci che col
adventure [advntur,
towards advntr]
their Citizens tempo
Living Abroad erano diventati i massimi
........................................... 102
n. m. inv./-s EC: action adventure, nemici della sua salute, gli sugger,
5.2 Applied
adventure game,Ethics
arcade..............................................................................
adventure per festeggiare nel 1998 i ventanni 104
di esemplare e fortunato lavoro, un
1985
5.3 gioc.
Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
after dinner, pi semplicemente
tipo di videogioco davventura,
un dopo cena, per mille invitati, di
5.4 Migration
caratterizzato Policynarrativa
da trama in Colombia e ...................................................... 108
soli budini e torte e sorbetti e bign e
personaggi, con azione, esplorazione
5.5 Colombia ogni sorta di leccornie, esposti109
nos une...................................................................... alle
ed enigmi da risolvere
pareti come gioielli, con lapoteosi
sin.5.6
Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
finale di una torta di sei metri 112di
tr. action adventure, adventure diametro e alta molto di pi. (LR 18
5.7 arcade
game, Challenges ....................................................................................
adventure giugno 2007) 114
La Bibliography .......................................................................................
trama, vera forza del videogioco afterhour (after hour, after-hour)
116
quasi un film interattivo pi che un
vero adventure
Working , ha for
Together le sue Well-being of[afterawar]
the radici Migrants n./agg. m. inv./-s 119
...........................
nellomonimo
Barry Hallidayfumetto che da
qualche anno conta sempre pi

Monza/Italy
3.4 after-hours
a EC: The Humanparty
Rights
1989Approach
........................................................
una specie di aftershow improvvisato 58
(riferito a) festa con musica e droga nella piazza, immediatamente dopo
che3.5 Conclusion
inizia allalba e ......................................................................................
si protrae fino al la fine della diretta alle 15. (LR59 22
mattino e a volte anche per intere settembre 2005)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
giornate
sin. after tea (after-tea) [afterti] n.
4. The
tr. Ethics of
after-hours Migration.
party, rave, rave m. inv. EC: after-tea party 1996
party festa organizzata solitamente in
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ...........................................
discoteca che inizia nel tardo 61
A Laura
mattinaZanfrini
inoltrata i migranti pomeriggio
dellafterhour, ormai in pista da 15 ore, sin.
4.1 Restrictive
addentano Policies
cornetti caldi, and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
strabuzzano tr.
come gli occhi nella luce e poi,
creature della notte, savviano verso il
mare. (LRMigration: Labour Migration but notSapete
2 agosto 1997) Workersche cos un after
Migration tea? 73
............. una
festa fuori orario, che comincia alle
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecinque Guestsdella..................................
domenica sera e 82 va
b EC: after-hours club 1996 avanti fino a notte inoltrata. (LR 24
4.4 Selective
(riferito a) luogo Policies
di svago and
che the
apreBrain Drain............................................
marzo 1997) 87
allalba quando le normali discoteche
4.5 Equal
solitamente Opportunity
chiudono and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
per prolungare
il divertimento notturno ambient [mbjent, ambjent]
Bibliography .........................................................................................
sin. n./agg. f. inv. EC: ambient music 97
tr. after-hours club 1995 mus.
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies
(riferito a) tipo diofmusica
Origin ....... 101
caratterizzato
Urs Watter
Un ritrovo che assomiglia quasi a un da ritmi naturali, particolarmente adatti
after hour, si balla infatti da a creare unatmosfera rilassante
mezzanotte alle dieci di mattina. (CS sin. musica dambiente
towards
14 agosto 2003) their Citizens Living Abroad
tr............................................
ambient music 102
chill out
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
after show (after-show, aftershow)
[aftero, after, Policy
5.3 Migration afterou]
andn.Ethics Atmosfere rilassate, luci diffuse,
m. ......................................................... 106
musica ambient, colori tenui e
inv.5.4
EC:Migration
after-showPolicy
party 1999
in Colombia ......................................................
movimenti pacati accolgono il cliente, 108
festa che si tiene dopo uno spettacolo proiettandolo immediatamente in un
5.5 Colombia
teatrale, nos uneo......................................................................
un concerto una clima di benessere. (CS 14 agosto 109
manifestazione a cui partecipano 2003)
5.6 Alianza
anche Pasi ..................................................................................
gli attori, cantanti o i 112
protagonisti dellevento
antiage (anti-age, anti 114
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... age)
sin. dopospettacolo
tr. after-show party [antieid] n./agg. m./f. inv. A:
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
anti-aging 2000 cosm.
Opinioni e chiacchiere da ventenni, (riferito a) crema o trattamento
Working Together for the Well-being ofcosmetico
Migrantsche
...........................
attenua le rughe 119e
spesso pi maturi di quello che si
Barry Halliday
pensi, che ieri sono circolate durante

Monza/Italy
DFAI 139
3.4 The Human

ringiovanisce la pelleRights
del visoApproach
e del ........................................................
aquagym (aqua-gym, aqua 58
corpo
gym) [akkwadim] n. f. inv. CA
sin.3.5 Conclusion
anti-et, ......................................................................................
antiet 59
tr. anti-ageing 1996 sport
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tipo di ginnastica aerobica che si
Il vero business, in un Paese a pratica a tempo di musica immersi in
4. The zero,
crescita Ethics of Migration.
riguarda i prodotti anti- una piscina fino alla vita e con le
age.Reflections
(LR 18 aprileon braccia fuori dallacqua
Recent Migration Policies
2006)
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe sin............................................
ginnastica acquatica 61
antidoping
Laura Zanfrini(anti doping, anti- tr. aqua aerobics, aquarobics,

Aquacise , Aquafit
doping) [antidpin(g)]
4.1 Restrictive n. and
Policies m. inv.
EC: anti-doping test 1962 Torna laquagym, perfetta per
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andrecuperare
sport Humanitarian il peso giusto dopo gli
Migration:
analisi clinica Labour sottoposti
a cui vengono Migration but noteccessi
Workers Migration
alimentari delle .............
feste. (CS73 11
atleti o animali per verificare la gennaio 2006)
4.3 From
presenza Guest Workers
nellorganismo to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
di sostanze
stupefacenti o psicofarmaci che aquapark (aqua park, aqua-
possono migliorare le prestazioni
durante
park) [akkwapark] n. m. inv. CA
4.5 gare
Equalsportive
sin. 1997
Bibliography
tr. anti-doping parco di divertimenti acquatico, 97
.........................................................................................
test, anti-dope test, con
piscine, scivoli, onde artificiali,
dope test, drugs test, drug test
servizi di ristorazione e attivit
ricreative
Unaltra decisione importante: dal
Urs Watter
prossimo anno sar introdotto sin. parco acquatico
5.1 State Interest
lantidoping and Responsibility
nei tornei. (LR 8 tr. waterpark, Waterworld
novembre 1985) their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
towards
Dopodich inizier la seconda fase
5.2 Applied Ethics delloperazione, che prevede104
.............................................................................. un
antismog (anti-smog, anti smog) albergo da 90 miliardi di lire, un
[antizmg] agg. Policy
5.3 Migration m./f. andinv. Ethics
CA .........................................................
aquapark da 70 e un immenso 106
1984 trasp. parcheggio sotterraneo. (LR 10
5.4 aMigration
riferito dispositivi,Policy in Colombia
provvedimenti e ......................................................
maggio 1997) 108
decreti che riguardano
5.5 Colombia nosilune
controllo e
...................................................................... 109
la difesa dagli effetti nocivi aquascooter (aqua scooter,
dellinquinamento
5.6 Alianza Pasdellaria nelle
..................................................................................
aqua-scooter) [akkwaskuter]112n.
zone urbane
sin.5.7 m. inv./-s CA 1992 trasp. 114
Challenges ....................................................................................
antinquinamento
moto dacqua
tr. anti-pollution
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
sin. moto dacqua
Il primo appuntamento delle giornate tr. jet ski
Workingcoinvolger
antismog Together 70forcomuni
the Well-being
in of Migrants ........................... 119
tuttaBarry
Italia.Halliday
(CS 19 settembre 2003) Gli aquascooter dovranno rispettare
tutte le norme della navigazione

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
previste per Human
ogni altraRights
barca. (LRApproach
28 ........................................................
a CA 1908 sport 58
luglio 1994) specialmente nel calcio, punto a favore
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
della squadra avversaria segnato 59
assist man (assistman,
Bibliography assist-man) mandando il pallone nella propria
......................................................................................... rete
60
[assistmn, assistmn] n. m. inv./ involontariamente
coll. fare un autogoal, mettere a
-men
4. TheCAEthics
1992 of sport
Migration. segno un autogoal, realizzare un
in diverse discipline
Reflections onsportive
Recenta squadre,
Migration Policies
giocatore che effettua il passaggio che autogoal, segnare un autogoal,
subire un autogoal 61
permette a un compagno di segnare un
Laura
punto Zanfrini sin. autogol, autorete
sin.4.1 tr. ownfor
Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand goal Immigrant Labour .. 65
tr.
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andAlla mezzora salvataggio alla
Humanitarian
Migration:
Lex giocatore dellaLabour si but not WorkersdiMigration
Migration
Sampdoria disperata Moiso su cross 73di
.............
trasformato in un valido assistman per Tomatis, che sfiora lautogoal. (LS
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome
Batistuta e lesito di questo esperimento 11Guests
aprile 1996)
.................................. 82
piaciuto particolarmente al tecnico.
(LR4.4 Selective
3 settembre Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
2000) b CA 1935 87
gesto intenzionalmente buono che si
ritorce dannosamente contro chi lha
autocaravan (auto caravan,
compiuto
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
auto-caravan) [autokaravan] n. coll. fare un autogoal, mettere a
m./f. inv. CA 1974 trasp. segno un autogoal, realizzare un
5. Colombia:
veicolo Including
di grandi Emigrants in Their
dimensioni Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
autogoal, segnare un autogoal,
attrezzato ad abitazione e solitamente
subire un autogoal
usato per trascorrere le vacanze
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility sin. autogol, autorete, gaffe
sin. camper
towards their Citizens tr............................................
Living Abroad blunder, fumble, gaffe 102
tr. camper, camper van, motor
caravan, motorhome,
5.2 Applied Ethics recreational
..............................................................................
Se il governo mantiene pi 104 alta
vehicle, RV linflazione programmata, rischia di
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics .........................................................
fare autogoal. (LR 5 gennaio 1994) 106
Disegnare un camper, anzi un
5.4 Migration
autocaravan Policy
(un mezzo cioin con
Colombia
una ......................................................

108
struttura propria chenos
si sposa con il Autogrill (autogrill) [autogril]
5.5 Colombia une......................................................................
n. m. inv. MG 1963 tur. 109
telaio cabinato di un veicolo
commerciale)
5.6 Alianza Pas struttura, solitamente collocata lungo
per..................................................................................
Giugiaro un 112
lavoro appassionante quasi come lautostrada, dotata di servizi,
5.7 Challenges
disegnare un nuovo ....................................................................................
modello di ristorante e distributore di benzina 114
automobile. (LR 2 febbraio 1985) sin. area di servizio
Bibliography .......................................................................................
tr. motorway restaurant, motorway 116
autogoal (auto goal, auto-goal) service station
[autogl, autogol] n. m. inv.
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
DFAI 141
Ora3.4 vogliono
The Humanraggiungere
Rights Approach un ........................................................ 58
autogrill per telefonare a casa. (LR 4
3.51985)
aprile Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
autoreverse (auto reverse, auto-
reverse) [autorevrs,
4. The Ethics autorivrs]
of Migration.
n./agg. m. inv. CA 1992
Reflections on Recent tecn.
Migration Policies
(riferito a) dispositivo che permette
di cambiare automaticamente il lato
dellaLaura Zanfrini
cassetta senza estrarla da
registratori o riproduttori
4.1 Restrictive audio
Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
sin.
tr. playback
Lautoreverse fa parte integrante del
4.3 From
nuovo Guest
standard, perWorkers
cui nontosar Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
necessario girare la cassetta a met
4.4 Selective
ascolto: Policies
giunto alla fine, and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
il nastro
inverte la direzione di marcia,
permettendo fino a due ore di ascolto
ininterrotto. (LS 13.........................................................................................
Bibliography maggio 1992) 97
autostop (auto
5. Colombia: stop, auto-stop)
[autostp] n. m. inv. CA 1951 fr.
Urs Watter
tur.
5.1 State
richiesta di unInterest and gratuito
passaggio Responsibility
a
veicoli towards
in transitotheir Citizens
effettuata Living Abroad ........................................... 102
da parte
di una persona che viaggia a piedi
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
coll. fare lautostop
sin.5.3
tr. hitch hiking, hitch-hiking,
hitchhiking
Dormivano di giorno,
5.5 Colombia nos une la......................................................................
sera 109
giravano in autostop. (LS 29 giugno
2003)
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
B
3.4 The Human Rights Approach ........................................................
baby box (baby-box) [bbibks, 58
bebibks] n. m./f. inv. CA 2007
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
arch.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
culla riscaldata collocata in una
struttura protetta presso ospedali o
4. The Ethics of Migration. centri sociali, dove le madri
intenzionate ad abbandonare i neonati,
lo possano
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe fare in modo anonimo e61in
...........................................
Laura Zanfrini modo che questi vengano subito
baby [bbi, bebi, beibi] n. m./f. assistiti
inv.4.1
SSRestrictive
1987 sport sin. ruota
Policies and Structural Demand degli innocenti,
for Immigrant Labourruota.. 65
impianto di risalita o pista di livello salva-bimbi
4.2 Initiatives
elementare for Governing
particolarmente Family andtr.Humanitarian
indicati per foundling wheel, revolving crib,
sciatori Migration: Labour Migration
principianti, specialmente i pi but notsafe
Workers
havens Migration ............. 73
piccoli
sin.4.3
Stefano, il primo bimbo depositato
tr. 4.4
beginners
Selectiveski-lift,
Policiesski-lift
and theforBrain Drain............................................
nella baby box, sabato sera, qui87 da
beginners qualche parte e sta benissimo. (CS
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
26 febbraio................................
2007) 90
Da domani nella Via Lattea sar
Bibliography
possibile .........................................................................................
sciare lungo alcune piste 97
baby business (baby-business)
teatro di numerose gare internazionali e
5. Colombia:
nei campi scuola Including Emigrants
serviti dai baby. (LR
[bbibiznes,
in Their Societies of bebibiznes]
Origin .......n.101 m.
2 dicembre 2005)
Urs Watter inv. CA 1991 econ.
produzione e commercio di prodotti
baby5.1 boss
State (baby-boss, Responsibility specifici per bambini e adolescenti
Interest andbabyboss)
towards theirn.Citizens sin.
[bbibs, bebibs] m. inv.Living
CA Abroad ........................................... 102
tr.
1991
5.2 crim.
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
capobanda di gruppi di adolescenti che Bambini di lusso, bambini sexy,
5.3 Migration
commettono Policy and Ethics .........................................................
reati di microcriminalit bambini spot: il baby business, 106
sin. rilanciato da mass media ed editoria.
tr. juvenile gang leader, teenage (LR 14 dicembre 1991)
gang5.5leader
Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
baby dance (baby-dance)
Le 5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
specializzazioni dei baby-boss 112
[bbidns, bebidns] n. f. inv.
erano diverse: furti, rapine, incendi,
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
intimidazioni oltre al traffico di CA 1995 mus. 114
marijuana, forse lattivit pi fiorente. attivit dintrattenimento per bambini,
Bibliography .......................................................................................
organizzata per feste, eventi pubblici 116e
(LR 8 febbraio 2000)
nei villaggi turistici, che si svolge a
Working Together for the Well-being ofritmo Migrants
di musica ...........................
e sotto la supervisione 119
Barry Halliday di animatori

Monza/Italy
DFAI 143
sin.3.4 The Human

discoteca Rights Approach ........................................................
per bambini coetanei, costretti con le minacce 58a
tr. baby disco, baby discotheque, consegnare paghette e risparmi. (LR
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
29 agosto 1996) 59
childrens disco
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Danze latine, teatrini, baby dance, baby killer (baby-killer, babykiller)
spettacoli di artisti di strada, giochi a
4. The Ethics of Migration. [bbikiller, bebikiller] n. m./f. inv./-s
squadre e musica andranno avanti
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies CA 1985 crim.
per tutta la mattinata nei parchi
adolescente che commette un omicidio
and Non-policies
prescelti. (LR 3 novembre in Italy and Europe
2007) ........................................... 61
sin. assassino minorenne, omicida
Laura Zanfrini
minorenne
baby doll (babydoll, baby-doll)
tr. juvenile
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand killer, juvenile
for Immigrant murderer,
Labour .. 65
[bbidl, bebidl] n. m. inv. EC: underage killer
4.2 Initiatives
babydoll for1963
nightdress Governing
abb.Family and Humanitarian
Migration:
indumento Labourfemminile
intimo Migration but notCos
Workers Migration
laltra sera, quando............. 73
i carabinieri
costituito da camiciola corta e si sono visti sgusciare dalle mani
4.3 From
mutandine Guest Workers to Unwelcomequesto
coordinate Guestsragazzo,
..................................
magro, biondino, 82
sin.4.4
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
hanno temuto che fosse lennesimo 87
tr. babydoll nightdress, babydoll babykiller. (LR 21 ottobre 2001)
4.5 Equal
pajamas, Opportunity
babydoll pyjamasand Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
baby park (baby-park, babypark)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Al di l delle divagazioni letterarie il [bbipark, bebipark] n. m. inv. CA
baby doll di nuovo sulla cresta
5. Colombia:
dellonda perchIncluding
simboleggia Emigrantsun 1997Societies
in Their arch. of Origin ....... 101
ritorno alla freschezza e a una area attrezzata con giochi di vario
Urs Watter genere, solitamente situata presso
pseudoinnocenza che pu fare di una
5.1 State
teenager Interest laandpi
bambolina Responsibility
scaltra luoghi di lavoro, villeggi turistici e
delle sex symbol. (LR 20 novembre centri commerciali, nella quale i
genitori, prima di dedicarsi ad altre
2006)
attivit, possono affidare i propri
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
figli a personale specializzato
baby
5.3gang (baby-gang,
Migration Policybabygang)
and Ethics .........................................................
sin. 106
[bbigng, bbigang, bebigng, tr. crche, nursery
bebigang] n. f. inv. CA 1989 baby parking
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
crim.
banda di minorenni che commette stato inaugurato ieri pomeriggio a
5.6 Alianza
azioni Pas ..................................................................................
di teppismo e reati di Villa Borghese il baby park estivo, 112
microcriminalit punto di riferimento per tutti i
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
bambini della capitale che 114
vorranno
sin.
passare le calde giornate estive
Bibliography
tr. juvenile gang,.......................................................................................
teenage gang 116
allinsegna del divertimento. (LR 27
giugno 2004)
IWorking
componenti della for
Together baby gang
the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
durante la primavera avevano pi
Barry Halliday
volte preso di mira alcuni loro

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
baby Human(baby-parking)
parking Rights Approach ........................................................
problemi tecnici, latmosfera, 58le
emozioni e i pettegolezzi
[bbiparkin(g),
3.5 Conclusionbebiparkin(g)] n.
...................................................................................... 59
sin. dietro le quinte
m. inv. CA 1995 arch. tr. making of
areaBibliography .........................................................................................
attrezzata con giochi di vario 60
genere, solitamente situata presso A raccontare i segreti del set sono i
4. ThediEthics
luoghi lavoro,ofvilleggi
Migration.
turistici e backstage, ovvero piccoli film nel
centri commerciali,
Reflections nella quale
on Recent i
Migration Policies
film dedicati al lavoro dietro le
genitori, prima di dedicarsi ad altre
quinte. (LR 14 luglio 2001) 61
attivit, possono affidare i propri
Laura Zanfrini
figli a personale specializzato
sin.4.1 badge [bd, beid] n. m. inv./-s
Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
tr. crche, nursery SS 1984 prof. tecn.
park for Governing Family andtessera
4.2 Initiatives
baby magnetica che identifica un
Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers eMigration
dipendente permette .............
di segnalare 73
Allinterno della manifestazione lorario di entrata e uscita dal luogo
anche4.3 presente
From Guest Workers
un baby to Unwelcome
parking e diGuests
lavoro .................................. 82
tutta4.4
una serie di Policies
strutture and
di gioco coll. passare il badge, strisciare il
Selective the Brain Drain............................................
badge, timbrare il badge, vidimare 87
riservate ai bambini. (LR 19
dicembre il badge ................................ 90
2001)Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
4.5 Equal
sin. cartellino (magnetico), tessera
Bibliography
baby pusher.........................................................................................
(baby-pusher) (magnetica) 97
[bbipuer, bebipuer] n. m./f. tr. clock-in card, time card
inv. CA 1987 crim. Dal foglio presenze gli uomini radar
Urs Watter
adolescente dedito allo spaccio di
indagati risultavano davanti alla
stupefacenti
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility consolle: vidimavano sempre il
sin. baby spacciatore, spacciatore badge di servizio. (LR 1 giugno
minorenne 2000)
tr. 5.2
juvenile drug
Applied dealer,
Ethics teenage
.............................................................................. 104
drug dealer, underage drug
Barbie (barbie) [barbi] n.
dealer 106f.
inv. MG 1988
ragazza molto curata nellaspetto 108
Il baby-pusher finisce in carcere.
fisico che riflette lo stereotipo della
(LR5.5
10 Colombia
ottobre 1987)nos une...................................................................... 109
donna attraente ma artefatta
5.6 Alianza sin. bambola, pupa
Pas .................................................................................. 112
backstage (back stage, back-
tr. Barbie doll, Barbie girl
stage) bksteid] n.
[bksteid,....................................................................................
5.7 Challenges 114
m. inv. SS 1995 cin. Emma, la barbie del gruppo, aveva
Bibliography .......................................................................................
documentario relativo alla preparazione cercato di rispondere alla provocazione 116
di un film, di un evento mondano, di apparendo da sola su un paio di
Working
uno Together
spettacolo fornethe
teatrale, che Well-being
illustra i ofperiodici
Migrants meno...........................
prestigiosi. (LR 1 giugno 119
Barry Halliday 1998)

Monza/Italy
DFAI 145
3.4 The Human

barwoman (bar Rights
woman,Approach
bar- ........................................................
beach basket [bitbasket] 58n.
woman) [barwman,
3.5 Conclusion barvuman] m./f. inv. EC: Beach Basketball
......................................................................................

59
n. f. inv./-men CA 2004 prof. 1990 sport
Bibliography
addetta .........................................................................................
alla preparazione di bevande versione modificata 60
della
in bar, ristoranti e discoteche pallacanestro giocata sulla spiaggia o
4. The
sin. Ethics of Migration.
barista su campi di sabbia
tr. barmaid, bartender
Reflections sin. pallacanestro da spiaggia
on Recent Migration Policies
tr. beach
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe basketball
........................................... 61
Studia Scienze delle
Laura Zanfrini Comunicazioni basket, beach volley
e nel week end lavora come bar
woman. (LR 23 gennaio
4.1 Restrictive 2004)
Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant
Larea sportiva, separataLabour .. 65a
da muretti
secco, ha il campo da beach volley,
4.2 Initiatives
basket [basket] for
n. Governing
m. inv. EC: Family andbeach
Humanitarian
soccer e beach basket, e fiori,
Migration: Labour Migration but notancora
basketball 1935 sport
Workers
fiori. Migration
(LR 8 luglio.............
2001) 73
disciplina
4.3 Fromsportiva di squadra,
Guest Workers to Unwelcomebeach Guests .................................. 82
ognuna di cinque giocatori, che volley (beach-volley)
4.4 Selective
consiste nel Policies
realizzareand punti
the Brain Drain............................................
[bitvllei] n. m./f. inv. EC: 87
lanciando la palla nel canestro della beach volleyball 1987 sport
4.5 Equal
squadra Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
avversaria versione modificata della pallavolo
sin.Bibliography
pallacanestro.........................................................................................
giocata sulla spiaggia o su campi97di
tr. basketball sabbia
minibasket sin. spiaggiavolo
tr. beach volleyball, sand
OggiUrs
chiWatter
viene qui fa una scelta di volleyball
vita5.1
e trova il posto and
State Interest pi Responsibility
bello per beach basket, minivolley,
giocare a basket. (LR 30 settembre
towards their Citizens Living volley
Abroad ........................................... 102
2003)
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
Per gli uomini del beach-volley, 104
Baywatch (baywatch, bay- sport emergente dellestate, gloria e
5.3 Migration
watch, bay watch)Policy and Ethics
[beiwt] n. .........................................................
quattrini sono arrivati subito. (LR 106
17
m./f.
5.4inv. MG 1999
Migration prof.
Policy luglio 1988)
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
addetto alla sorveglianza dei
5.5 Colombia
bagnanti nos une......................................................................
nelle spiagge beauty [bjuti] n. m. inv. 109 EC:
sin. bagnino, guardaspiaggia beauty case 1987 fr. cosm. 112
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
tr. lifeguard astuccio o valigetta di dimensioni
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
ridotte con appositi scomparti114 per
Il baywatch deve essere seduto su contenere e trasportare prodotti per
unaBibliography .......................................................................................
sedia da avvistamento alta ligiene personale e cosmetici 116
almeno un metro e mezzo e non sin. beauty case, ncessaire,
appollaiato su un moscone.
Working Together for the (LR 12
Well-being oftrousse
Migrants ........................... 119
agosto 2001)
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
tr. 3.4 The Human

cosmetic Rights Approach
bag, cosmetic box, ........................................................
fisica attraverso 58
particolari
cosmetic case, dressing case, infrastrutture e trattamenti
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
sin. beauty center, beauty centre, 59
make-up case, toilet kit, vanity
bag,Bibliography
vanity box, vanity case centro benessere, terme
......................................................................................... 60
beauty case tr. beauty center, beauty centre,
4. The Ethics of Migration. health farm, health spa, spa, spa
Anche i vari pezzi che abbiamo center, spa centre, spa hotel,
trovato sembrano esplosi, come se wellness center, wellness centre
andleNon-policies
dentro valigie, dentro ini Italybeauty, and Europe ........................................... 61
sottoLaura Zanfriniogni cosa fosse
i sedili Ma per contrastare lo stress e
improvvisamene cresciuta di volume. linvecchiamento precoce da
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand
(LR 17 ottobre 1987)
for Immigrant Labour .. 65
superlavoro si fa anche strada la
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andtendenza
Humanitarian delle beauty farm
beautyMigration:
case Labour
(beauty-case) metropolitane che in poche ore
rimettono in sesto il manager, senza
[bjutikeiz, bjutikeis] n. m. inv.
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeper forza..................................
Guests spendere una settimana 82
CA 1960 fr. cosm. lontano dallufficio. (LR 15 giugno
astuccio o valigetta
4.4 Selective di dimensioni
Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
2001) 87
ridotte con appositi scomparti per
4.5 Equal
contenere Opportunity
e trasportare and Denied
prodotti per Opportunities ................................ 90
ligiene personale e cosmetici
beauty hostess [bjuti(h)stes]
sin.Bibliography .........................................................................................
beauty, ncessaire, trousse n. f. inv. CA 1986 cosm. prof.97
tr. cosmetic bag, cosmetic box, rappresentante, dimostratrice o
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in venditrice
Their Societiesdi cosmetici
of Origin a domicilio
....... 101
cosmetic case, dressing case,
Urs Watter sin.
make-up case, toilet kit, vanity
tr. beauty product(s) representative,
bag,5.1
vanity
Statebox, vanity
Interest andcaseResponsibility cosmetics demonstrator
beautytowards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Beauty hostess offrono borsette con
Come5.2 dice il suo
Applied nome,
Ethics il beauty-
..............................................................................
kit di cosmetici naturali. (LS104 19
case fatto per ospitare prodotti di dicembre 1997)
5.3 Migration
bellezza, ma anchePolicy and Ethics
piuttosto usato ......................................................... 106
per portare in viaggio monili dai
5.4non
quali Migration
si intendePolicy in Colombia
separarsi. (LR 4 beep [bip] n. m. inv. SS 1972
...................................................... 108
gennaio 2008) cin.
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
suono elettronico utilizzato per
beauty farm
5.6 Alianza (beauty-farm, sostituire parole volgari o nomi
Pas .................................................................................. 112
propri allinterno di trasmissioni
beautyfarm)
5.7 Challenges [bjutifarm] n. f.
....................................................................................
radiofoniche o 114
televisive
inv./-s CA 1987 fr. cosm. tur. preregistrate
Bibliography
struttura .......................................................................................
alberghiera, solitamente coll. coprire con il beep, mettere 116
associata a un centro termale, il beep
specializzata
Working Togetherin cure for mediche ed
the Well-being ofsin.
Migrants ........................... 119

estetiche per il recupero della forma
Barry Halliday tr. bleep

Monza/Italy
DFAI 147
La 3.4 The fu
scelta Human
quellaRights Approach ........................................................
di mandare Lui era bisex e aveva lAids senza 58
comunque il programma, ma pieno saperlo. (LR 12 marzo 1989)
3.5 Conclusion
di beep. ......................................................................................
(LR 21 novembre 2008) 59
b A: bisexual 1988 abb.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
bermuda [bermuda] n. m. inv. (riferito a) oggetto, specialmente un
indumento, adatto sia alluomo che
A: bermudas
4. The EthicsEC: bermuda shorts
of Migration. alla donna
T: Bermuda 1952 abb. Migration Policies
Reflections on Recent sin. unisex
pantaloncini maschili e femminili
che arrivano al ginocchio, indossati
and Europe ........................................... 61
tr. unisex
comeLaura Zanfrini estivo e sportivo
abbigliamento
o come costume da bagno I giornali femminili, ormai a
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand forbisex,
fruizione Immigrant
fanno Labour
da cassa .. 65di
sin.
risonanza, segnalando i feticci di
tr. bermuda shorts,
4.2 Initiatives forbermudas
Governing Family andturno,
Humanitarian
soprattutto nel campo della
boxer, slip b Labour Migration but notmoda.
Migration: Workers
(LS 26Migration ............. 73
aprile 2008)
4.3 fatto
Si era Fromnotare
Guest perch,
Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
sebbene
facesse gi freddo, indossava solo un
bite [bait] n. m. inv. EC: Bite-
paio di bermuda e una maglietta.
Guard, bite-plate 1996 87
(LR4.5
25 Equal
giugno Opportunity
2004) and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90in
placca di materiale sintetico usata
odontoiatria nella cura di problemi
Bibliography legati al sistema masticatorio e 97
......................................................................................... nei
big [big] n. m./f. inv. EC: big casi in cui si digrignano i denti
gun, big shot 1948 durante il riposo notturno
5. Colombia:
personaggio Including
famoso Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
o esponente sin. placca di svincolo
Urs Watter
autorevole che esercita potere e
tr. Bite-Guard, bite-plate
influenza in un certo settore
sin.5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
grande Accanto a ci comunque spesso
towards
tr. big gun, big their
shot Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
indispensabile ricorrere al cosiddetto
bite, che impedisce lo sfregamento
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Sarebbe uneccezione che un big dei denti fra loro e arresta (o
della
5.3finanza passi
Migration la mano
Policy and Ethicsper .........................................................
comunque limita) labrasione 106 della
motivi cos lineari. (LR 13 marzo dentatura. (CS 14 settembre 2003)
2008)
Blob (blob) [blb] n. m. 109
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... inv.
bisex (bi-sex) [bisks] n./agg. MG 1989
5.6inv.
m./f. Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
mescolanza eterogenea di parole, 112
suoni o immagini che crea un effetto
a A:5.7 Challenges
bisexual 1973....................................................................................
caotico
114
(riferito a) persona
Bibliography che prova sin.
....................................................................................... 116
attrazione sia di natura eterosessuale tr.
che omosessuale
Working
sin. Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
bisessuale Dopo quattro giorni di bufera,
Barry
tr. bisexualHalliday
polemiche, scomuniche, anatemi e

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

rivendicazioni, Rights
il caso Approach ........................................................
abitazioni tr. striker, top goal-scorer, 58 top
agli omosessuali si gonfia nel pi scorer
3.5 Conclusion
incredibile dei blob. ......................................................................................
(LR 30 gennaio 59
1992) Dopo la rete in Montenegro60il
Bibliography .........................................................................................
bomber cerca una maglia da titolare.
block notes (block-notes, (CS 30 marzo 2009)
blocknotes) [blkntes] n. m.
2 EC: bomber jacket 1984 abb.
inv.and
CANon-policies
1965 fr. in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
giubbotto imbottito in pelle o tessuto
blocco per appunti con fogli
Laura Zanfrini sintetico, a volte corredato di collo in
staccabili
pelliccia, simile a quello in dotazione
sin.4.1
blocco (per appunti),
Restrictive taccuino
Policies and Structural Demand
agli for Immigrant
equipaggi Labour .. 65
dellaeronautica
tr. desk pad, jotter, notebook, militare
4.2 Initiatives
notepad, for Governing
pad, tablet, writing padFamily andsin.
Humanitarian

notesMigration: Labour Migration but nottr.Workers Migration ............. 73
bomber jacket
Un
brigadiere minaccia di Sta l in disparte, jeans e bomber
sequestrare un block-notes, un altro
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
verde, a guardarsi il match, e c87 un
invita tutti a non prendere appunti. pellegrinaggio continuo di persone
(LR4.5 Equal Opportunity
8 dicembre 1985) and Denied Opportunities
che vanno ................................
a salutarlo e fotografarlo. 90
(LR 7 marzo 2008)
Bibliography
body .........................................................................................
[bdi] n. m. inv. EC: body 97
stockings, body suit 1966 abb. book [buk] n. m. inv. SS 1987
5. Colombia:intimo
indumento Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
femminile, prof.
Urs Watter
utilizzato anche per la danza e altre cartella contenente le fotografie che
attivit sportive, costituito da
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility costituiscono
corpetto e mutandine in un unico
il curriculum
professionale di un artista e che
towardsaltheir
pezzo aderente bustoCitizens
e sgambatoLiving Abroad ........................................... 102
vengono utilizzate per partecipare a
sin.5.2
Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
provini o selezioni 104
tr. body stockings, body suit, sin. portfolio
5.3 Migration
corselet, Policy and Ethics .........................................................
corset, leotard tr. portfolio 106
5.4 Migration
Madonna indossa ilPolicy
famoso in body
Colombia
di ......................................................
Una volta raccolte le circa 300
108
raso5.5
nero, quello delle
Colombia nosfotografie che ragazze (schedate come si usa109
une...................................................................... fare
i giornali non cessano di pubblicare nel mondo della moda con un book
da giorni. (LR 5 settembre
5.6 Alianza 1987)
Pas ..................................................................................
che ne esalta i pregi personali) 112e
avviate allattivit di facciata,
5.7 Challenges
bomber [bmber]....................................................................................
n. m. inv./-s arrivava la sorpresa. (LR 30 aprile 114
1988)
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
1 SS 1983 sport
specialmente nel calcio, giocatore bowling [bulin(g), boulin(g)]
che segna molte reti n. m. inv./-s EC: bowling alley
sin.Barry Halliday
cannoniere, goleador 1963 gioc.

Monza/Italy
DFAI 149
3.4 in
locale The
cuiHuman Rights
si pratica Approach ........................................................
il bowling, a causa di un violento temporale. 58
gioco che consiste nellabbattere con (LR 22 gennaio 1985)
3.5 Conclusion
grosse ......................................................................................
bocce, dotate di fori per 59
inserire le dita, dei birilli che un 2a SS 1984
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sistema meccanizzato sistema a recinto, solitamente in legno,
forma di triangolo al fondo di corsie collocato allinterno di una scuderia
in4.legno
The Ethics of Migration. per tenere i cavalli separati tra loro
sin.Reflections
sin.
tr. bowling alley
tr. stall
Laura Zanfrini
Le ragazze e il ventenne avevano Anche i cavalli vengono maltrattati,
4.1 Restrictive
trascorso Policies
la serata in and Structural
un bowling di Demand
tenuti for Immigrant
chiusi nei boxLabour
in ..spazi
65
Manfredonia e poi erano andati a insufficienti, drogati con sostanze
4.2 Initiatives
mangiare una pizza.for Governing
(LR Family anddopanti,
13 gennaio Humanitarian antinfiammatori e
1997) Migration: Labour Migration but notantidolorifici
Workers Migration .............
per vincere. (LR 73 19
ottobre 2003)
box [bks] n. m. inv.
2b SS 1994
1a SS 1934 arch. spazio recintato collocato allinterno
4.5 Equal
garage coperto,Opportunity
solitamente and Denied Opportunities
annesso di un canile ................................
dove vengono ospitati 90
a una villa o un condominio, per il cani o gatti
Bibliography .........................................................................................
sin. gabbia, recinto 97
parcheggio di autoveicoli o
motoveicoli tr. cage
5. Colombia:
sin. garage Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
tr. garage, lock-up garage I box per cani devono essere a norma
di legge e le gabbie per gatti
parking
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility abbastanza ampie. (LR 21 giugno
2001)
Le fiamme salgono altissime,
divorano il furgone
5.2 Applied Ethicse ..............................................................................
unutilitaria 104
posteggiata nel box accanto. (LR 16
3 SS 1965
5.31992)
aprile piccolo recinto delimitato da 106
Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... una
rete, rivestito di tessuto imbottito e
dotato di paracolpi, dove i bambini
1b 5.4
EC:Migration Policy
pit box 1950 in Colombia ......................................................
sport non ancora in grado di camminare
108
in 5.5
un Colombia
circuito automobilistico o
nos une...................................................................... 109
possono muoversi e giocare
motociclistico, corsia dove sono
collocate
sin.
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
le officine per mettere a 112
punto i mezzi e assistere i piloti tr. playpen
sin.5.7
Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Scendendo con let c il problema
tr. pits, pit box .......................................................................................
Bibliography del piccolo di poco pi di un 116 anno
che non ha nessuna intenzione di
Dopo pochi giri per le macchine
Working
sono Together
state costrette for theaiWell-being
a rientrare box ofstare nel box,
Migrants mentre la madre
........................... 119
impegnata in faccende domestiche
Barry Halliday
irrimandabili. (LR 1 dicembre 2001)

Monza/Italy
3.4 1993
4a SS The Human
arch. Rights Approach ........................................................
sin. cabina (della) doccia, vano 58
postazione di lavoro, separata da (della) doccia
3.5oConclusion
pareti ......................................................................................
vetri, collocata allinterno di 59
tr. shower bath, shower cubicle,
uffici o laboratori shower stall, shower unit
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sin. cabina, postazione
tr. cubicle, unit La bambina stata trovata priva di
vita dentro il box della doccia. (LR
Reflections
Verranno eliminationcio
Recenttutti iMigration
box, la Policies
20 luglio 2001)
zonaand Non-policies
ricezione in Italy
radio e lo spazio per and
il Europe ........................................... 61
capoLaura
turno.Zanfrini
E la sala si trasformer in 6 EC: box set 1985 cin. mus.
un grande open space. (LR 30 luglio cofanetto di plastica o cartone,
2006) for Immigrant
solitamente in edizione Labour
limitata ..o65 da
collezione,
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian che contiene opere letterarie,
4b SS 1992 arch. musicali o cinematografiche in pi
Migration:
struttura, Labour
solitamente Migration but notvolumi
prefabbricata, Workers Migration ............. 73
adibita a centro informazioni e
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomesin. cofanetto
Guests .................................. 82
collocata in edifici di grandi tr. box set, boxed set
dimensioni come stazioni,
4.4 Selective Policies aeroporti,
and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
fiere, centri commerciali, grattacieli, Esiste anche una versione fisica del
4.5 Equal
universit Opportunity
e aree di grande and Denied Opportunities
afflusso ................................
disco, unedizione limitata un 90 box
turistico che contiene due cd, brani extra e un
sin.Bibliography .........................................................................................
infopoint, ufficio libro per la quale si pagano 40
97
informazioni sterline e che verr spedita in tutto il
5. Colombia:
tr. Including Emigrants
information booth, in Their
mondo Societies
a partireofdal Origin ....... 101
3 dicembre. (CS
Urs Watter
information bureau, information 2 ottobre 2007)
center,
5.1 Stateinformation centre,
Interest and Responsibility
information desk, information boxer [bkser] n. m. inv./-s
point
infopoint a A: boxers EC: boxer shorts
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
1986 abb.
5.3 Migration
Il sistema Policy and
di verifica Ethics .........................................................
semplice: mutande da uomo lunghe fino a 106 met
basta recarsi al box per lassistenza coscia che ricordano i calzoncini
clienti allinterno del supermercato e indossati dai pugili
mostrare la lettera
5.5 Colombia nos une di ......................................................................
cassa sin. 109
integrazione a zero ore assieme alla tr. boxer shorts, boxers
5.6paga
busta Alianza Pascarta
e alla ..................................................................................
didentit.
slip a 112
(LR 5 febbraio 2003)
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Che siano mutande, boxer o
5 SS 1980 arch........................................................................................
Bibliography perizoma limportante che116la
vano del bagno chiuso da pareti biancheria intima sia rigorosamente
scorrevoli trasparenti o
Working Together
semitrasparenti in cui for the Well-being
si colloca la ofrossa. (LR 29...........................
Migrants dicembre 2001) 119
Barry Halliday
doccia

Monza/Italy
DFAI 151
3.4 boxers
b A: The Human
EC: Rights
boxer Approach
trunks ........................................................
Palermo, facendolo entrare in coma, 58
1986 abb. era stato forato. (CS 6 aprile 2004)
3.5 Conclusion
costume da bagno ......................................................................................
da uomo lungo 59
finoBibliography
a met coscia ......................................................................................... 60
sin. calzoncini da bagno
tr. bathing
4. The trunks,
Ethics boxer trunks,
of Migration.
bathing shorts
bermuda, slip b
SulleLaura Zanfrini
spiagge i boxer stanno cedendo
terreno al ritorno dello slip. (LR 4
agosto 2005)
[brk, breik]
breakMigration: n. Migration
Labour m. inv. but not Workers Migration ............. 73
EC: service break 1968 sport
nel tennis, game vinto dal giocatore
che4.4
nonSelective
possiede ilPolicies
turno di and
battuta
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
coll. fare un break, guadagnare
un 4.5 Equal restituire
break, Opportunity il and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
break,
subire un break
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
sin.
tr. service break, break of
5. Colombia:
service, Including
break of serve Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
Nel terzo set Gaudenzi guadagnava
subito un break ma, sul 3-2 e 40-0 in
towards
suo favore, their laCitizens
perdeva battuta Living
solo Abroad ........................................... 102
perch aveva voglia di scherzare.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
(LR 24 luglio 1994)
brick [brik] n. m. inv./-s SS
1988 alim.
5.5 Colombia
contenitore nos une......................................................................
impermeabilizzato per 109
bevande e alimenti liquidi, solitamente a
5.6diAlianza
forma Pas ..................................................................................
parallelepipedo, formato da 112
strati di cartone, alluminio e plastica
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
sin. cartone, Tetra Pak
tr. carton
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Il brick che conteneva il succo di
frutta che marted scorso ha
Barry Halliday
avvelenato un uomo di 34 anni a

Monza/Italy
C
anche un albergo e un camping. (LR
4 settembre 2003)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59

Canadair (canadair) [kanadr]
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
n. m. inv. MG 1984 trasp.
4. The Ethics of Migration. tipo di aeroplano anfibio, spesso in
grado di prelevare liquido
direttamente da specchi dacqua,
impiegato per spegnere incendi 61
Laura Zanfrini
camera car (camera-car, sin.

cameracar) [kamerakar]
4.1 Restrictive Policiesn.and f. inv.
Structural Demand tr. AirTanker
for Immigrant , water-dropping
Labour .. 65
SS 1990 sport aircraft, water-dropping airplane
4.2 Initiatives for Governing
videocamera montata su di unauto o Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Sono dovuti intervenire due canadair e
una moto in movimento perMigration
riprese but not Workers Migration ............. 73
un elicottero, per spegnere lincendio
di particolare effetto realizzate
4.3 From Guest
durante gare sportive
Workers to Unwelcome Guests
che ..................................
per oltre dodici ore, dalle otto di 82 sera
di marted, ha ridotto in fumo oltre 100
sin.4.4
ettari di sterpaglie sul monte Fasce. (LR 87
tr. on-board camera 2 febbraio 2006)
Un guaio meccanico o un errore? Poco
Bibliography
cambia, quegli interminabili metri Career Book (career book)
......................................................................................... 97
percorsi al ritmo della tartaruga, con la [karri(a)r buk] n. m. inv. MG
5. Colombia:
camera car che Including Emigrants in Their
impietosamente 1991Societies
prof. of Origin ....... 101
inquadrava le monoposto avversarie che
Urs Watter pubblicazione rivolta a coloro che
sfrecciavano a lato, hanno fissato la desiderano accedere a corsi di
5.1 State
sentenza. (CS 22Interest
ottobre and
2007)Responsibility formazione, cercare un impiego o
cambiare occupazione e che include 102
camping [kampin(g), kmpin(g)] lelenco delle offerte proposte104 da
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
n. m. inv./-s EC: camping ground, varie aziende e universit
5.3 Migration
camping site 1911 Policy sin.
and Ethics .........................................................
fr. tur. 106
area appositamente dedicata dove si tr.
5.4 Migration
possono Policy
montare tende in Colombia ...................................................... 108
e parcheggiare
roulotte e camper, solitamente fornita di Questo dato, che altera la consistenza
5.5 Colombia nos une ...................................................................... 109
impianti igienici e strutture sportive del mercato del lavoro, dipende anche
sin.5.6
campeggio dalla schematicit dei career book,112
Alianza Pas .................................................................................. che
tr. camp, camp ground, camping coi loro form a griglia fissa non
5.7 Challenges
ground, camp site,....................................................................................
camping site riescono a dare conto del reale profilo 114
del candidato. (CS 7 maggio 2004)
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Alcune case erano state sgombrate
ieri, ma le forze dellordine stamani carter [karter] n. m. inv.
Working
hanno Together
evacuato per for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
precauzione
Barry Halliday a E: J.H. Carter fr. 1905 trasp.

Monza/Italy
DFAI 153
3.4 The
nelle Humane Rights
biciclette Approach ........................................................
motociclette, b EC: carver ski 2000 sport 58
copertura di metallo o plastica che tipo di sci di forma sciancrata, con la
3.5 Conclusion
racchiude la catena ......................................................................................
e gli ingranaggi punta larga a spatola e coda larga, 59
di trasmissione che ha maggiore tenuta su tutti i tipi
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sin. copricatena di neve e permette di affrontare
tr. chain guard curve ampie con minor sforzo
4. The Ethics of Migration. sin. sci sciancrato
Reflections
Il telaio tubolare on Recentil Migration
avvolgeva motore Policies
tr. carver ski, carving ski, parabolic
and Non-policies
orgogliosamente esposto inallaItaly and Europe
vista, ski,...........................................
shaped ski 61
per Laura
evidenziare la bellezza del carter
Zanfrini
cromato e dei radiatori. (LR 22 Erano nati i carver, gli sci a
4.1 Restrictive
gennaio 2003) Policies and Structural Demand
geometria forvariabile
Immigrant cheLabour .. 65
oggi si fanno
guidare docili da tutti gli sciatori del
b E:4.2 Initiatives
J.H. Carter fr.for1905
Governing
trasp.Family andmondo.
Humanitarian
(CS 31 gennaio 2009)
Migration:copertura
negli autoveicoli, Labour metallica
che racchiude le parti mobili del
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecarving
motore e il circuito di lubrificazione
[karvin(g)] n. m. inv.82
Guests ..................................
sin.4.4
scatola motore
a EC: carving skiing 1997 87
tr. crank case, gear case, oil
sport
sump
pratica sciistica che consiste
Bibliography .........................................................................................
nellutilizzo di sci sciancrati 97
Con ladozione della lubrificazione a
carter secco il motore stato sin.
5. Colombia:
abbassato di 50 Including
millimetri Emigrants
e ora si tr. Societies
in Their carving of skiing,
Originparabolic
....... 101
pu Urs Watter
fare retromarcia con una skiing, shaped skiing
visibilit discreta, rispetto a quella
5.1 Statedella
inesistente Interest and Responsibility
Diablo. (LR 14 Questanno infine presenta sul
ottobre towards
2001) their Citizens Living Abroad mercato, dopo due anni di ricerche102
........................................... e un
investimento di quasi un miliardo, il
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
primo scarpone ideato appositamente 104
carver [karver] n. m. inv. per il carving. (LR 7 luglio 1997)
a EC: carver ski 1997 sport b EC: carving ski 1998 sport108
5.4 Migration
sciatore Policy
che pratica in Colombia
una tecnica di ......................................................
tipo di sci di forma sciancrata, con la
discesa utilizzando sci
5.5 Colombia nossciancrati
une......................................................................
punta larga a spatola e coda larga, 109
sin. che ha maggiore tenuta su tutti i tipi
5.6 Alianza
tr. carving skierPas ..................................................................................
di neve e permette di affrontare 112
curve ampie con minor sforzo
5.7 Challenges
I carver con le loro ....................................................................................
tavole sono stati 114
sin. sci sciancrato
protagonisti anche di un tr. carver ski, carving 116 ski,
Bibliography .......................................................................................
appassionante slalom con boe a punti parabolic ski, shaped ski
al meglio di quattro manche con in
Working
palio Together
la vittoria nella for
provathediWell-being
fun of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry(LS
carving. Halliday
20 gennaio 2003)

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
Adesso, Human
in coda agli Rights Approach
skilift fanno un ........................................................
persona dal carattere forte 58e
figurone quelli che hanno ai piedi i determinato che non si ferma davanti
3.5 Conclusion
carving. ......................................................................................
(LR 4 gennaio 1998) agli ostacoli 59
sin. bulldog, carro armato,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
casting [kastin(g), kstin(g)] n. mastino, schiacciasassi
m. inv. EC: casting session 1980 tr. bulldog, bulldozer
cin. prof.
specialmente nel cinema e nella Dice che un caterpillar, lunica in
televisione, audizione consistente in
and Europe ...........................................
grado di tenere unite le attuali forze 61
Laura Zanfrini
un provino finalizzato alla selezione di opposizione. (LR 5 luglio 2007)
di uno o pi attori
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour
champions (champions) .. 65
coll. fare un casting, partecipare
a un4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and[tmpjons]
casting Humanitariann. f. inv. EC:
sin. selezione, provino,
Migration: audizione
Labour Migration but notChampions League 1993
sport
tr. audition, casting session torneo europeo tra le squadre che
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomenella Guestsprecedente
..................................
edizione 82 dei
I candidati dovranno arrivare al rispettivi campionati nazionali hanno
casting forniti di curriculum e di una conquistato le prime posizioni nella
foto4.5
recente.
Equal(LR 31 gennaio and
Opportunity 2006) classifica ................................ 90
sin. Champions League
Bibliography .........................................................................................
catch [kt] n. m. inv. EC: catch tr. Champions League 97
wrestling, catch-as-catch-can
5. Colombia: Eppure, me lo of ripeto sempre,
.......per
101la
wrestling 1935 Including
sport Emigrants in Their Societies Origin
legge dei grandi numeri, a furia di
lottaUrs Watter
libera in cui ammesso ogni
provarci e riprovarci, lo scudetto lo
genere di colpo a patto che non
5.1 lavversario
ferisca State Interest and Responsibility vinceremo anche noi, la champions e
towards tutto quello che si pu vincere.102 (LR
sin. lotta liberatheir Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
30 gennaio 2004)
tr. 5.2
catch wrestling,
Applied catch-as-
Ethics .............................................................................. 104
catch-can wrestling, freestyle
5.3 Migration Policywrestling, charleston [tarleston] n.106
and Ethics ......................................................... m.
wrestling, professional
wrestling inv. T: Charleston 1926 mus.
elemento della batteria composto 108
da
una coppia di piatti montati
La 5.5
partita era stata gi
Colombia nosdecisa, come
une...................................................................... 109
orizzontalmente su un supporto
gli incontri di catch, che sono
metallico che si suonano per mezzo
5.6 Alianza
soltanto Pas ..................................................................................
una sceneggiata. (LR 21 112
di un pedale o con le bacchette
aprile 2003)
sin.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Caterpillar
(caterpillar) tr. cymbal, hi-hat
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
[katerpillar] n. m./f. inv. MG Diverte, strabilia, sorprende per la
1990
Working Together for the Well-being ofmaestria Migrants con...........................
cui fa rimbalzare 119le
Barry Halliday bacchette dal tom-tom ai timpani,
mentre i pedali della grancassa e del

Monza/Italy
DFAI 155
3.4 The vanno

charleston Humana Rights
mille. Approach
(LR 4 ........................................................
sin. accettazione, banco58
gennaio 2009) accettazione
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
tr. check-in desk
chat [tat, tt] n..........................................................................................
Bibliography f. inv. 60
Ho prenotato il biglietto mesi fa, ma
al check-in dicono che c
a4.EC:
Thechat roomof1994
Ethics tecn.
Migration. loverbooking e che sar imbarcato
canale telematico di comunicazione
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies su un altro aereo o risarcito. (LR 9
che permette a pi utenti di
and Non-policies agosto 2009)
scambiarsi messaggi scrittiininItaly
tempoand Europe ........................................... 61
realeLaura Zanfrini
sin. chat room chill out (chill-out, chillout)
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for n.
[tillaut] Immigrant Labour
f. inv. EC: .. 65
chill-out
tr. chat room, chat forum
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andmusic 2000 mus.
Humanitarian
Come nascono e muoiono
Migration: Labouruninfinit
Migration but notgenere
Workers di Migration
musica .............
elettronica
73
di amori via chat, senza baci e caratterizzata da ritmo lento e
4.3 From
carezze, Guestmaniera,
alla stessa Workers to Unwelcome
forse, si Guestsrilassanti
sonorit .................................. 82
pensa possibile la visita di un dottore sin.
che4.4
nonSelective
ci guardaPolicies
la linguaande the
nonBrain Drain............................................
tr. chill-out music
87
ascolta come batte il nostro cuore.
ambient
(LS4.5 Equal 2005)
12 agosto Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography .........................................................................................
Niente amarcord, anzi: tendenze97in
b EC: chat line 1990 ses. tecn. passerella, su tutte la chill out, la
linea telefonica a pagamento, musica tranquilla di gran.......
moda
5. Colombia:
solitamente Including
vietata ai minoriEmigrants
di et, in Their Societies of Origin 101a
Ibiza e Parigi. (LR 27 luglio 2001)
che Urs Watteragli utenti di accedere
permettere
a servizi particolari
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility clergyman [klrdimn] n. m.
sin. chat line
inv./-men SS 1927 abb. 102
tr. chat line
abito indossato dai sacerdoti della
hotline
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
chiesa cattolica al di fuori 104 delle
5.3 Migration Policy iniziatiche funzioni religiose, sullesempio106
and Ethics ......................................................... dei
Quelle strane frasi
preti di altre confessioni cristiane,
tornano spesso negli sms che la
5.4 Migration Policyconin Colombia composto da giacca, pantaloni
...................................................... 108e
ragazzina si scambiava alcune
camicia di colore nero o grigio scuro
persone conosciutenos
5.5 Colombia in une
una......................................................................
chat 109
con il colletto bianco
telefonica. (LR 25 maggio 2005)
sin.
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
tr. clergymans dress, clergymans
check-in (check in, checkin)
suit
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
[t(k)kin, te(k)kin] n. m. inv.
EC:Bibliography
check-in desk.......................................................................................
1985 tur. Poi ci ha pensato il Concilio 116
banco dellaeroporto o della Vaticano secondo a introdurre toni e
Working Together for the Well-being ofritmi
compagnia aerea adibito alle pi rilassati,
Migrants il clergyman
........................... da
119
operazioni di accettazione del viaggio e le vacanze sulla neve. (LR
Barry Halliday
passeggero e dimbarco dei bagagli 29 febbraio 2004)

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
coast Human(coast-to-coast)
to coast Rights Approach ........................................................
solitamente di lunga 58
durata,
realizzata con considerevole
[ks(t) tu kst] n.
3.5 Conclusion m. inv. EC:
......................................................................................
impegno di risorse, grandiose 59
coast-to-coast trip, coast-to-coast ricostruzioni scenografiche e
tourBibliography
1985 tur. .........................................................................................
numerosi attori di alto livello
60
viaggio, solitamente a scopo sin.
4. The Ethics of
turistico, cheMigration. consiste tr. big-budget film, big-budget
nellattraversare
Reflections onuno Recent stato da
Migration Policies
movie, epic film, epic movie,
occidente a oriente o viceversa,
and Non-policies in Italy conand Europe ........................................... 61
high-budget film, high-budget
speciale riferimento agli Stati Uniti
Laura Zanfrini movie
dAmerica
sin.4.1
costa a costa Policies and Structural Demand
Restrictive forricorder
Qualcuno Immigrant Labour
il caso .. 65
di quella
tr. coast-to-coast trip, coast-to- comparsa di un colossal biblico che,
4.2tour
coast Initiatives for Governing Family andperHumanitarian
diffidenza o indifferenza, aveva
Migration: Labour Migration but nottenuto
Workers
il suoMigration
orologio da.............
polso sotto73
Quando studiavo alluniversit di il suo costume romano. (LR 9
San4.3 From15Guest
Diego, anni Workers to Unwelcome
fa, ho fatto un Guests .................................. 82
dicembre 1987)
coast to coast meraviglioso. (LR 2
4.4 Selective
novembre 2004) Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
comic [kmik] n. m. inv. A:
cocktail [kkteil, kktel] n. m. comics EC: comic strip 1956
Bibliography racconto formato da una serie97di
.........................................................................................
inv./-s EC: cocktail party 1937 disegni corredati di brevi testi e
cerimonia o ricevimento, che si tiene dialoghi scritti in riquadri,
5. Colombia:
solitamente Including
nel tardo Emigrants
pomeriggio, in in Their Societiesarrotondati,
generalmente of Originfatti
.......uscire
101
cui vengono offerte bevande e tartine
Urs Watter dalla bocca dei personaggi
coll. dare un cocktail, invitare a sin. comics, fumetto
un 5.1 State Interest
cocktail, offrire and
un Responsibility
cocktail, tr. comic strip, comics
towards their
organizzare un Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
cocktail,
partecipare
5.2 AppliedaEthics
un ..............................................................................
cocktail, Come in un comic le situazioni, 104
prendere parte a un cocktail anzich evolvere in una linea
sin.5.3 Migration
cocktail Policy
party, anddrink,
Ethics .........................................................
narrativa, sono giustapposte luna 106
ricevimento, rinfresco allaltra contando soprattutto sulla
trovata ad effetto. (LR 12 febbraio 108
tr. cocktail party
1992)
drink
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza
Appena Pas
trasferita una periferia compact [kmpakt, kompakt]
in.................................................................................. 112
chic, una famiglia invita i vicini a un n. m. inv. EC: compact disc 1982
5.7 Challenges
cocktail ....................................................................................
di autopresentazione. (LR 114
mus. tecn.
15 aprile 1998) disco con una superficie a specchio
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
su cui vengono registrate canzoni in
colossal [klossal, kolssal] n.
Working Together for the Well-being offorma digitale
Migrants ........................... 119
m. inv. SSHalliday
1986 ted. cin. sin. compact disc, CD
Barry
produzione cinematografica, tr. compact disc, CD

Monza/Italy
DFAI 157
Sono3.4contrario
The Human Rights Approach ........................................................
alla masterizzazione le cui gare si svolgono su terreni 58
industriale, mentre non colpevolizzo sterrati e accidentati
3.5fatta
quella Conclusion ......................................................................................
dal ragazzino che non ha sin. motocampestre, motocross59
i venti euro per comprarsi un tr. motocross, motorcross, MX60
Bibliography .........................................................................................
compact. (CS 29 agosto 2003)
Un medico lha raggiunto su una
crack Ethicskrk]
4. The[krak, n. m. inv. SS
of Migration. moto da cross. (LR 30 aprile 1987)
Reflections
1963 on Recent Migration Policies
ted. econ.
andfinanziario
crollo Non-policies in Italy and Europe
che solitamente ...........................................
cult [kalt] n. m. inv. EC: cult 61
portaLaura
al fallimento
Zanfrini unazienda
di
sin. bancarotta, crollo, object 1986
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural oggetto for
Demand o Immigrant
fenomeno Labour
culturale.. 65
che
fallimento, tracollo gode di notevole popolarit ed
tr. crash, bankruptcy,
4.2 Initiatives collapse Family andparticolarmente
for Governing Humanitarian ricercato dal
Migration: Labour Migration pubblico degli appassionati
La vicenda del crack era gi stata but not Workers Migration ............. 73
affrontata lanno passato nel sin. oggetto di culto
4.3 From contro
dibattimento Guest venticinque
Workers to ex- Unwelcometr.Guests .................................. 82
cult object
collaboratori del finanziere.
4.4 Selective Policies and film cult
(LRthe17Brain Drain............................................ 87
marzo 1985)
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities La sua invenzione della camminata
................................ 90
crash movie (crash-movie) sui carboni ardenti come esercizio di
[kramuvi, krmuvi]
Bibliography .........................................................................................
n. m. inv. affermazione della volont 97
diventata subito un cult. (LR 24
EC: car-crash movie, plane-crash
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their febbraio 2009) of Origin ....... 101
Societies
movie 1997 cin.
Urs Watter
produzione cinematografica ricca di
effetti speciali che includono scontri custom [kastom] n. f. inv. EC:
5.1 State Interest and
spettacolari tra vari mezzi di Responsibility custom bike, custom motorcycle
trasportotowards their Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
1984 trasp. 102
sin. motocicletta di grossa cilindrata,
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
tr. car-crash movie, plane-crash dotata di ampia sella e manubrio di
movie grandi dimensioni, studiata 106
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... per
lunghi viaggi su strada
5.4 Migration
Il cinema Policysulintono
si omologato Colombia
del ......................................................
sin. 108
crash movie, spesso adrenalinico tr. custom bike, custom motorcycle
oltre5.5 Colombia
ogni nos une......................................................................
limite di tolleranza, in cui 109
la sceneggiatura ormai soltanto un La moto riprende le caratteristiche
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
optional e quindi tornano le paure delle custom classiche: manubrione
112
delle5.7cose dellaltro....................................................................................
Challenges mondo. (CS 3 alto, passo lungo, sella bassa, 114
dicembre 1997) posizione di guida con gambe
Bibliography .......................................................................................
allungate in avanti. (CS 7 marzo 116
cross [krs] n. m. inv. EC: 1998)
motocross, motorcross
Working Together for 1948
sport
Barry Halliday
specialit del motociclismo sportivo

Monza/Italy
D
sin. femme fatale, vamp 58
tr. femme fatale, vamp
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
La bella Uma, dark lady gi ai tempi
Bibliography .........................................................................................
del mitico Pulp Fiction, interpreta in
60
questo ultimo film una ex-killer di
4. The Ethics of Migration. nome Bride. (CS 18 agosto 2003)
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe discount [diskaunt] n. m. inv./
........................................... 61
dancing [dnsin(g)] n. m. inv./ -s EC: discount shop, discount
Laura Zanfrini
-s EC: dancing room 1905 mus. store 1983
4.1pubblico
locale Restrictive
dovePolicies and Structural
si pu ballare al Demand for Immigrant
supermercato che vendeLabourprodotti.. non
65
ritmo di musica registrata o suonata pubblicizzati a prezzi molto bassi
dal 4.2
vivoInitiatives for Governing Family andsin.
Humanitarian
hard discount
Migration:
sin. balera, sala daLabour
ballo Migration but nottr.Workers Migration ............. 73
discount outlet, discount shop,
tr. ballroom, dancehall, dancing
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomediscount store, hard discount
Guests .................................. 82
room shop, hard discount store
hard discount, stockhouse87
Invece che passeggiare si va in moto,
magari fino alOpportunity
4.5 Equal dancing delandpaese Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
vicino. (LR 7 giugno 1991) Gli ingredienti per la rosticceria li
compriamo al discount. (LR977
Bibliography .........................................................................................
novembre 2008)
dark [dark] n. m./f. inv. EC:
5. Colombia:
dark rock 1983Including
mus. Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
doomwriter [dum(v)raiter] n.
persona che, imitando
nellabbigliamento e nel m./f. inv./-s CA 1995 cin. prof.
comportamento gli esponenti di un autore di libri e copioni
genere towards
musicaletheir Citizens Living
caratterizzato cinematografici
da Abroad in cui si manifesta
........................................... 102
atmosfere cupe e decadenti, si veste una visione pessimistica del mondo
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
di nero, si trucca gli occhi di scuro e che consiste nel prevedere104e
ricorre descrivere imminenti catastrofi
5.3 aMigration
tagli di capelli stravaganti
sin. rovinografo
sin.
5.4
tr. gothMigration Policy in Colombia tr.
...................................................... 108
Come5.5ogni
Colombia
trib metropolitana che si Come traspare dagli esempi, quella
nos une...................................................................... 109
rispetti i dark hanno riti, rituali e arruolata da Ronchey non una
5.6 Alianza
liturgie proprie. Pas
(LR..................................................................................
6 settembre schiera omogenea di doomwriters, 112
2000) catastrofisti o profeti infausti. (LR 8
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
settembre 1995) 114
dark lady [darkldi,
Bibliography darkleidi]
....................................................................................... 116
n. f. inv. CA 1989 doomwriting [dum(v)raitin(g)]
Working
donna fataleTogether for the
e spregiudicata cheWell-being
usa ofn.Migrants
m. inv. CA 1982 cin.
........................... 119
il proprio fascino
Barry Halliday per sottomettere in letteratura e cinematografia,
luomo visione pessimistica del mondo che

Monza/Italy
DFAI 159
3.4 The
consiste nel Human Rights
prevedere Approach ........................................................
e descrivere dribbling inutili. (LR 20 settembre 58
imminenti catastrofi 1985)
sin.3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
rovinografia
tr. b DA 1990
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tecnica adottata da chi non vuole
Il collasso periodico dei grandi servizi, rimanere coinvolto in situazioni
4. The
gi dopo Ethics of Migration.
il blackout di mezzagosto a sgradevoli
NewReflections on Recent
York, rilanciava quel Migration
genere Policies
sin. schivata
and Non-policies
letterario in Italy and Europe
che fu chiamato doomwriting, ........................................... 61
tr. dodge
esercizio
Lauradella previsione catastrofica o
Zanfrini
rovinografia. (CS 30 settembre Scatta a destra con un dribbling
2003)4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand
improvvisofor Immigrant
e si avvicina Labour
rapido..a65 un
barcone da pesca. (LR 20 marzo
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and2004)Humanitarian
dread [drd] n. m. inv. A:
dreads EC: dreadlocks 1988
abb.4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomedrink Guests[drink] n. m. inv. SS 1990
.................................. 82
tipica acconciatura ottenuta
4.4 Selective
lasciando Policies
crescere and theinBrain Drain............................................
i capelli ricevimento informale durante87il
ciocche attorcigliate quale vengono servite anche bevande
coll. avere i dread, farsi i dread, alcoliche
portare coll. invitare a un drink,
i dread .........................................................................................
Bibliography 97
sin. dreadlocks, dreads, rasta prendere parte a un drink
tr.
5. dreadlocks,
Colombia: dreads,
Including locksEmigrants in Their sin. Societies
cocktail,of Origincocktail.......party,
101
Urs Watter ricevimento, rinfresco
Entrano nella Facolt da cui escono i tr. cocktail party
5.1branchi
primi State Interest andassonnati,
di studenti Responsibility
i cocktail
dread ancora
towardsdritti in Citizens
their testa. (LR 16 Abroad ........................................... 102
Living
novembre 2008) Visitato il suggestivo cortile
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
quattrocentesco con la grande pietra 104
dribbling [drib(b)lin(g)]
5.3 Migration Policy andn.Ethicsm. .........................................................
su cui, vuole la leggenda, Raffaello
106
inv. bambino stemperava i suoi primi
colori, il sempre sorridente Carlo
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... ha
108
a DA 1911 sport preso fuggevolmente parte a un drink
5.5 Colombia
specialmente nos une
nel calcio, ......................................................................
tecnica che in suo onore. (LR 8 maggio 1990) 109
consiste nello schivare
5.6 Alianza uno o pi
Pas .................................................................................. 112
avversari mantenendo il possesso drive in (drive-in) [draivin] n.
della palla
5.7 mediante ....................................................................................
Challenges finte e tocchi m. inv. EC: drive-in restaurant 114
sin. scarto SS 1985 alim.
Bibliography .......................................................................................
tr. dribble servizio di ristorazione del quale 116si
pu usufruire, ordinando e
IWorking
campioni Together for the Well-being
dItalia impareranno a ofasportando
Migrantsil...........................
cibo, rimanendo seduti 119
preservare gli stinchi evitando
Barry Halliday nella propria automobile

Monza/Italy
sin.3.4
The Human Rights Approach ........................................................
La merce era stata tutta sottratta58al
tr. drive through, drive thru duty free dellaeroporto dove
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
lavoravano le impiegate infedeli59e
Il Bibliography veniva poi venduta al nero. (LR 18
drive-in la.........................................................................................
sublimazione e
novembre 2005)
60
lesasperazione del concetto di fast
food, che vuol dire letteralmente
4. Thesvelto,
cibo Ethics ofinMigration.
omaggio alla
Reflections
filosofia dellaon Recent
fretta, Migration
della Policies
and Non-policies
produttivit, de il tempo in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
denaro.
(LRLaura
10 agosto 1985)
Zanfrini
4.1[djuti]
duty Restrictive
n. m.Policies
inv. EC:and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
duty-
free4.2
shop 1984 tur.
negozioMigration:
situato in posti
Labourdi Migration
frontiera but not Workers Migration ............. 73
come porti e aeroporti che vende
4.3esenti
merci FromdaGuest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
tasse doganali
sin. duty free, free shop
4.4 Selective
tr. duty-free shop,Policies andstore
duty-free the Brain Drain............................................ 87
duty free,Opportunity
4.5 Equal free shop and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
PuBibliography
cos accadere.........................................................................................
che un vasetto di 97
caviale russo comprato a Parigi
possa alla fine risultare
5. Colombia: menoEmigrants
Including costoso in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
dello stesso prodotto acquistato al
Urs Watter
duty dellaeroporto Charles De
Gaulle, che Interest
5.1 State tra laltro
andconsiderato
Responsibility
uno deitowards
meno convenienti del mondo
rispetto ai prezzi che si trovano
normalmente
5.2 Applied in citt.
Ethics(LR 8 maggio
.............................................................................. 104
1987)
duty
5.4 free (duty-free, dutyfree)
[djutifri] n. m. inv. EC: duty-free
5.51984
shop Colombia
tur. nos une...................................................................... 109
negozio
5.6 Alianza in
situato posti
Pas di frontiera
.................................................................................. 112
come porti e aeroporti che vende
merci
5.7esenti da tasse....................................................................................
Challenges doganali 114
sin. duty, free shop
Bibliography
tr. duty-free shop,.......................................................................................
duty-free store 116
duty, free shop
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
DFAI 161

E 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

eurogoal (euro goal, euro-goal)
Laura Zanfrini
[eurogl] n. m. inv. CA 1986
sport
nel calcio, segnatura di particolare
4.2 Initiatives
importanza for Governing
e bellezza Family and Humanitarian
solitamente
Migration:
realizzata Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
in tornei internazionali
sin.4.3
tr.
E men che meno ovvio per il tifoso
4.5che
laziale Equal Opportunity siand
improvvisamente Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
ritrova
un po incredulo a guardare in tv una
Bibliography
squadra .........................................................................................
capace quasi di fare solo 97
eurogoal. (LR 18 settembre 1997)
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy

fiction [fikon] n. f. inv./-s 58
F
SS
1982 cin.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
film di breve durata destinato alla
Bibliography .........................................................................................
trasmissione televisiva e articolato60in
puntate con continuit narrativa
4. The Ethics of Migration. sin. sceneggiato, serial, soap
opera, telenovela, teleromanzo
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe soap
tr. opera, serial, TV-serial61
...........................................
Laura Zanfrini telefilm
far4.1west (far-west,
Restrictive Policiesfarwest)
and Structural Demand
Quello for
cheImmigrant Labourad.. 65
infatti si chiede una
[farwst] n. m. inv. SS 1980 fiction intrattenere, grazie ai suoi
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andstrumenti
crim. Humanitarian
narrativi, e magari dare
Migration:
ambiente Labour
o situazione in cui Migration
regnano but notdelle
Workers Migration
informazioni .............
che 73
altrimenti
il disordine e la violenza molto difficilmente arriverebbero al
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecosiddetto
Guests ..................................
pubblico di prima 82
sin.
serata. (LR 23 gennaio 2007)
tr. wild west
4.5 Equal
Questa unaOpportunity
brutta legge and Denied
che fidelity card
Opportunities [fideliti kard]90n.
................................
accentua il far west. (LR 9 dicembre f. inv./-s CA 1997 econ.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
2003) 97
tessera riportante le indicazioni
anagrafiche del cliente che permette
5. Colombia:
fast Includingfastfood)
food (fast-food, Emigrants in Their Societies
di accedere of Origin
a offerte ....... 101o
promozionali
Urs Watter
[fas(t)fud] n. m. inv./-s EC: fast- servizi particolari in supermercati e
grandi magazzini
food5.1joint,
State fast-food place,
Interest and fast-
Responsibility sin. carta fedelt
food restaurant 1982Citizens
towards their alim.Living Abroad tr............................................
club card, discount card, 102
ristorante in cui si servono pasti
loyalty card, membership card
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
rapidi, specialmente a base di
hamburger e patatine fritte
Ci sono poi le fidelity card che 106 sono
sin.5.3
Migration Policy and Ethics .........................................................
riservate ai clienti abituali e
tr. fast-food joint,Policy
5.4 Migration fast-food place, ......................................................
in Colombia garantiscono anche una serie108di
fast-food restaurant sconti nella catena di supermercati
5.5 Colombia nos une......................................................................
che le ha emesse. (LR 27 marzo 109
Un altro ordigno era esploso davanti 1995)
a un5.6fast-food,
Alianza Pas
senza..................................................................................
fare vittime, 112
cos5.7
come non ne ha fatte il terzo,
Challenges film cult [film kalt] n. m. 114
....................................................................................
collocato presso la sede di una
inv.
compagnia
Bibliography (LR 29 agosto CA 1988 cin.
aerea........................................................................................ 116
2006) produzione cinematografica che gode di
un particolare riconoscimento sia della
Working Together for the Well-being ofcritica Migrants
sia degli...........................
appassionati 119
Barry Halliday sin. film culto, film di culto

Monza/Italy
DFAI 163
3.4 The
tr. cult film,Human Rights Approach ........................................................
cult movie pannello verticale nel quale 58si
cult colpisce, mediante due leve azionate
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
da pulsanti laterali, una biglia59di
Un Bibliography
vero film cult che, oltretutto, ebbe ferro indirizzandola verso una serie
.........................................................................................
di ostacoli che, urtati, permettono di
60
il suo momento di massima fortuna
negli anni dei figli dei fiori. (LR 23 totalizzare dei punti
4. The Ethics
dicembre 1996) of Migration. sin. biliardino
tr. flipper pinball, pinball,
flash [fl] n. m. inv. EC: and Europe ...........................................
pinball machine 61
Laura Zanfrini
flashback SS 1990 lera del flipper contro quella del
ricordo improvviso ePolicies
4.1 Restrictive intenso and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
videogame, a scontrarsi in quelle
coll. avere un flash calde sale giochi. (LS 21 giugno
sin.4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and2003)
illuminazione Humanitarian
tr. flashback
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeflirt [flrt,
Guests flrt] n. m. inv. 82
..................................
Poi come se avesse avuto un flash,
gli torna in mente Policies
4.4 Selective una scena. (LR
and the17Brain Drain............................................ 87
dicembre 2001) a A: flirtation 1895 fr.
relazione sentimentale limitata nel
tempo
flat [flt] n./agg. m./f. inv. EC: coll. avere un flirt
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
flat rate 1999 tecn. sin. avventura, relazione, storia
(riferito a) sistema di tariffazione di tr. affair, flirtation, love
5. Colombia:
alcuni Including
servizi mediante il Emigrants
quale la in Their Societies of Origin .......affair,
101
Urs Watter
fornitura si paga con un canone fisso,
quick romance
indipendentemente dalla quantit o
5.1
dalla Statedel
durata Interest and Responsibility
consumo
Fonti accreditate assicurano che tutto
towards their Citizens Living Abroad il ...........................................
pettegolezzo nato per nascondere 102
sin. tariffa piatta laltro, reale flirt dellattrice
tr. 5.2
flat Applied
rate Ethics ..............................................................................
americana forse con il capo dei104 suoi
gorilla. (CS 30 ottobre 1995)
la5.3
cosiddetta tariffa
Migration Policyflat,
andpiatta,
Ethics ......................................................... 106
che fa pagare un canone mensile,
5.4 solo
Migration Policy in Colombia b SS 1900 fr.
...................................................... 108
oppure uno scatto iniziale, senza
persona con cui si ha una relazione
poi chiedere nulla per il tempo della
5.5 Colombia sentimentale superficiale
connessione. (LR 17nos une2000)
febbraio ...................................................................... 109
coll. essere un flirt
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
sin. amore, fiamma, innamorata, 112
flipper [flipper] n. m. inv./-s innamorato
EC:5.7flipper
Challenges ....................................................................................
pinball 1958 ted. tr. lover, date, flame
114
gioc.
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
gioco elettronico, funzionante a Terzo, che quello che lei dice
moneta o a gettone, costituito da un
Working
piano Together for
orizzontale the Well-being ofsacrosanto
leggermente Migrantsin...........................
assoluto, ma tre mesi, 119
nel caso specifico, mi sembravano
Barrymontato
inclinato Hallidaysu gambe e da un davvero troppo pochi per buttare

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
addosso al Human
nuovo Rights
flirt, o Approach
nuovo ........................................................
e suini stanno alla 58
base
fidanzato, un passato di delleconomia di una provincia che
3.5 Conclusion
videocassette, hard ......................................................................................
se ho capito ha fondato sullagroalimentare 59
bene. (CS 8 maggio 1993) unimmensa fortuna a partire dai
Bibliography .........................................................................................
consorzi del Parmigiano reggiano e
60
fly and drive (fly-and-drive) del prosciutto. (LR 29 giugno 2002)
[flajendraiv] n. m. inv. EC: fly
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies footing [futin(g)] n. m. inv. DA
andanddrive holiday, fly and
Non-policies drive
in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
package, fly and drive tour 1982 1921 fr. sport
Laura Zanfrini tipo di corsa praticata come
tur.
allenamento sportivo o come attivit
formula di viaggio che
4.1 Restrictive comprende
Policies il
salutarefor Immigrant Labour .. 65
biglietto aereo e il noleggio di
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andcoll.
unauto fare footing
Humanitarian
sin. Migration: Labour Migration but notsin. joggingMigration ............. 73
Workers
tr. fly and drive holiday, fly and tr. jogging
4.3package,
drive From Guest Workers
fly and drive to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
tour,
In ogni caso, se non si forza troppo e
fly-drive holiday,
4.4 Selective fly-drive
Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
si alternano la corsa e la marcia,87si
package, fly-drive tour pu continuare a fare footing fino a
settantanni. (LR 6 marzo 1985)
Per ottenere una deroga, ad esempio
Bibliography .........................................................................................
effettuare pi formule previste 97
insieme oppure alcune non previste, forcing [frsin(g)] n. m. inv.
5. Colombia:
come Including
fly and drive Emigrants
(che prevede il in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
viaggio aereo andata e ritorno con
Urs Watter a DA 1936 fr. sport
noleggio di autovettura e in incontri individuali e gare sportive
5.1 State Interest
assicurazione) and Responsibility
necessaria una a squadre, azione dattacco continua
towards specifica.
autorizzazione their Citizens (LRLiving 19 Abroad e insistente
........................................... 102
gennaio 1990) coll. fare forcing, subire il
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
forcing 104
food valley Policy
5.3 Migration (food-valley) sin. pressione
and Ethics ......................................................... 106
[fudvallei] n. f. inv. CA 1985 tr. pressure, sustained attack
alim. pressing a 108
zona5.5
agricola di particolare
Colombia nos unerilevanza
...................................................................... 109
facente parte di un territorio pi Fare forcing significa attaccare con
5.6 eAlianza
ampio adibita Pas energia: in poche parole, tentar
alla ..................................................................................
produzione di 112di
alimenti forzare la resistenza avversaria
sin.5.7
Challenges ....................................................................................
dandoci dentro con 114
piglio
particolare. (LR 28 novembre 1986)
tr.
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Ma il valore aggiunto della facolt b DA 1984
Working Together for the Well-being
parmense lessere al centro della of Migrants
iniziativa ...........................
intensa e prolungata119 che
Barry Halliday
cosiddetta food valley dove bovini mira a ottenere determinati risultati

Monza/Italy
DFAI 165
coll.3.4 Theforcing
fare Human Rights Approach ........................................................
full [ful] s. m. inv. 58
sin. pressing, pressione
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
tr. pressure a EC: full house 1948 gioc.
pressing b .........................................................................................
Bibliography nel gioco del poker, combinazione60di
carte costituita da un tris e da una
Le polemiche della vigilia
4. The Ethics of Migration. e il coppia
forcing dei produttori di petrolio per sin.
Reflections
smussare on Recent
lallarme sembranoMigration
gi Policies
and (LR
Non-policies tr. full
in Italy and Europe house
........................................... 61
lontani. 17 dicembre 1995)
Laura Zanfrini poker a
franchising [frantaizin(g)]
4.1 Restrictive n.
Policies and Structural Al mio for
Demand tavolo esco soltanto
Immigrant io: perdo
Labour .. 65
m. inv. DA SS 1986 econ. tutta la posta con un full (tre e due
4.2 Initiatives
negozio, fordiGoverning
che fa parte una catena, Family
il andcarte
Humanitarian
uguali) di assi con i sei, contro
Migration:
cui gestore Migration but notquattro
Labouresclusivo,
ha il diritto sette.Migration
Workers (LR 29 gennaio 1989)
............. 73
dietro il pagamento di un canone
4.3 From
periodico, di Guest Workers
vendere to Unwelcome
i prodotti di bGuests
EC: full..................................
house 1980 82
una certa azienda sfruttandone qualsiasi combinazione di cinque
marchio e immagine elementi
87
sin.4.5
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
sin. cinquina, quintetto
................................ 90
tr. franchise, franchise store tr. fivesome, quintet
Bibliography .........................................................................................
poker b 97
I franchising di abbigliamento dei
pi noti marchi nazionali
5. Colombia: Including prendono
Emigrants il in Their Societies
In azione, un fullof Origin
di veterani........(LR
1014
numero di cellulare dei clienti per dicembre 2002)
Urs Watter
richiamarli subito dopo Capodanno
oppure, senzaInterest
5.1 State esporreand
il Responsibility
cartellino
con il prezzo iniziale e il prezzo full optional (full-optional)
finale, effettuano sconti su tutta la
Living Abroad ...........................................
[fullponal, ful ponal] 102 agg.
merce.
5.2 (LR 30 dicembre
Applied 2007) m./f. inv. CA 1990
Ethics .............................................................................. 104
riferito a tipo di prodotto venduto
free 5.3shop
Migration Policy and
(free-shop) Ethics .........................................................
[frip, con un insieme di accessori 106
addizionali che vengono solitamente
fri 5.4
p] n. m. inv./-s
Migration PolicyEC: duty- ......................................................
in Colombia pagati a parte 108
free shop 1983 tur. sin. completamente accessoriato
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
negozio situato in posti di frontiera tr. fully accessorized, fully
come
5.6porti e aeroporti
Alianza che vende
Pas .................................................................................. 112
equipped
merci esenti da tasse doganali
sin.5.7 Challenges
duty, optional
duty free.................................................................................... 114
tr. duty-free shop, duty-free store Tutte le vetture sono full optional,
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
duty, duty free con navigatore, cambio automatico e
Ma siamo, come
Working genere,
Together foral the
free Well-being
shop ofcopertura
Migrants assicurativa totale. (CS 12
........................... 119
di un aeroporto di terza categoria. marzo 2007)
Barry Halliday
(LR 6 gennaio 1985)

Monza/Italy
G
ad aumentare leffetto serra riducendo 58
lo strato di ozono
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
sin. gas serra 59
tr. greenhouse gas
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Proprio mentre il governo danese
4. The Ethics of Migration. annunciava la decisione di anticipare
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies il divieto di produzione dei gas killer
al 1993, lItalia si schierava in prima 61
gadget [ga(d)det] n. m. inv./-s fila nel gruppo di paesi che puntano
Laura Zanfrini
SS 1963 sul rallentamento degli impegni. (LR
4.1 Restrictive
oggetto Policies
offerto a scopo and Structural Demand
promozionale for Immigrant
24 novembre 1992) Labour .. 65
sin. omaggio
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andb Humanitarian
tr. giveaway CA 1993
Migration: Labour Migration but notgas, Workers
letale per Migration
luomo,.............
che causa 73
Si potranno ascoltare canzoni che decessi accidentali oppure utilizzato
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecome
parlano di donne e saranno distribuiti
Guests .................................. 82
arma chimica negli attentati
a tutte dei gadgetPolicies
4.4 Selective offerti da
andalcuni sin. gas letale
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
centri di estetica. (LR 8 marzo 2003) tr. lethal gas
garden [garden] n. m. inv. EC: Il gas-killer arrivato allimprovviso:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
garden center, garden centre due marinai sono morti subito, un altro
poco dopo. (LR 1 aprile 2000)
1992
negozio di grandi dimensioni
Urs Watter
specializzato nella vendita di sementi, ginger [dinder] n. m. inv. EC:
piante
5.1e State
attrezzature da giardino
Interest and Responsibility ginger ale, ginger pop 1953
sin. vivaio
towards their Citizens Living Abroad bev.
........................................... 102
tr. garden center, garden centre bibita analcolica gassata, amarognola,
di colore rossastro
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Certo, le sementi non mancano: ma il sin.
5.3diMigration
punto Policy
forza di questo and Ethics
garden sono .........................................................
tr. ginger ale, ginger beer, ginger 106
le vaschette di peperoni, pomodori pop
5.4 Migration
ciliegini, Policy
melanzane, in Colombia
finocchi. (CS 8 ...................................................... 108
aprile
5.52009)
Colombia nos une......................................................................
E proprio dal bar sono arrivati 109 i
caff, ma si parla anche di un
gas5.6 Alianza
killer (gas-killer) [gas killer,
Pas ..................................................................................
bicchiere di ginger, che hanno 112
avvelenato i due anziani. (LR 23
gaz5.7
killer] n. m. inv.
Challenges .................................................................................... 114
settembre 2003)
a CABibliography
1989 .......................................................................................
gin lemon (gin-lemon) 116
tipo di gas inquinante, particolarmente [dinlmon] n. m. inv. CA 1980
Working
nocivo Togetherche
per lambiente, forcontribuisce
bev.
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
DFAI 167
3.4 The
bevanda Human
alcolica Rights
a base di gin,Approach
succo ........................................................
culturale, economica e politica 58
di limone e acqua frizzante sin.
sin.3.5
ginConclusion
fizz ......................................................................................
tr. globalist 59
tr. gin fizz
Bibliography no global
......................................................................................... 60
gin tonic
Gli autoctoni potranno bere la birra
4. The Ethics of Migration. siciliana, i global quella statunitense o
Gin fizz e gin lemon sono gli
Reflections
aperitivi che al on Recentvanno
momento Migration
di Policies
tedesca, gli esotici quella proveniente
pi,and
qui Non-policies in Italy and Europe
potrete gustarli accostandoli ...........................................
dallo Sri Lanka. (LR 8 giugno 2008)61
Lauracon
a tartine Zanfrini
salse di ogni sorta. (LR
21 ottobre 2000) golden [glden] n. f. inv. EC:
golden delicious 1986 alim.
gin4.2
tonic (gin-tonic)
Initiatives [dintnik]
for Governing Family andqualit di mele dalla buccia gialla
Humanitarian
n. m. inv. EC: gin and tonic 1970 sin. golden delicious ............. 73
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration
bev. tr. golden delicious
4.3 From
bevanda Guest
alcolica a Workers to Unwelcome
base di gin e Guests .................................. 82
acqua tonica Neppure pi la chimica riesce a far
diventare le renette o le golden, 87 che
sin. gin and tonic
tr. gin
4.5 and tonic
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities crescono tra Cesena e il mare, delle
................................ 90
mele avvelenate. (LR 4 marzo
gin lemon 1994)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Ordina un gin tonic e si mette a
5. Colombia:
scherzare. (LR 26Including
novembre Emigrants
1989) golfSocieties
in Their [glf] n.ofm. inv. .......
Origin EC: 101 golf
Urs Watter coat 1915 fr. abb.
girl [grl, grl] n. f. inv./-s EC: maglia con le maniche lunghe, di
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility lana o altro tessuto, che si indossa
chorus girl 1918 cin. prof.
towards their Citizens Living Abroad
ballerina di fila in spettacoli teatrali e
...........................................
solitamente sopra la camicia 102
televisivi sin. golfino, jersey, maglia,
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
maglione, pull, pullover
sin. ballerina, ballerina di fila
5.3 Migration
tr. chorus girl, dancer tr. jersey, jumper, pullover,
sweater
miss
pull
Ho 5.5
ancora negli occhi
Colombia noslaunemeraviglia
...................................................................... 109
di quelle due serate fantastiche, con Fra ventanni un golf di cachemere
5.6 Alianza Pas potrebbe diventare un oggetto112
..................................................................................
tutti quei ballerini bravissimi, le girl da
stupende, le scenografie sfarzose e la museo. (LR 10 marzo 1988)
5.7 Challenges
musica. (LR 7 maggio ....................................................................................
1992) 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
global [glbal] n./agg. m./f. inv.
SS 2001 Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Working
(riferito
Barrya) Halliday
chi accetta, condivide o
inserito nel processo di globalizzazione

Monza/Italy
H
heliski (heli-ski) [(h)eliski] 58n.
m. inv. A: heli-skiing 1983 fr.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
sport
Bibliography .........................................................................................
sci fuori pista praticato utilizzando 60
lelicottero come mezzo di risalita
4. The Ethics of Migration. sin.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies tr. heli-skiing, helicopter skiing
happy end (happy-end, happyend) In Italia ci sono diverse scuole di sci
Laura Zanfrini
[(h)ppi nd] n. m./f. inv. A: happy che organizzano escursioni in heliski.
4.1 Restrictive Policies
ending 1940 fr. cin. and Structural (CS 29 gennaio
Demand 2004) Labour .. 65
for Immigrant
specialmente in romanzi e film, lieto
fine4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andhit
Humanitarian
[(h)it] n. f. inv./-s EC: hit
Migration:
sin. lieto fine Labour Migration but notparade
Workers
1967Migration
mus. ............. 73
tr. happy ending
4.3 From classifica relativa alle vendite 82di
Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ..................................
dischi, libri e film
Sar4.4 Selectivelamore
comunque Policiesdiand sin. classifica
the Brain Drain............................................
unaltra 87
donna a garantire anche a lui un tr. hit parade
4.5 Equalhappy
(sarcastico) Opportunity
end. and (LR Denied
9 Opportunities ................................ 90
dicembre 2001) Oltre che cimentarsi in tourne97e
Bibliography .........................................................................................
collaborazioni con artisti locali in
hard discount (hard-discount) ambito soprattutto jazzistico, la
cantante of Origin
ha anche .......alcuni
inciso 101
[(h)ardiskaunt, (h)ar(d) diskaunt]
Urs Watter album di musica dance che lhanno
n. m. inv./-s EC: hard-discount fatta entrare nelle hit di mezza
5.1hard-discount
shop, State Intereststore
and1992
Responsibility
Europa. (LR 6 maggio 2004)
supermercato
towardschetheir
vende prodottiLiving
Citizens non Abroad ........................................... 102
pubblicizzati a prezzi molto bassi hitball (hit ball, hit-ball)
sin.5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
discount
tr. discount outlet,Policy
discount [(h)itbl] n. m. inv. CA 1995
5.3 Migration and shop,
Ethics .........................................................
sport 106
discount store, hard-discount
5.4hard-discount
shop, Migration Policy disciplina sportiva a squadre,
storein Colombia ...................................................... 108
ciascuna di cinque giocatori, che
discount, stockhouse consiste nel segnare il maggior
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
numero di reti nella porta difesa dalla
In 5.6
Veneto
Alianzastanno ottenendo un
Pas ..................................................................................
squadra avversaria colpendo112il
enorme successo i grandi magazzini pallone con qualsiasi parte del corpo
alla5.7 Challenges
tedesca, quelli....................................................................................
che vengono e utilizzando anche il soffitto come 114
definiti hard discount, dove si superficie di gioco
Bibliography
compra .......................................................................................
tutto a pacchi e in scatola, 116
sin.
con grosse quantit. (LR 23 ottobre
1992) tr.
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
DFAI 169
Ho 3.4 The Human

conosciuto Rights
lhitball nellaApproach
mia ........................................................
ascoltare messaggi o effettuare 58
scuola media allet di 11 anni. (LS conversazioni erotiche
3.5 Conclusion
20 agosto 2009) ......................................................................................
sin. linea erotica 59
tr. adult chat line, phone-sex line,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
holding [(h)lding] n. f. inv./-s sex line
EC: holding
4. The Ethicscompany
of Migration.1931 chat b
econ.
societ finanziaria che controlla un Alcune pubblicit di queste hot lines,
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
gruppo di aziende attraverso il su ...........................................
riviste specializzate ma anche61 su
LauradiZanfrini
possesso un numero rilevante di giornali normali, recano
azioni lavvertenza, anche se in corpo
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand minuscolo, for Immigrant
che si tratta Labour .. 65
di un numero
sin. societ capogruppo
tr. holding company
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andinternazionale,Humanitariane alcuni di questi
centralini, specie quelli delle sexy
Migration: Labour Migration but notfiabe, Workers Migration
lo specificano .............della
allinizio 73
Il piano industriale che sar
approntato
4.3 From nelle
Guestprossime settimane
Workers chiamata, ma non sempre.
to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 (LR 28
tramuter la finanziaria in una ottobre 1992)
4.4 Selective
holding, da cui Policies and the
dipenderanno dueBrain Drain............................................ 87
settori produttivi, civile e difesa, house [(h)aus, (h)auz] n./agg. f.
4.5 Equal
ciascuno con Opportunity
una serie di and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
societ inv. EC: house music 1989
autonome sul piano operativo. (LR 6
Bibliography .........................................................................................
mus. 97
giugno 1997)
(riferito a) genere musicale da
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their discoteca
Societies veloce
of Origin e .......
ripetitivo
101
hot club (hot-club) [(h)tklab, caratterizzato dalla combinazione di
Urs Watter
(h)tklb] n. m. inv./-s CA 1934 elementi melodici, basi ritmiche e
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility suoni rielaborati elettronicamente
fr. mus.
circolo towards
o locale their Citizens
pubblico Living
in cui
sin. house music
si Abroad ........................................... 102
suona musica jazz tr. house music
sin.5.2
jazzApplied
club Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Discoteca, musica, qualche cocktail
tr. jazz club
allungato con il succo di frutta, 106e
Ma 5.4
la sua prima occupazione era sulla via del ritorno, la macchina
proprio la musica: ascoltatore vorace lanciata a velocit altissima, come
5.5 Colombia
e scrittore copioso, nos quel ritmo che resta nel corpo 109
une......................................................................
per decenni non dopo
perse un concerto, vide nascere e una notte passata a muoversi a tempo
5.6 Alianza
morire Pas (LR
gli hot club. ..................................................................................
29 giugno di house e di rock. (LR 16 febbraio 112
2004) 1993)
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
hotline
Bibliography
(hot .......................................................................................
line, hot-line) 116
[(h)tlain, (h)tlain] n. f. inv./-s
Working
SS Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
1992 ses.
Barrytelefonico
servizio Halliday a pagamento per

Monza/Italy
I
Si tratta di un instant film, una sorta 58di
anomalo e originale documentario
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
sportivo, la cui ambizione quella59di
mostrare aspetti particolari legati alla
Bibliography .........................................................................................
partita. (CS 18 luglio 1994)
60
4. The Ethics of Migration. instant seller (instant-seller)

Reflections on Recent Migration Policies [i(n)stant sller] n. m. inv./-s
EC: instant best-seller 1992
infopoint (info point, info-
Laura Zanfrini prodotto che, appena immesso sul
point) [infopint] n. m. inv.
4.1 Restrictive Policies and CA mercato,forsi Immigrant
Structural Demand vende in grandi
Labour quantit
.. 65
EC: information point 2002 ma solitamente per un periodo di
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andtempo
arch. molto breve
Humanitarian
Migration:
struttura, Labour
solitamente sin.
prefabbricata,
adibita a centro informazioni e tr. instant best-seller
4.3 From
collocata in Guest Workers
edifici to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
di grandi
dimensioni come stazioni, aeroporti, Ecco Metropolis al quinto posto, un
instant seller se vero che in87 un
fiere, centri commerciali, grattacieli,
universit e aree
4.5 Equal di grande and
Opportunity afflusso battibaleno,................................
Denied Opportunities una settimana appena,90 ha
turistico occupato quota sessantatre del
sin.Bibliography mercato. (LR 12 settembre 1993) 97
.........................................................................................
box, ufficio informazioni
tr. information booth, information
bureau,
5. Colombia:information center,
Including Emigrants internet
in Their Societiesbar of Origin (internet-bar)
....... 101
information
Urs Wattercentre, information [internet bar] n. m. inv. CA
desk, information point 1996 alim. tecn.
5.1 State
box 4b Interest and Responsibility locale pubblico dove i clienti
possono utilizzare gratuitamente102 dei
Ci sar anche un infopoint per computer collegati alla rete mentre
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
degustano cibi e bevande
104
aggiornare i cittadini sul recupero
dellAnfiteatro.
5.3 Migration(CS 13 and
Policy settembre sin. internet caf
Ethics ......................................................... 106
2003) tr. cybercaf, internet caf
internet point, phone center 108
instant film (instant-film)
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
[i(n)stant film] n. m. inv. CA SS Non vero che questa la
5.6 Alianza
1985 cin. Pas generazione delle discoteche
.................................................................................. 112
assordanti: i ragazzi di oggi
produzione cinematografica girata e
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
preferiscono il pub con la musica 114
dal
distribuita in tempi molto brevi che
vivo o linternet bar. (CS 25
si basa su un argomento
Bibliography di grande
....................................................................................... 116
novembre 1997)
attualit e risonanza pubblica
sin. instant movie
tr. instant movie
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
DFAI 171
3.4 The point

internet Human(internet-point)
Rights Approach ........................................................ 58
[internet pint] n.
3.5 Conclusion m. inv. CA
...................................................................................... 59
1995 tecn.
Bibliography
locale pubblico .........................................................................................
dove i clienti, 60
solitamente in base a una tariffa
4. The Ethics
oraria, possonoof Migration.
utilizzare dei
computer collegati alla
Reflections on Recentrete Migration Policies
sin.and
internet caf
tr. cybercaf, internet caf
Laura Zanfrini
internet bar, phone center
I nomadi digitali si danno
4.2 Initiatives
appuntamento forinternet
dagli Governing Family and Humanitarian
point
Migration:
disseminati Labour
nel globo Migration
attrezzati di but not Workers Migration ............. 73
mappe, e-mail e siti Web. (LS 24
4.3 From
febbraio 2004)Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
J
motociclisti, ponendo cos la parola 58
fine alla querelle relativa alla
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
cilindrata del veicolo e allet 59 del
conducente. (LR 23 ottobre 1999)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
jet society (jet-society) [dt
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies sosajeti, dt sosaiti] n. f. inv.
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe CA...........................................
1965 61
jersey [drsi, drsi] n. m. la parte pi abbiente dellalta societ
Laura Zanfrini
inv. EC: Jersey barrier, New internazionale
4.1 1996
Jersey Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand
trasp. sin. alta societ, Labour
for Immigrant lite, ..high 65
barriera di cemento armato usata society, jet-set, smart set
come4.2 Initiatives for in
spartitraffico Governing
strade Familye andtr.Humanitarian
lite, high society, jet-set,
Migration: Labour Migration but notsmart
autostrade Workers Migration
set, smart society ............. 73
sin. barriera di sicurezza,
spartitraffico La stampa rosa moscovita lo
tr. 4.4
concrete
Selectivebarrier,
Policies concrete considera come un habitu delle
median barrier, concrete step cronache mondane della jet society
4.5 Equal
barrier, Opportunity
F-shape barrier,and Denied Opportunities
Jersey russa. (LR ................................
20 febbraio 2004) 90
barrier, Jersey.........................................................................................
Bibliography wall, K-rail, 97
median barrier, New Jersey jolly [dlli] n. m. inv.
median barrier,
5. Colombia: traffic barrier,
traffic divider a EC: jolly joker 1918 gioc.
Urs Watter ciascuna delle due carte da gioco,
new jersey
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility presenti nei mazzi da 52 carte e
Hanno towards
cercato ditheir
stringermi verso il Abroad solitamente raffiguranti limmagine
Citizens Living ........................................... 102
di un giullare, alla quale pu essere
jersey, il separatore in cemento.
stato5.2inApplied
quel momento che li ho attribuito il valore pi conveniente
Ethics .............................................................................. 104
toccati, col muso del furgone. (CS 8 da parte del giocatore che la possiede
5.32007)
luglio Migration Policy and Ethics .........................................................
coll. avere un jolly, giocare 106il
jolly, pescare il jolly
jet [dt] n./agg. m. inv. EC: jet sin. matta
5.5 Colombia
helmet 1985 trasp. nos une tr. joker, wild card
...................................................................... 109
(riferito a) tipo di casco privo di
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
Ma i jolly nel mazzo sono solo112 due
mentoniera che lascia scoperti occhi,
su cinquantaquattro carte. (LR 29
naso5.7
e bocca
Challenges .................................................................................... 114
dicembre 1984)
sin.
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
tr. jet-helmet b EC: jolly joker 1923
colpo di fortuna
Working
Integrale Together
o jet, for the
entro la fine Well-being ofcoll.
dellanno Migrants
pescare ...........................
il jolly, trovare 119il
il casco
Barrysar obbligatorio per tutti i
Halliday jolly

Monza/Italy
DFAI 173
sin.3.4carta
The Human Rights
vincente, colpoApproach
di ........................................................
e EC: jolly joker 1988 58
fortuna persona particolarmente socievole e
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
allegra che anima feste ed eventi 59
tr. lucky break, lucky strike
coll. essere il jolly
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Questa volta, per, aveva pescato il sin. burlone
jolly, il calciatore capace di fare la tr. buffoon, joker, practical joker,
4. The Ethics
differenza. (LR 1of Migration.
agosto 1989) prankster, trickster
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Sono i due jolly della serata,
c EC:andjolly
Non-policies
joker 1949 in Italy and Europe ...........................................
divertenti, irriverenti, di grande 61
Laura
persona Zanfrini
capace di svolgere funzioni effetto scenico. (LR 3 maggio 1996)
diverse o di coprire pi ruoli a
4.1 Restrictive
seconda Policies and Structural Demand
delle necessit for Immigrant
f EC: jolly joker 1997Labour gioc... 65
coll.4.2fare da jolly,
Initiatives fungere da
for Governing Family andinHumanitarian
lotterie e concorsi a premi basati
jolly Migration: Labour Migration but notsuWorkers
estrazioni, numero che pu essere
Migration ............. 73
sin. factotum, tuttofare abbinato a una serie di numeri
4.3 From Guest
tr. all-round Workers
substitute, to Unwelcomecompresi
factotum, nella combinazione
Guests .................................. 82
jack-of-all-trades, utility player vincente e che garantisce comunque
una vincita 87
Adesso don Andrea e don and Davide sin. numero jolly
4.5 Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities
tr. bonus number................................ 90
guidano le parrocchie di San
Bernardo e San .........................................................................................
Bibliography Bartolomeo e si 97
occupano in particolare dei ragazzi e Il premio di seconda categoria andr
della catechesi; don Paolo, il pi appunto al 5+1, vale a dire a chi
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their
anziano, fa da jolly e collabora in
Societies
indovina 5 numeri of Origin
tra le sei.......
ruote101pi
Urs Watter
tutte e quattro le parrocchie. (LR 3 il jolly, il primo estratto sulla ruota di
marzo 2009) Venezia. (LR 5 settembre 1998)
towards
d EC: jolly their
joker 1988Citizens
abb. Living Abroad
g ...........................................
EC: jolly joker 2001 tecn.102
maschera carnevalesca
5.2 Applied Ethics costituita da simbolo che pu sostituire uno o104
.............................................................................. pi
un costume colorato attillato e da un caratteri e che viene solitamente
5.3 Migration
cappello Policy
a pi punte and Ethics
adornate utilizzato per cercare una parola
con ......................................................... 106
campanellini allinterno di un testo elettronico o
coll.5.4 Migration Policydain Colombia
mascherarsi jolly, ......................................................
un motore di ricerca 108
vestirsi sin. carattere jolly
da jolly nos une......................................................................
5.5 Colombia 109
sin. giullare tr. wild card
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
tr. jester
Il volume descrive il funzionamento
La 5.7 Challenges
stanzetta ....................................................................................
del bambino piena di dei principali motori di ricerca 114
giochi italiani e internazionali, i termini
e pupazzi,.......................................................................................
ma non ha la
Bibliography tecnici come gli 116
operatori
finestra; alle pareti le sue foto di
carnevale: questanno mascherato da booleani, i caratteri jolly e le meta-
Working
principe, Together
lanno scorso for the Well-being
da jolly. (LR ofricerche,
Migrantsil ...........................
tipo di motore119 da
Barry Halliday
12 novembre 1995)

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
utilizzare Human
e la Rights
gestione Approach ........................................................ 58
dei risultati.
(CS 14 agosto 2001)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
jumbo tram .........................................................................................
Bibliography (jumbotram, 60
jumbo-tram) [dambo tram,
dumbo tram]of n.
4. The Ethics Migration.
m. inv. CA
1975Reflections
trasp. on Recent Migration Policies
and Non-policies
veicolo tranviario pi lungoin Italydellaand Europe ........................................... 61
norma, formato
Laura da vagoni snodati e
Zanfrini
in grado di trasportare numerosi
passeggeri
sin. tram articolato, tram
snodato
tr. articulated tram
I difetti del jumbo tram di
4.4 Selective
ultimissima Policies
generazione andsaltati
sono the Brain Drain............................................ 87
fuori dopo neanche un anno. (LR 30
4.5 Equal
maggio 2004) Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
DFAI 175
K
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura
killer Zanfrini
[killer] n. m./f. inv./-s SS
1934
4.1 crim. Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Restrictive
assassino che uccide su commissione
coll.4.2 Initiatives
assoldare unfor Governing Family and Humanitarian
killer
sin. sicario
tr. 4.3
hitFrom
man,Guesthired assassin,
hatchet man
Niente che spieghi perch qualcuno
4.5 Equal
abbia Opportunity
assoldato un killer and Denied
per Opportunities ................................ 90
cancellare due vite e segnare
Bibliographyuna
definitivamente .........................................................................................
terza. (LR 20 97
luglio 2000)

K-Way
Urs Watter
(K-way, k-way, Kway,
kway) [kiwei,
5.1 State kiwi,
Interest keiwei,
and Responsibility
keiwi]towards
n. m./f.their
inv.Citizens
MG 1981 Abroad ........................................... 102
Living
abb.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
giacca a vento impermeabile molto
sottile
5.3 che, ripiegata
Migration in unaand
Policy tasca, si ......................................................... 106
Ethics
pu portare allacciata in vita come
un marsupio
sin. (giacca) antivento
tr., 5.5 Colombia
cagoule, nos une......................................................................
Pac-a-Mac
, 109

Windbreaker
5.6 Alianza, Pas
windcheater
.................................................................................. 112
5.7zaino
Nello Challenges ....................................................................................
non devono mancare una 114
k-way per fronteggiare una pioggia
Bibliography
improvvisa, .......................................................................................
un cappellino per evitare 116
colpi di sole e biancheria di
Working(CS
ricambio. Together
14 agostofor the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
2003)
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
L
addetto allascensore in alberghi58di
lusso ed edifici pubblici di grandi
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
dimensioni 59
sin. addetto allascensore
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tr. lift-boy
4. The Ethics of Migration. C effettivamente un momento della
giornata in cui professori, funzionari,
giornalisti, impiegati, operai, magari 61
Laura Zanfrini il lift dellalbergo, chiedono scusa e
devono lasciarvi. (LR 6 aprile 1985)
leasing [lizin(g)]Policies
4.1 Restrictive n. m. inv.
and DA
1970 econ.
4.2 Initiatives
contratto for Governing
di locazione di un bene Family andlifting [liftin(g)] n. m. inv.
Humanitarian
Migration:diLabour
dietro pagamento Migration
un canone, con but not Workers Migration ............. 73
possibilit di riscatto del bene stesso a EC: face lifting 1946 cosm.
4.3 From
al termine Guest Workers to Unwelcomeintervento
del contratto Guests ..................................
di chirurgia estetica 82 per
coll.4.4fare un leasing, comprare eliminare le rughe del viso e del
Selective Policies and theinBrain Drain............................................
collo mediante innalzamento 87e
leasing tensione della pelle
sin.4.5
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
sin. ritidectomia
tr. lease tr. face lift, face lifting
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Per noleggiare quei benedetti tappeti
Lattrice, reduce da un miracoloso
5. Colombia:
abbiamo fatto Including
un leasingEmigrants
di 36 in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
lifting, aveva concesso un ballo ad
milioni.
Urs (CS 6 agosto 1993)
Watter entrambi. (LR 10 settembre 1989)
5.1 State
liberty Interest
[liberti] and m./f.
n./agg. Responsibility
inv. b EC: face lifting 1959
E: A.L. Liberty 1905 arch. serie di modifiche e aggiornamenti
(riferito a) tendenza
5.2 Applied artistica apportati a un prodotto o a 104
Ethics .............................................................................. una
nellarchitettura e nellarredamento situazione per migliorarne limmagine
5.3 Migration
caratterizzata da Policy and Ethics
linee curve che .........................................................
sin. restyle, restyling, rinnovamento, 106
richiamano lo stile floreale ristrutturazione
sin.5.4
artMigration
nouveau Policy in Colombia ......................................................
tr. restyle, restyling
108
tr. art
5.5nouveau, modern
Colombia style
nos une restyling
...................................................................... 109
Ne 5.6 Alianza
nacque Pas ..................................................................................
una bella cittadella tra il Questa Italia di plastica ha bisogno 112
liberty e il moresco, con un elegante di lifting finanziari continui, o
5.7 Challenges
stabilimento ....................................................................................
balneare e un almeno di specchi che ingigantiscano
114
lungomare di discreti villini. (CS 6 le dimensioni, un po come quelli
Bibliography .......................................................................................
agosto 2003)
116
delle toilette di Harrods. (LR 11
aprile 2005)
Working
lift [lift] n.Together for the
m. inv. EC: liftWell-being
boy of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
1902 prof.

Monza/Italy
DFAI 177
live3.4[laiv]
The Human
n. m. Rights
inv. EC:Approach
live ........................................................
longseller (long seller, long- 58
concert 1975 mus.
3.5 Conclusion seller) [lon(g)sller] n. m. inv./-s
...................................................................................... 59
concerto dal vivo CA 1980
sin.Bibliography
concerto (dal.........................................................................................
vivo) prodotto che si vende in grandi 60
tr. live act, live concert quantit e per un periodo di tempo
4. The Ethics of Migration. molto lungo
Per Reflections
invogliare laon
gente ad andare ai
Recent Migration Policies sin.
concerti, bisogna darle spazi tr. long-term best seller
adeguati dove un live si possa vedere
Laura Zanfrini
e ascoltare bene. (LR 12 ottobre In ogni caso un premio speciale va
2008) dato aforun
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand long-seller.
Immigrant (LR
Labour .. 658
dicembre 1990)
4.2 Initiatives
living [livin(g)] for
n. Governing Family and Humanitarian
m. inv. EC:
Migration:
living room 1986 Labour
arch. Migration but notlook
Workers Migration(look-maker,
maker ............. 73
soggiorno
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomelookmaker) [ luk meiker, 82
()
Guests .................................. luk ()
sin. soggiorno
mker] n. m./f. inv./-s CA 1986
tr. 4.4
living-room, lounge,and
Selective Policies lounge
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
room, sitting room abb. prof.
chi si occupa ................................
di curare limmagine90di
Vorrei un appartamento con un bel un personaggio pubblico
Bibliography .........................................................................................
sin. consulente dimmagine 97
living arioso. (LS 28 marzo 2003)
tr. image maker
loft [lft] n. m. inv. EC:
Morti i look maker, gli artisti oggi
Urs Watter
apartment loft, converted loft, ignorano la magia del palco e
loft5.1
conversion SS 1974
State Interest and arch.
Responsibility tralasciano quel pizzico di teatralit
elegantetowards
appartamento o ufficio
their Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
che invece indispensabile. (LS 102
25
ricavato dalla ristrutturazione di febbraio 2007)
5.2 Applied
capannoni Ethics ..............................................................................
industriali o solai, 104
costituito da un unico locale molto
Luna Park (lunapark, 106 luna
alto5.3 Migration
senza Policy and
pareti divisorie Ethics .........................................................
e spesso
corredato di soppalco park, luna-park) [lunapark] n. m.
inv. MG 1911 108
sin.
tr. apartment loft, nos
5.5 Colombia converted loft, parco divertimenti, solitamente
une...................................................................... 109
loft conversion collocato in uno spazio aperto, dotato
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
di giostre e attrazioni di vario genere 112
open space
sin. parco (dei/di) divertimenti
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
tr. amusement park, fun fair 114
Le puntate della serie sono 40 e
Bibliography
seguono .......................................................................................
le avventure di tre amici che 116
convivono in un loft e sono alla Sullo sfondo si accendono le luci del
disperata luna park natalizio. (LS 17 dicembre
Working ricerca
Together di for unthequarto
Well-being of2003) Migrants ........................... 119
coinquilino con cui dividere le spese.
Barry Halliday
(LR 3 agosto 2008)

Monza/Italy
M
minibar (mini bar, mini-bar) 58
[minibar] n./agg. m. inv. 59
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... SS
1986 alim. trasp.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
(riferito a) carrello, solitamente 60
utilizzato sui treni, per trasportare
4. The Ethics of Migration. bevande e cibi preconfezionati da
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies vendere ai passeggeri
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe sin............................................
61
Laura Zanfrini tr. bar-cart service, food trolley,
mail [meil] n. f. inv. EC: refreshment(s) trolley, trolley
electronic mail, e-mail
4.1 Restrictive Policies1991
servicefor Immigrant Labour .. 65
tecn.
4.2 Initiatives
messaggio inviatofortramite
Governing postaFamily andI Humanitarian
viaggiatori si troveranno cos
Migration: Labour Migration but notsprovvisti
elettronica WorkersdiMigration ristorante.............
e carrelli73
sin. messaggio (di posta minibar. (LR 8 marzo 1986)
elettronica)
tr. 4.4e-mail,
Selectivee-mail
Policiesmessage, minibasket (mini basket, mini-
electronic mail basket) [minibasket] n. m. inv.
CA 1964 sport
I truffatori scrivono ai clienti una
Bibliography .........................................................................................
disciplina sportiva, simile 97 alla
mail camuffata da messaggio pallacanestro, praticata da bambini e
ufficiale di posta elettronica della ragazzi con regole semplificate e
5. Colombia:
banca Including
e li invitano Emigrants
a digitare dati in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
canestro collocato a unaltezza
Urs Watter
personali e password per accedere a inferiore
un concorso particolarmente
5.1 State sin.
attraente. (LS Interest and Responsibility
29 settembre 2003)
towards their Citizens Living Abroad tr............................................
biddy basketball 102
match ball (match-ball, basket, minivolley
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
matchball) [mtbl, mtbl] n. Momenti di tensione anche nel
m. 5.3
inv.Migration
SS 1984 Policy
sport and Ethics .........................................................
palazzetto dello sport di Fossombrone, 106
in 5.4
varieMigration
disciplinePolicy in Colombia ...................................................... 108in
sportive, punto che stato sgomberato mentre era
decisivo ottenendo il quale corso un torneo di minibasket. (LR 17
possibile aggiudicarsinos
5.5 Colombia lincontro dicembre 1987)
une...................................................................... 109
sin. match point, palla decisiva,
5.6 Alianza
palla Pas ..................................................................................
dellincontro, punto minimarket [minimarket]112n.
decisivo m. inv. CA 1976
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
tr. match point negozio, solitamente di piccole
Bibliography .......................................................................................
dimensioni e con un assortimento 116di
Abbiamo sprecato il primo merce ridotto, presso il quale si
matchball, ma ne resta un altro. (LR
Working Together for the Well-being ofacquistano
Migrantsgeneri di prima necessit
........................... 119
4 giugno 2007) e alimentari
Barry Halliday
sin. minimercato

Monza/Italy
DFAI 179

tr. minimart Svanito lincubo della retrocessione, 58
possibile che i mister rinuncino
La 3.5 Conclusion
scorsa ......................................................................................
notte il loro minimarket alle barricate per linutile punticino 59
stato completamente distrutto dalle in trasferta. (LR 25 agosto 2003)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
fiamme. (LR 18 aprile 2008)
mobbing [mbbin(g)] n. m. inv.
4. The Ethics(mini
minivolley of Migration.
volley, mini- SS 1988 sved. prof.
volley) [minivllei] n. m. inv. persecuzione ed emarginazione nei
confronti di una o pi persone61 da
CA 1985 sport
Laura Zanfrini parte di un gruppo specialmente in
disciplina sportiva simile alla
pallavolo praticata Policies
da bambini e un ambiente di lavoro o in una
4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
comunit
ragazzi con regole semplificate e rete
4.2 Initiatives
collocata Governing Family andsin.
forinferiore
a unaltezza
Humanitarian
sin. Migration: Labour Migration but nottr.Workers bullying,
Migration harassment,
............. 73
tr. biddy volleyball victimization
4.3 From Guest
minibasket, Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
volley In questo caso, il mobbing si
manifesta con continue vessazioni 87
Una cinquantina di squadre di volley sul dipendente, o aumenti del carico
4.5 in
sparse Equal
citt,Opportunity
due, tremilaand Denied Opportunities
ragazzi di lavoro, ................................
per indurlo a gettare90la
che ogni anno scendono in palestra spugna. (LR 14 febbraio 2004)
per Bibliography
un gigantesco.........................................................................................
torneo di 97
minivolley. (LR 19 febbraio 1985)
mobility manager (mobility-
missUrs[mis] n. f. inv. SS 1985
Watter manager) [mobiliti mnader,
cin. mobiliti manader] n. m. inv.
ragazza che fa parte del mondo dello CA 1994 prof.
towards
spettacolo their in
e compare Citizens Living Abroad
trasmissioni ...........................................
figura professionale interna102a
televisive unazienda incaricata di organizzare
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
sin. showgirl, valletta gli spostamenti dei dipendenti
tr. glamour girl, showgirl
5.3 Migration sin. responsabile
Policy and Ethics .........................................................logistico,
106
girl responsabile della logistica
tr. transport planner 108
Non5.5mancano le ballerine
Colombia del variet,
nos une ...................................................................... 109
e le miss poco vestite. (LR 15 luglio Il decreto, ignorato da tutti, obbliga
1987) aziende con almeno 300 dipendenti
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112a
nominare il proprio mobility
5.7 Challenges
mister [mister] ....................................................................................
n. m. inv. SS manager con il compito 114di
predisporre il piano di gestione degli
1951 sport .......................................................................................
Bibliography spostamenti dei dipendenti e116 dei
specialmente nel calcio, allenatore di propri clienti. (LR 18 novembre
una squadra Together for the Well-being of2008)
Working Migrants ........................... 119
sin.Barry
allenatore, coach, trainer
Halliday
tr. coach, trainer

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human[mon(t)gmeri]

montgomery Rights Approach ........................................................ 58
n. m.
3.5 inv. E: B.L.......................................................................................
Conclusion Montgomery 59
1953 abb.
Bibliography
giaccone sportivo .........................................................................................
di lana lungo fino 60
alle ginocchia, fornito di cappuccio e
con la chiusura
4. The Ethicsdiofalamari di corda e
Migration.
cuoio e bottoni ovali
sin.and
tr. duffel coat, duffle coat
Laura Zanfrini
trench
Da Trussardi la novit la pelliccia
di 4.2 Initiatives
camoscio, fattafordaGoverning
migliaia diFamily and Humanitarian
piccoli Migration:
dischi e il Labour Migration
montgomery con but not Workers Migration ............. 73
bottoni di lucertola intrecciata. (CS 2
4.3 From
febbraio 2004)Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
DFAI 181
N
median barrier, traffic barrier, 58
traffic divider
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
jersey
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Diciotto giorni dopo il nubifragio,
nove strade sono sbarrate dai
newjersey. (LR 4 settembre 2001
new...........................................
opening (new-opening) 61
Laura Zanfrini
naziskin (nazi skin, nazi-skin) [nju openin(g), nju penin(g)]
[naddziskin, nattsiskin] n. m./f.
n. m./f.for Immigrant
inv./-s CA 1993 Labour
econ... 65
inv./-s EC: Nazi-skinhead 1989 nuova o prossima apertura di
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andunattivit
Humanitarian
commerciale
crim.
Migration: Labour Migration but notsin. Workers
giovane appartenente a bande nuovaMigration
apertura,.............
prossima 73
teppistiche
4.3 From violente e razziste
Guest Workers apertura
to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
riconoscibile dai capelli rasati e tr. opening soon
dallabbigliamento di tipoand next opening
the Brain Drain............................................
militare 87
con accessori in pelle nera
sin.4.5 Equal
skin, Opportunity
skinhead, and Denied Opportunities
testa rasata Tira aria ................................
di crisi ma in 90 via
tr. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97si
Nazi-skinhead, neo-Nazi Montenapo e dintorni le boutique
skinhead, skinhead rinnovano e se ne aprono di nuove.
In vista della settimana della moda
5. skin
Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
lelenco delle new opening arriva a
Urs Watter dieci. (LR 17 settembre 2008)
Poi comparve un tipo con la testa
rapata
5.1alla naziskin.
State Interest(LR
and23Responsibility
gennaio
2004) towards their Citizens Living Abroad next opening (next-opening)
........................................... 102
[nkst openin(g), nkst penin(g)]
new5.2jersey
Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
(new-jersey, newjersey) n. m./f. inv./-s CA 2005 econ. 104
[n(j)udrsi, n(j)udrsi]
5.3 Migration Policy n.
andm.Ethics
nuova o prossima apertura di
inv. ......................................................... 106
unattivit commerciale
EC: New Jersey median barrier T:
New 5.4 Migration
Jersey 1992 trasp. sin. nuova apertura, prossima
Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
barriera di cemento armato usata apertura
5.5 Colombia nos une......................................................................
come spartitraffico in strade e tr. opening soon 109
autostrade new opening
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
sin. barriera di sicurezza,
Gi al lavoro gli operai nellex 114
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
spartitraffico Coin
tr. concrete barrier, concrete di via Ruggero Settimo per il next
Bibliography .......................................................................................
opening della catena spagnola 116di
median barrier, concrete step
abbigliamento Zara. (LR 12
barrier, F-shape barrier, Jersey novembre 2005)
barrier, Jersey wall, K-rail,
Barry Halliday
median barrier, New Jersey

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
night Human
[nait] n. m.Rights
inv./-sApproach
EC: ........................................................
con finalit commerciali. (LR 58 28
aprile 2005)
night
3.5club 1960 ......................................................................................
Conclusion ses. 59
locale notturno con musica in cui si
Bibliography
assiste
no stop (no-stop) [nostp] n./agg.
a spettacoli.........................................................................................
dal vivo di vario 60
genere e spogliarelli m./f. inv. A: non-stop 1959
sin. night club,of sexy bar, strip (riferito a) attivit, lavoro o viaggio
4. The Ethics Migration. che prosegue senza interruzione
club, topless bar,
Reflections ontopless
Recentclub Migration Policies
tr. and
nightNon-policies
club, strip club, sin. senza sosta
in topless
Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
tr. non-stop
bar,Laura
topless cabaret, topless club
Zanfrini
sexy bar, sexy show La manifestazione proseguir per
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand tutto il for Immigrant
pomeriggio conLabour
musica.. 65 no-
A causare il disastro unautobomba stop, lancio goliardico e simbolico di
4.2 Initiatives
piazzata davanti a for Governing
un night. Family andgavettoni
(LR 13 Humanitarian
e distribuzione di pizze e
gennaioMigration:
2002) Labour Migration but notbevande.
Workers(LRMigration
30 maggio.............
2008) 73
no global (no-global) [noglbal] notes [ntes] n. m. inv. EC:
4.4 m./f.
n./agg. Selective Policies
inv. CA and the Brain Drain............................................
2001 block notes 1905 fr. 87
(riferito a) chi fa parte di movimenti blocco per appunti con fogli
4.5 Equal
contrari Opportunity
al processo and Denied Opportunities
di globalizzazione staccabili ................................ 90
culturale,
Bibliography e politica sin. blocco (per appunti), taccuino
economica......................................................................................... 97
sin. antiglobale tr. desk pad, jotter, notebook,
tr. anti-globalist, anti- notepad, pad, of tablet, writing
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origin ....... pad
101
globalization protester, anti- block notes
Urs Watter
globalization protestor
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Sono intenti a firmare autografi nelle
global
copertine di dischi, nei notes, nelle
magliette. (LR 18 dicembre 2003) 102
Fuori dal Palazzo blindatissimo, i
no5.2
global hanno
Applied iniziato
Ethics la loro
.............................................................................. 104
manifestazione. (LR 4 ottobre 2003) nude look (nude-look) [()n(j)ud
luk] n. m. inv. CA 1966 fr. abb. 106
no 5.4
profit (no-profit) [noprfit] stile di capo dabbigliamento
n./agg. m./f. inv. A: non-profit trasparente, sia femminile che
19905.5Colombia
econ. nos une......................................................................
maschile, che lascia intravedere 109il
(riferito a) tipo di organizzazione o corpo
ente5.6
cheAlianza Passcopo
opera senza ..................................................................................
di lucro sin. 112
sin.5.7
senza scopo di....................................................................................
Challenges lucro tr. see-through clothing, sheer 114
tr. non-profit, non-profitmaking, clothing, transparent clothing
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
not-for-profit
Ma c anche qualche tocco di
Working
La nostra Together for the
una no-profit. NonWell-being
ha ofmalizia,
Migrants ad esempio nella blusa a
........................... 119
coste in nude look che spalanca la
niente a che vedere
Barry Halliday col commercio o
vista del seno. (LR 22 gennaio 1987)

Monza/Italy
DFAI 183

n./agg. m./f. inv. CA SS 1984 58
O

arch.
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
(riferito a) tipo di ampio ambiente 59
interno separato in vani da componenti
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
darredo e non da pareti
sin.
tr. open-plan, open-plan apartment,
open-plan loft, open-plan office
loft
off Laura Zanfrini
[f] agg. m./f. inv. SS 1967
riferito a tipo diPolicies
spettacolo o I reparti non erano divisi, era come
4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
manifestazione artistica davanguardia un open space. (LR 23 novembre
4.2 Initiatives
solitamente propostafor Governing
fuori Family and2006)
dai circuiti Humanitarian
commerciali
sin. davanguardia, sperimentale optional [ponal, ptsjonal] n.
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomem.
tr. fringe Guests ..................................
inv./-s EC: optional extra 82
1967
Il film racconta avventure e accessorio ottenibile con il
disavventure,
4.5 Equal pubbliche
Opportunity e private, di
and Denied Opportunities
pagamento................................
di un sovrapprezzo 90
un gruppo di teatranti impegnati rispetto al prezzo di base
Bibliography
nella realizzazione.........................................................................................
di uno spettacolo sin. accessorio, extra 97
off, in una delle tante cantine tr. accessory, extra, optional
romane. (LR 3 giugno
5. Colombia: 2006) Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Including extra, optional feature
Urs Watter full optional
office [ffis] n. m./f. inv. SS
5.1fr.State
1933 Interest and Responsibility
arch. Un impianto stereo, il cruise control
locale ditowards
serviziotheir Citizens fra
e disimpegno Living
la Abroad e ...........................................
i sedili riscaldabili rappresentano 102
cucina e la sala da pranzo di cui sono solo alcuni degli optional disponibili.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
solitamente dotati ristoranti, alberghi (LR 23 luglio 2003)
e appartamenti
5.3 Migrationlussuosi
sin. ripostiglio, dispensa, organizer [organaizer] n. m.
5.4 Migration
disimpegno, Policy
locale in Colombia ...................................................... 108
di servizio inv./-s EC: personal organizer
tr. pantry, butlers pantry 1992
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
taccuino o dispositivo elettronico di
Il bagno, lo studio
5.6 Alianza dentistico,
Pas la sala
.................................................................................. 112
piccole dimensioni nel quale possono
da pranzo, la cucina e loffice danno
essere annotati impegni giornalieri,
5.7 Challenges
verso est; a nord ....................................................................................
si trova il
indirizzi e numeri di telefono
114
guardaroba. (LR 5 marzo 2006)
sin. agenda, agenda elettronica
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
tr. personal organizer
open space (open-space,
Working Together
openspace) [openspeis,forpenspeis]
Non unagenda elettronica o un
Barry Halliday organizer come si dice in gergo,

Monza/Italy
ma 3.4
unoThe
deiHuman Rightspersonal
pi piccoli Approach ........................................................ 58
computer in circolazione, con tanto
3.5 Conclusion
di video e tastiera.......................................................................................
(LR 14 luglio 59
1992)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
outing [autin(g)] n. m. inv. DA
1991 fr.
dichiarazione pubblica in cui si
and Non-policies
manifesta in Italy and
la propria appartenenza a Europe ........................................... 61
una Laura Zanfrini tradizionalmente
categoria
discriminata
coll. fare outing
sin.4.2
coming out for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Initiatives
tr. coming out
4.3 From
Louting Guest Workers
praticato to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
correntemente
negli Stati Uniti e soprattutto in Gran
4.4 Selective
Bretagna, dove laPolicies
stampa and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
popolare
rilancia e amplifica le rivelazioni
delle organizzazioni omosessuali.
(LRBibliography
13 marzo 1999) ......................................................................................... 97
oversound
5. Colombia:(over-sound, over
sound) [oversaund, versaund]
Urs Watter
n. m. inv. CA 1989 cin.
5.1 State
tecnica Interest and
di doppiaggio cheResponsibility
consiste
towards latheir
nel sovrappone voceCitizens Living
al parlato di Abroad ........................................... 102
un film o di un documentario
5.2 Applied
mantenendo Ethics ..............................................................................
in sottofondo laudio in 104
lingua
5.3originale
sin. speakeraggio
5.4 Migration
tr. off-screen Policy
voice, in Colombia ...................................................... 108
voice-over
speaker e
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
meglio iniziarePas
5.6 Alianza da piccoli: messi di
.................................................................................. 112
fronte a un film in lingua straniera
con5.7traduzione
Challengesin....................................................................................
oversound i 114
bambini non fanno una piega. (LR
Bibliography
13 gennaio 2010) ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
DFAI 185
P
peeling [pilin(g)] n. m. inv. DA
SS 1970 cosm.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
trattamento estetico che mediante
Bibliography .........................................................................................
sostanze abrasive elimina le cellule 60
superficiali dellepidermide
4. The Ethics of Migration. sin. dermoabrasione
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies tr. body-peel, exfoliation, face-
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe peel, peel, scrub, scrubbing 61
...........................................
palmer [palmer] n. m. inv. E: J.
Laura Zanfrini Per una pelle luminosa a regola
Palmer 1918 sport trasp.
darte valgono alcune strategie di
4.1 Restrictive
pneumatico Policies
tubolare and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
solitamente
cura che vanno dai leggeri peeling
utilizzato per biciclette da corsa
per togliere le cellule morte alluso
sin.4.2 Initiatives
pneumatico for Governing
tubolare, tubolare Family anddiHumanitarian
prodotti che nutrono e.............
fissano
tr. cordMigration: Labour
tire, cord tyre, Migration
tubular tire, but notcolore.
Workers Migration 73il
(LS 28 agosto 2003)
tubular tyre, tubular
Niente motori, la Policies
strada a andrisuonare
personal [prsonal] n. m. inv.
4.4 Selective the Brain Drain............................................ 87
del rumore dei palmer, dei ricoperti, EC: personal computer 1982
dei 4.5 Equal da
battistrada Opportunity
mountain bike.and (LR tecn.
Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
6 settembre 2003) elaboratore elettronico di piccole
Bibliography .........................................................................................
dimensioni 97
parking [parkin(g)] n. m. inv. sin. personal computer, PC
tr. personal of OriginPC
computer, ....... 101
AD EC: parking garage, parking
Urs Watter
lot 1985 fr. arch. Noi mandiamo a casa il modem e un
area5.1
allaperto o al coperto,
State Interest anche
and Responsibility dischetto per configurare il personal.
distribuita su pi piani, riservata alla
(LR 16 febbraio 2004) 102
sosta delle automobili
sin.5.2 Applied
autosilo,Ethics parcheggio,
.............................................................................. 104
parcheggio multipiano, posteggio petting [pttin(g)] n. m. inv.
tr. car park, parking garage, and Ethics .........................................................
EC: heavy petting 1951 ses.106
parking lot scambio di effusioni amorose che
precedono o sostituiscono latto 108
box 1a sessuale completo
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
sin. preliminari
Nel prologo, ammirevole per grazia e
5.6 Alianza
inventiva, Pasal..................................................................................
si assiste gioco del caso tr. foreplay, heavy petting 112
che5.7mette in relazione
Challenges i due
.................................................................................... 114
sconosciuti: un portafoglio rubato a Perci noi, nella terapia della coppia,
lei Bibliography
e ritrovato dalluomo in un insegniamo appunto ci che viene
.......................................................................................
chiamato petting,
116
scientificamente
parking. (LR 21 maggio 2009)
denominato focalizzazione sensoriale.
Working Together for the Well-being of(LR Migrants
28 agosto...........................
1988) 119
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4 Thecenter
phone Human (phone-center,
Rights Approach ........................................................
sin. 58
phonecenter, phone centre, tr. fleece
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
phone-centre, phonecentre) [fon Occorre un abbigliamento che
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
snter, fn snter] n. m. inv./-s prevede tuta da sci, o se preferito
CA 1988 pantaloni di pile e giubbotto
4. The Ethics of Migration. antivento, guanti da sci e scarponcini
locale pubblico, dotato di cabine
Reflections
telefoniche on Recent
e computer Migration
collegati alla Policies
da trekking. (CS 29 gennaio 2004)
rete,and
in Non-policies
cui si possono ineffettuare
Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
b SS 1985 abb.
Lauraa Zanfrini
chiamate tariffe vantaggiose
indumento sportivo confezionato con
sin. punto telefonico materiale
4.1 Restrictive Policies
tr. cybercaf, internet caf and Structural Demand forsintetico
Immigrant molto
Laboursoffice
.. 65al
tatto e dalle propriet
internet bar, internet
4.2 Initiatives for Governingpoint Family andtermoregolatrici
Humanitariane idrorepellenti
Migration: Labour Migration but notsin.
Sar la prossima mossa a sorpresa tr. fleece jacket
dei 4.3 From
phone Guest
center Workers
nostrani, che,toconUnwelcome Guests .................................. 82
un occhio allintegrazione razziale e Quando si allontanata indossava un
4.4 Selective
laltro Policies
ben aperto sul and the Brain Drain............................................
business pile di colore verde oliva, 87 con
immigrati, offrono telefoni pubblici a chiusura a zip, un paio di jeans con
4.5prezzo.
basso Equal(LR
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
28 luglio 2000) ................................ 90
un foulard variegato rosa e, a
tracolla, una borsa di nylon color
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
pick up (pick-up) [pikap] n. m. nocciola con cerniera e sul davanti
due taschine ugualmente con
inv. EC: pick-up
5. Colombia: truck 1931
Including Emigrants in Their Societies
cerniera. (LR 30ofmaggio
Origin ....... 101
2006)
trasp.
Urs Watter
furgone o fuoristrada per il trasporto
di 5.1 State Interest
piccoli carichi and
con Responsibility
cassone plaid [pld, pleid] n. m. inv./-s
scopertotowards
e spondetheir
basseCitizens Living Abroad SS...........................................
1757 102
sin. furgoncino, furgone, coperta di lana, solitamente di colore
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
fuoristrada vivace, con frange alle estremit104
tr. pick-up sin. coperta
truck Policy and Ethics .........................................................
5.3 Migration 106
tr. blanket, cover
Come5.4risultato,
Migration un Policy
pick upinpieno
Colombia
di ...................................................... 108
civili armati si messo a caccia dei Forse per questo nessuno ha fatto
5.5 Colombia
presunti nosdella
disturbatori une......................................................................
quiete caso a quelluomo riverso per terra 109e
cittadina. (CS 21 novembre 2003) coperto fino alla testa con un plaid
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
marrone, che stava cos da almeno 112
una settimana. (LR 13 gennaio 2001)
pile5.7
[pail] n. m. inv./-s
Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography play [plei] n. m./f. inv. EC:
a SS 1985 abb........................................................................................ 116
tessuto di materiale sintetico molto playmaker 1984 sport
Working
soffice al Together for the
tatto e dalle specialmente nella pallacanestro,
Well-being of Migrants ...........................
propriet 119
giocatore particolarmente dotato nel
Barry Halliday
termoregolatrici e idrorepellenti
controllo del pallone che ha il

Monza/Italy
DFAI 187
3.4 The
compito di Human
guidare Rights
lattaccoApproach
della ........................................................
specialmente nella pallacanestro, 58
propria squadra impostando lo giocatore particolarmente dotato nel
3.5 Conclusion
schema di gioco ......................................................................................
controllo del pallone che ha59il
sin.Bibliography
guardia, playmaker, regista compito di guidare lattacco della
.........................................................................................
propria squadra impostando lo
60
tr. (point) guard
playmaker schema di gioco
4. The Ethics of Migration. sin. guardia, play, regista
NonReflections on Recent
sar un anziano, Migration
non sar Policies
tr. (point) guard
and Non-policies
necessariamente un play in Italy
puro, and Europe
sar ...........................................
play 61
Laura Zanfrini
sicuramente un atleta vero ed un
giocatore capace di portare punti, Lesigenza di trovare un playmaker
4.1 come
anche Restrictive
primaPolicies
punta. and
(LR Structural
28 Demand
in gradofor Immigrant
di offrire Labour qualit .. 65alla
dicembre 2008) squadra ha dato vita alla ricerca di un
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andgiocatore
Humanitarian con le giuste
playback (play back, play-back) but not Workers
caratteristiche.Migration
(LR 18 .............
ottobre 2001)73
4.3 From
[pleibk, pleibk]
Guest Workers to SS
n. m. inv. Unwelcomeplayout
Guests ..................................
(play out, play-out)
82
19424.4 mus. Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Selective [plejaut] n. m. inv. CA 1985
specialmente nelle trasmissioni
televisive, tecnica
4.5 Equal che permette
Opportunity di
and Denied sport
Opportunities ................................ 90
mandare in onda un brano musicale nei tornei sportivi a squadre, fase
Bibliographyregistrato,
precedentemente finale del campionato in cui 97le
.........................................................................................
mentre il
cantante simula lesecuzione in squadre classificatesi ultime
diretta disputano incontri a eliminazione
diretta per stabilire quali andranno a
coll.Urs
cantare
Watterin playback fare parte della serie inferiore nella
sin.
stagione successiva
tr. 5.1lip-synchronization,
lip-
sin.
towards
synch(ing), their Citizensmime,
lip-sync(hing), Living Abroad ........................................... 102
tr.
miming
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
La stagione calcistica (mancano
Certo, se pensiamo
5.3 Migration Policyche andpoi Ethics
tutti ......................................................... 106
ancora uno spareggio in A, due
questi artisti arriveranno per svolgere
giornate di B e i playoff e i playout
un semplice passaggio
5.4 Migration Policypromozionale,
in Colombia ......................................................
di C) si concluder con quasi108 150
ovviamente in playback tranne,
arresti. (LR 26 maggio 2003)
5.5 Colombia
speriamo, qualche nos une ...................................................................... 109
prestigiosa
eccezione, il fascino di questa
5.6 Alianza
kermesse Pasquasi
scompare ..................................................................................
del tutto. pocket [pket] n. m. inv./-s112 EC:
(LR5.7
19 Challenges
febbraio 1995) pocket book 1985
.................................................................................... 114
libro dal formato ridotto che pu
playmaker
Bibliography essere riposto in una tasca
.......................................................................................
(play maker, play- 116
maker) [()plei meiker, ()plei sin. tascabile
Working Together for the Well-being oftr.Migrants
mker] n. m./f. inv./-s CA 1964
pocket book, pocket-size book
........................... 119
Barry Halliday
sport

Monza/Italy
Cos3.4il The Human

tascabile, Rights
il tanto Approach ........................................................
bistrattato tr. pole position 58
pocket, si prende la rivincita sul
3.5 Conclusion
sussiegoso ......................................................................................
hard cover, il libro Per realizzare la pole ci vorr un giro 59
rilegato. (LR 6 maggio 1989) da Superman. (CS 29 settembre
Bibliography .........................................................................................
2003) 60
poker [pker] n. m. inv.
4. The Ethics of Migration. b EC: pole position 1990
a SS Reflections
1905 gioc.on Recent Migration Policiesposizione privilegiata o vantaggiosa
nel and
giocoNon-policies
del poker, combinazione di coll.
in Italy and Europe essere in pole
........................................... 61
quattro carte
Laura Zanfrinidello stesso valore, sin. pole position, posizione
inferiore solamente alla scala reale privilegiata, prima posizione,
sin.4.1
Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant
primo posto, vantaggio Labour .. 65
tr. four of a kind, fours tr. advantage position,
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andadvantaged
Humanitarianposition, leading
full a
Migration: Labour Migration but notposition,
Workers Migration
privileged.............
position,73
Vincere sarebbe come fare poker o vantage position
scala4.3reale.
From Guest
(LR Workers
17 ottobre 1992)to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Sempre in pole per la guida 87 del
b SS 1980 partito, ma il traguardo non si vede.
qualsiasi insieme
4.5 Equal o combinazione
Opportunity di
and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
(LR 22 ottobre 2008)
quattro elementi
sin.Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
quartetto, quaterna
tr. foursome, quartet pony [pni] n. m. inv. EC: Pony

5. full
Colombia:
b Including Emigrants in Their ExpressSocieties1987of Origin
prof. ....... 101
specialmente nelle grandi citt,
Urs Watter
Per parecchi anni la crescita fattorino che si occupa di recapitare
5.1 State Interest
delleconomia and Responsibility
americana ha tratto rapidamente la corrispondenza o
vantaggio da un poker di elementi. piccoli
towards their Citizens Living Abroad pacchi muovendosi 102in
...........................................
(LR 23 ottobre 2006) motorino o motocicletta
sin.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
pole5.3[pol, pl] n. Policy
Migration
tr. (motorbike, motorcycle)
f. inv. and Ethics ......................................................... 106
courier
a EC: pole position 1978 in Colombia Pony Express
...................................................... 108
sport La Corte di Cassazione dovr prima
5.5 Colombia
solitamente nelle garenos une......................................................................
automobilistiche 109o
poi dire una parola definitiva: chiarire se
o motociclistiche,
5.6 Alianza Pasla..................................................................................
posizione di 112
per la legge italiana i pony sono davvero
partenza pi vantaggiosa assegnata al
nuova imprenditorialit o solo una
corridore che ha ottenuto
5.7 Challenges il miglior
.................................................................................... 114
riverniciatura di quello che si chiamava
tempo nei giri di prova
lavoro nero. (LR 27 giugno 1987) 116
Bibliography .......................................................................................
coll. essere in pole, guadagnarsi la
pole, partire in pole, realizzare la Pony Express (pony express,
pole pony-express) [pni (k)spres]
sin.Barry Halliday
pole position
n. m. inv. MG 1984 prof.

Monza/Italy
DFAI 189
3.4 The Human

specialmente nelle Rights
grandi Approach
citt, ........................................................
pressing 58
fattorino che si occupa di recapitare sin. pressione
3.5 Conclusion
rapidamente ......................................................................................
la corrispondenza o 59
tr. pressing game, pressing
piccoli pacchi muovendosi in
tactics, pressure
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
motocicletta
sin. forcing a
4. The(motorbike,
tr. Ethics of Migration.
motorcycle) Primo tempo di rara bruttezza, con
courier molti errori nei disimpegni e poca
pony ...........................................
voglia di fare pressing, sotto un sole 61
Laura Zanfrini quasi estivo. (LR 9 maggio 2005)
Nel filmato si vede una signora che,
4.1 Restrictive
uscendo Policies
di casa, trova le and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
cassette b SS 1984
postali traboccanti for
4.2 Initiatives di pubblicit
Governinge Family
il andpressione forte e continua che mira a
Humanitarian
portone assediato da portalettere e ottenere determinati risultati
pony Migration:
express che Labour Migration
cercano di but notcoll.
Workers Migration
fare pressing
............. 73
consegnarle materiale vario. (LS 18
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomesin. forcing,
Guests pressione
.................................. 82
marzo 2003) tr. pressure
forcing b 87
power drink (power-drink)
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities Intanto i ................................ 90
[pawer drink] n. m. inv./-s CA sindacati tornano a fare
Bibliography pressing sul governo. (LR 23 maggio
......................................................................................... 97
1994 bev.
2008)
bevanda stimolante arricchita con
amminoacidi e vitamine
sin.Urs
energy drink, smart drink pull [pul] n. m. inv. EC: pullover
Watter
tr. energy drink, smart drink 1973 abb.
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility maglia con le maniche lunghe, di
towards
Si chiamano theirdrinks
smart Citizens lana
Living Abroad
o power o altro tessuto, che si indossa
........................................... 102
drinks, sono bevande ad alto potere solitamente sopra la camicia
5.2 Applied
energetico dal Ethics ..............................................................................
contenuto ancora sin. golf, golfino, jersey, maglia, 104
oscuro, bibite reperibili solo nelle maglione, pullover
5.3 Migration
discoteche, ormai iPolicy
cocktailand Ethics ......................................................... 106
preferiti tr. jersey, jumper, pullover,
da chi vive after hours, dallalba
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia a sweater
...................................................... 108
mezzogiorno. (LR 21 luglio 1995)
golf
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
pressing [prssin(g)] n. m. inv. Salvo poi premere sullacceleratore
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
della sciccheria con i visoni
a SS
5.71980 intarsiati, i pull cachemire e gli 114
fr. ....................................................................................
Challenges sport abiti
in gare sportive a squadre e individuali, di cristalli. (CS 24 febbraio 2003)
Bibliography
azione .......................................................................................
incalzante con cui si contrasta 116
lavversario per ostacolarne la fase pullman [pulman] n. m. inv. E:
Working Together for the Well-being ofG.M.
dattacco MigrantsPullman ...........................
1869 trasp.119
coll.Barry
fareHalliday
pressing, subire il grande autoveicolo per il trasporto di

Monza/Italy
3.4 TheeHuman
passeggeri bagagli,Rights
sia perApproach
brevi ........................................................ 58
che per lunghi tragitti
sin.3.5 Conclusion
autobus, ...................................................................................... 59
bus, corriera
tr. bus, coach ......................................................................................... 60
Bibliography
I pullman organizzati dalla prefettura
4. The Ethics
cercano of Migration.
come possono di ridurre i
Reflections
disagi on Recent
dei pendolari. Migration Policies
(LR 16 gennaio
1985)
Laura Zanfrini
push up (push-up, pushup)
[puap] n. m. inv. EC: push-up
bra,4.2push-up
brassiere 1995 Family
and Humanitarian
abb. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
reggiseno che arrotonda e spinge in
alto4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
il seno

sin.4.4
Wonderbra
tr. push-up bra, push-up
brassiere
Wonderbra
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Col push up perdi il seno e ti ritrovi
al5.suo
Colombia: Includingsiluro
posto un mostruoso Emigrants
che in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
sparaUrssulWatter
davanti come un unicorno.
(LS 14 marzo 2003)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
DFAI 191
Q
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura
quad Zanfrini
[kwd, kwad] n. m./f. inv.
EC:4.1
quad bike, quad
Restrictive motorcycle
1999 trasp.
4.2 Initiatives
veicolo simile a for
unaGoverning Family and Humanitarian
motocicletta
dotato Migration:
di quattro Labour
grandi Migration
ruote e but not Workers Migration ............. 73
particolarmente adatto a percosi
sterrati
sin.4.4
tr. ATV, four wheeler, quad bike,
quad4.5motorcycle
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography
Molte persone hanno.........................................................................................
visto lincidente, il 97
quad contro il camion, la famiglia e la
5. Colombia:
tragedia. Including
(LR 14 agosto 2004) Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
quiz [kwits] n. m. inv. EC: quiz
game, towards
quiz their
program, quiz Abroad ........................................... 102
Citizens Living
programme, quiz show 1949
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
gioc.
gioco a premi, solitamente trasmesso
alla5.3 Migration
radio Policy and
o in televisione, Ethics
basato su ......................................................... 106
alcune domande poste ai concorrenti
sin. gioco a premi, telequiz
tr. quiz game, quiznos
5.5 Colombia program, quiz
une...................................................................... 109
programme, quiz show
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
telequiz
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Re assoluti del palinsesto, secondo la
Bibliography
ricerca, sono i.......................................................................................
film: seguono 116
programmi comici, telefilm, quiz e
cartoni
Working animati. (LR 13 for
Together luglio
the2007)
Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
R
recordwoman (record woman, 58
record-woman) [rkordwman,
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
rkordvuman] n. f. inv./-men CA
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
1950 fr. sport
atleta detentrice di un primato o
4. The Ethics of Migration. donna che spicca per essersi
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies classificata prima in situazioni di
vario genere 61
Laura Zanfrini sin. primatista
reality [rialiti, realiti] n. and
m. inv. tr. record-holder
4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
EC: reality show 2000 cin.
4.2 Initiatives
programma for Governing
televisivo trasmesso dalFamily andLeHumanitarian
prove multiple sono leducazione
sportiva umana che privilegia la
vivo cheMigration:
ha come Labour Migration but notpolivalenza,
protagonisti Workers Migration ............. 73
e la completezza, pi
persone costrette a trascorrere del che lalta..................................
prestazione, anche se lei
4.3 From
tempo Guest Workers
in situazioni to Unwelcome
particolari di Guests 82
stata recordwoman del lungo. (LR 25
convivenza settembre 1988)
sin. reality show
tr. reality show
regimental ................................
[redimntal] n.90f.
UnaBibliography inv. EC: regimental tie 197697
.........................................................................................
sola donna passer dal reality
alla realt: uscir infine dalla casa e abb.
abbraccer
5. Colombia: conIncluding
entusiasmo Emigrantsun cravatta
in Their a larghe
Societies strisce .......
of Origin diagonali
101
perfetto sconosciuto. (LR 2 dicembre colorate
Urs Watter
2003) sin.
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility tr. regimental tie
towards(record
recordman their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
man, record-
Si afferma una regimental molto
man)5.2[rkordmn, rkordmn]
Applied Ethics n.
..............................................................................
americana, con le righe orizzontali 104
m. inv./-men CA 1905 fr. sport tipiche dei collegiali statunitensi.
5.3detentore
atleta MigrationdiPolicy and Ethics
un primato o .........................................................
(LR 15 settembre 2001) 106
uomo che spicca per essersi
classificato primo in situazioni di relax [relaks] n. m. inv. A:
vario
5.5genere
Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
relaxation 1959
sin. primatista
5.6 Alianza Pas distensione fisica e psichica o 112
.................................................................................. stato
tr. record-holder di riposo totale
sin. distensione, rilassamento,
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Il terminator della valigia, il
recordman assoluto di furti su nastro riposo
Bibliography .......................................................................................
tr. relaxation, rest 116
un omino milanese di quarantanni,
agile e minuto, con un fisico da
Workinge Together
fantino uno spiccatofor the sensoWell-being ofLaMigrants ...........................
gente, giustamente, 119
cerca di poter
Barry Halliday
dellumorismo. (LR 27 agosto 2002) evadere dalla crisi, cerca

Monza/Italy
DFAI 193
3.4 The Human

intrattenimento Rightsmercato,
a buon Approach ........................................................
(riferito a) genere musicale 58 da
cerca di avere qualche momento di discoteca che consiste nel riproporre
3.5 Conclusion
relax soprattutto ......................................................................................
quando la vecchi successi 59
situazione si fa pi difficile. (LR 21 sin.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
ottobre 2008) tr.
4. The Ethics
residence of Migration.
[rzidens, rsidens] Anche la musica proposta
asseconder un percorso globale,
n. m. inv. EC: residence house
and Non-policies
1973 fr. tur. in Italy and Europe ...........................................
passando dallhouse allelettronica, 61
Lauraalberghiera
Zanfrini composta da al revival. (LR 5 giugno 2009)
struttura
appartamenti arredati e solitamente
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant
revolving Labour
[revlvin(g)] .. 65
n./agg.
affittati per lunghi periodi
Initiatives for Governing Family andf. Humanitarian
sin.4.2 inv. EC: revolving credit card
tr. apartment hotel, holiday let, 1994 econ.Migration ............. 73
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers
self-catered apartment, self- (riferito a) carta di credito che
4.3 From
catered flat Guest Workers to Unwelcomepermette
Guests ..................................
laddebito rateale delle 82
spese effettuate dietro pagamento di
un tasso dinteresse 87
Il ciclista stato trovato ieri senza
vita4.5
in Equal
un residence di Rimini.
Opportunity and (CS sin.
Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
16 febbraio 2004) tr. revolving credit card
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
restyling [ristailin(g), restailin(g)] Carte usa e getta, revolving e
ricaricabili: gliof istituti
Origindi.......credito
n.5.m.
Colombia: Including
inv. SS 1987 Emigrants in Their Societies
continuano a sfornare nuovi prodotti
101
Urs Watter
modifica dellorganico di unazienda per conquistare ulteriori fasce di
o un partito politico mercato. (LR 14 maggio 2007)
coll.5.1 State
fare un Interest
restylingand Responsibility
sin. towards theirriordinamento,
Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Rimmel (rimmel) [rimmel] n.
riorganizzazione
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
tr. reshaping, reorganization m. inv. MG 1939 fr. cosm.104
5.3 Migration cosmetico costituito da un liquido
lifting b denso, solitamente di colore scuro,
che si applica sulle ciglia con108
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... un
certo, comunque, che se al restyling apposito spazzolino per aumentarne
societario non corrisponder
5.5 Colombia nos une una......................................................................
decisa la consistenza 109
sterzata nella conduzione dellimpresa
sin. mascara
5.6 Alianza
difficilmente le Pas
sorti..................................................................................
del gruppo 112
potranno essere raddrizzate. (LR 15 tr. mascara
5.71987)
aprile Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Dichiarano venticinque anni ma il
Bibliography .......................................................................................
rossetto e il rimmel non nascondono 116
revival [revaival, rivaival] del tutto le loro facce da sedicenni.
n./agg.
Working m./f.Together
inv. SS 1988for the mus.
Well-being of(LR 17 agosto
Migrants 2007)
........................... 119
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4 The
roller Human
[rller] Rights
n. m. Approach
inv./-s EC: ........................................................ 58

Rollerblade 1995......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion sport 59
tipo di pattino caratterizzato
Bibliography longitudinale
dallallineamento .........................................................................................
delle 60
rotelle
4. The
sin. Ethics
pattino Rollerblade
of Migration.
in linea,

Reflections
tr. in-line skate,on Recent Migration
Rollerblade Policies
La cronaca si occupa dei ragazzi con
Laura Zanfrini
i roller quando i vigili fanno fioccare
4.1 Restrictive
le multe. Policies
(CS 23 luglio 1995)and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65

Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
DFAI 195
S
ristorante in cui non previsto58il
servizio al tavolo e il cliente si serve
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
da s 59
sin.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tr. self-service restaurant
self bar
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Sono molti per i genovesi che nella
pausa-pranzo preferiscono comprare 61
Laura Zanfrini il pezzo di focaccia dal panettiere o
scotch (scotch) [skt] n. m. inv. la torta di verdure in rosticceria

EC:4.1 Restrictive
Scotch Tape Policies
1964 and Structural Demand
invece for
che Immigrant
andare al Labour .. 65o
self-service
nastro sedersi al bar, dove i prezzi sono
4.2adesivo trasparente
Initiatives for Governing Family andsuperiori
Humanitarian
perch bisogna pagare
sin. nastro adesivoLabour
Migration: (trasparente)
Migration but notanche
Workers Migration
tr. adhesive tape, Scotch Tape, il servizio. (LR .............
27 febbraio73
2008)
4.3 From
Sellotape , Guest
tape, Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
transparent
adhesive tape b SS 1984
distributore automatico di carburante
Il figlio del notaio
4.5 Equal vigevanese
Opportunity andviene
Denied Opportunities ................................
senza lassistenza del personale 90
messo a tacere con lo scotch sulla
bocca, e legato mani e piedi. (LR 21 sin. (distributore) automatico, fai
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
febbraio 1985) da te
tr. self-service gas station, self-
service petrol of Origin
station, ....... 101
self-service
selfUrsbar
Watter(self-bar, selfbar) pump
[selfbar] n. m. inv. CA 2008
State Interest and Responsibility self bar
5.1tur.
alim.
towards
distributore their Citizens
automatico Living
di bevande e Abroad ...........................................
Per risparmiare sul carburante 102
altri prodotti solitamente presente converr sempre pi affidarsi ai104 self
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
nelle stazioni ferroviarie service. (LR 21 dicembre 2007)
sin.5.3
distributore
Migration(automatico)
tr. vending machine, vendor sexy bar (sexy-bar, sexybar)
5.4 Migration
self service Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
[sksibar] n. m. inv. CA 1986
5.5 Colombia nos une......................................................................
ses. 109
Dieci binari, con una trentina di
obliteratrici e punti locale in cui si serviti da donne a
5.6 Alianza Pasdi..................................................................................
self bar. (LR
seno scoperto e in cui si pu assistere 112
30 luglio 2008)
a spogliarelli
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
sin. night, night club, strip club,
selfBibliography
service .......................................................................................
(self-service,
116
topless bar, topless club
selfservice) [sl(f) srvis] n. m. tr. night club, strip club, topless
inv.
Working Together for the Well-being ofbar, topless...........................
Migrants cabaret, topless club 119
Barry Halliday night, sexy show
a SS 1963 alim.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The del

Allinterno Human
sexy Rights
bar sono Approach
stati ........................................................
spettacolo erotico a cui si pu 58
sequestrati 5000 profilattici, 140 assistere in alcuni locali notturni
3.5 Conclusion
grammi di hashish e......................................................................................
15 mila euro in sin. spettacolo erotico, spogliarello 59
contanti nascosti in una cassaforte tr. erotic show, sex show, topless
Bibliography .........................................................................................
sotto al pavimento. (LR 25 luglio
60
show
2002)
4. The Ethics of Migration. night, sexy bar
sexy partyon Recent
Reflections (sexy-party)
Migration Policies
Colpa di un sexy show previsto per
and Non-policies
[sksiparti] in Italy
n. m. inv. CA 1972 and
Europe ...........................................
domani sera che nessuno 61si
ses.Laura Zanfrini aspettava. (CS 6 maggio 1998)
festa privata a carattere orgiastico
sexy starfor Immigrant
(sexy-star, Labour .. 65
sexystar)
sin. festino, orgia
tr. orgy, sex partyfor Governing Family and[ Humanitarian
4.2 Initiatives
()
sksi star] n. f. inv.
Per ottenere i fidi bancari, luomo a SS 1986 prof. ses.
regalava sexy Guest
4.3 From party aiWorkers
tre dirigenti e
to Unwelcome Guests
attrice ..................................
di film pornografici 82
al direttore generale, cugino del sin. attrice porno, porno attrice,
4.4 Selective
principale Policies
azionista di unand the Brain Drain............................................
famoso
pornodiva, pornostar 87
istituto bancario. (LS 7 settembre
1994) tr. porn actress,
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities porn star
................................ 90
E sua madre accettava il suo lavoro
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
sexy shop (sexy-shop, sexyshop) di indossatrice, prima, e poi di sexy
[sksi p, sksip]
5. Colombia: n. m.Emigrants
Including inv./-s star? (CS 5 marzo 1995)
in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
CA Urs
1981Watter
ses. b SS 2004 prof. ses.
negozio specializzato nella vendita di
ragazza che si esibisce in spettacoli
5.1 State
riviste, film eInterest and Responsibility
altri articoli erotici o
erotici allinterno di alcuni locali
pornografici
notturni
sin. negozio per adulti, sex shop sin. entraineuse, spogliarellista,
tr. 5.2
adultApplied
store,Ethics
sex ..............................................................................
shop, Stag stripwoman, taxi girl
104

Shop5.3 ,Migration
Stag StorePolicy and Ethics .........................................................
tr. bar-top dancer, lap dancer, 106
Perch questo ,Policyappunto, un pole dancer, stripper, striptease
5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108
supermercato del sesso: ovvero artist, strip teaser, table dancer,
5.5 aColombia
niente che vedere noscon
une topless dancer
il ......................................................................
luogo 109
comune del sexy shop come strip, stripman, stripwoman,
5.6 Alianza
negoziuccio Pas ..................................................................................
squallido, in penombra, taxi girl 112
con clienti e gestori viscidi e volgari.
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
In un salottino del night la sexy114 star
(LR 24 aprile 2004)
di turno, dopo la table dance,
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
sexy show (sexy-show, sexyshow) concedeva prestazioni sessuali che
venivano pagate a un prezzo pattuito
Workingsksi,
[sksio, Togethersksiou]
for then.Well-being
m. ofdirettamente
Migrants ...........................
dal cliente alla cassa. 119
inv.Barry
CA SSHalliday
1981 ses. (LR 23 febbraio 2009)

Monza/Italy
DFAI 197
3.4 The
skibus Human
(ski-bus, skiRights Approach ........................................................
bus) [skibus, tr. Nazi-skinhead, neo-Nazi 58
skinhead, skinhead
skibus] n. m. inv. CA
3.5 Conclusion 1991 sport
...................................................................................... 59
naziskin
trasp.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
mezzo di trasporto che collega Gli skins hanno seminato panico e
aeroporti, stazioni, centri abitati e terrore tra le famiglie che cenavano
4. The Ethics
alberghi of Migration.
alle stazioni sciistiche pi allaperto. (LR 21 giugno 1992)
vicine
sin.and
Non-policies in Italy and Europe ...........................................
skipass (ski-pass, ski pass) 61
tr. Laura Zanfrini [skipas, skipas] n. m. inv. EC:
skiman, skipass, skiroll, ski ski-lift forpass 1970 ted.Labour sport.. 65
stopper Immigrant
tesserino, solitamente elettronico,
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andche Humanitarian
consente laccesso agli impianti
Laumento del traffico nelle valli e il diWorkers
risalita in una stazione.............
sciistica 73
Migration: Labour
conseguente inquinamento che le
Migration but not Migration
sin.
attanaglia,
4.3 From neiGuest
periodi turistici
Workers di
to Unwelcome
punta ha spinto infatti ad aumentare tr.Guests ..................................
lift pass, ski-lift pass 82
4.4 Selective
il servizio Policies
di skibus skibus, skiman, skiroll, 87
andtrathegliBrain Drain............................................
gratuiti ski
impianti e quasi tutti i centri stopper
4.5 Equal
altoatesini. (LROpportunity
21 novembreand 1994)Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Il prezzo dello skipass va ridotto se
Bibliography .........................................................................................
le piste non sono tutte accessibili. 97
skiman (ski man, ski-man)
(LR 11 dicembre 2000)
[skimn, skimn]
5. Colombia: Includingn. m. inv./
-men CA 1967
Urs Watter sport skiroll (ski-roll, ski roll) [skirl,
preparatore tecnico di uno sciatore
State Interest and Responsibility skirol] n. m. inv. CA 1970 sved.
sin.5.1
tr. towards their Citizens Living Abroad sport
........................................... 102
skibus, skipass, ski stopper disciplina sportiva, simile allo sci di
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
fondo, nella quale si usano piccoli 104
Lo 5.3
ski-man pu decidere sci montati su rotelle che permettono
Migration Policy la carriera
and Ethics .........................................................
di percorrere tracciati stradali 106o
di sciatori e fondisti. (LR 4 aprile
2008) campestri spingendosi con
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 dei
bastoncini
5.5 [skin]
skin Colombia nosinv./-s
n. m. sin. sci a rotelle
une......................................................................
EC: 109
tr. roller-ski
skinhead 1983 Pas
5.6 Alianza crim.
.................................................................................. 112
giovane appartenente a bande
skibus, skiman, skipass, ski
5.7 Challenges stopper
....................................................................................
teppistiche violente e razziste 114
riconoscibile dai capelli rasati e
Bibliography .......................................................................................
dallabbigliamento di tipo militare Una racchettata, ricevuta durante 116la
con accessori in pelle nera gara di ski-roll sul sagrato di piazza
Working
sin. Together
naziskin, for the Well-being
skinhead, testa ofdel Duomo, ...........................
Migrants le ha perforato il piede 119
Barry Halliday destro poco sopra lattaccatura delle
rasata dita. (LR 8 ottobre 1995)

Monza/Italy
ski3.4 The Human Rights

stopper Approach ........................................................
(ski-stopper) Si sono tolti gli slip facendo58la
doccia sulla spiaggia, dopo il bagno
[skistpper] n. m. ......................................................................................
3.5 Conclusion inv. CA 1983 in mare. (LR 15 agosto 1995) 59
sport
Bibliography
dispositivo .........................................................................................
montato sulla parte 60
slot [zlt] n. f. inv./-s EC: slot
centrale degli sci per arrestarli sulla
4. The Ethics
neve quandoof Migration.
si staccano machine 1988 gioc.
accidentalmente apparecchiatura a moneta o a gettoni
Reflections nelon caso di cadute
Recent Migration Policies attivata mediante una leva o un
sin.and
Non-policies in Italy and Europe ...........................................
pulsante, solitamente installata 61in
tr. Laura Zanfrini
case da gioco, che consente la vincita
skibus, skiman, skipass, di denaro nel caso in cui tre o pi
skiroll dischi for Immigrant
rotanti si Labour
fermino.. 65in
Sono 4.2diminuite
Initiativesdifor Governing
circa il 10 per Family anddeterminate
Humanitarian combinazioni
sin. macchinetta, macchinetta
cento leMigration:
lacerazioniLabour
passandoMigration
dalle but not Workers Migration ............. 73
mangiasoldi, macchina mangiasoldi,
cinghie di sicurezza agli ski stopper;
4.3 From
mentre Guest Workers
il rischio dovuto toagli Unwelcomemangiasoldi,
Guests ..................................
slot machine 82
attacchi ancoraPolicies
piuttostoand
elevato. tr. slot machine
4.4 Selective the Brain Drain............................................ 87
(CS 5 dicembre 1994) Si tratta della vincita pi alta mai
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities registrata ................................
alle slot in Italia, 90 ma
slip [zlip] n. m. inv. neppure fuori dei confini nazionali
Bibliography .........................................................................................
facile trovare cifre simili. (LR976
a SS 1935 fr. abb. settembre 1994)
5. Colombia:
mutande aderentiIncluding
e sgambateEmigrants
sia per in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
uomo Urs Watter
che per donna slowfox (slow fox, slow-fox)
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility [ zlou fx, zlo fx, zl fx]
sin. mutande, mutandine () () ()
tr. briefs, knickers, panties, n............................................

m. inv. EC: slow foxtrot 1963
towards their Citizens Living Abroad 102
(under)pants mus.
boxer a
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
musica, canzone ballabile o danza 104
caratterizzata da un ritmo lento
5.3 Migration
Lunico indumentoPolicy
intimo and Ethics .........................................................
ammesso sin. 106
lo slip ultraleggero. (LR 7 ottobre tr. slow foxtrot
1997) 108
La colonna sonora andr dallo swing
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
b SS 1935 fr. abb. al classico, dal rap allo slow fox,
costume da bagnoPas
5.6 Alianza aderente e sgambato ripercorrendo anche musiche
.................................................................................. 112
sia per uomo che per donna tradizionali irlandesi e russe. (CS 3
sin.5.7 Challenges
costume ....................................................................................
(da bagno), monokini, agosto 2003) 114
slippino
Bibliography .......................................................................................
smart bar (smart-bar, smartbar) 116
tr. bikini bottom, Speedo,
swimming costume, (swimming) [ zmar(t) bar] n. m. inv. CA
()
trunks 2003 ol.
Barry Halliday
bermuda, boxer b, topless locale pubblico dove si possono

Monza/Italy
DFAI 199
3.4 The Human

consumare bevandeRights Approach ........................................................
e prodotti dello smile, che nemmeno i giovani 58a
contenenti sostanze a lieve effetto scuola possono pi portare per non
3.5 Conclusion
psicoattivo ......................................................................................
non considerate illegali incappare in qualche sanzione. (LR 59
sin. 11 gennaio 1989)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tr.
b A: Smiley 1996 tecn.
4. The
Lo Ethics
smart barof Migration.
serve bevande nella comunicazione telematica,
Reflections
energizzanti on Recent
a base Migration Policies
di ingredienti simbolo circolare a sfondo giallo che
naturali. (LR 5 luglio 2003)in Italy and Europe
and Non-policies rappresenta una faccia stilizzata
........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini sorridente, solitamente utilizzato
smart shop (smart-shop) come icona rappresentativa di
( ) 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand sentimenti for eImmigrant
stati danimo Labour .. 65
[ zmar(t) p] n. m. inv./-s CA
sin. emoticon, faccina (sorridente),
1998 4.2ol.
Initiatives for Governing Family andSmiley Humanitarian

, sorriso
negozioMigration:
dove si vendono
Labourprodotti
Migration a but not Workers Migration ............. 73
base di sostanze psicoattive non tr. emoticon, happy face, Smiley
4.3 From
considerate Guest Workers to UnwelcomeAllinizio
illegali Guests ..................................
ero scettico nei confronti 82
sin. dello smile, pensando che nei secoli
tr. scorsi chi scriveva lettere non faceva 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90le
altro che formulare con attenzione
Negli ultimi mesi, gli smart shop proprie affermazioni per evitare
hanno attirato lattenzione
Bibliography delle equivoci. (LR 4 febbraio 1996) 97
.........................................................................................
autorit giudiziarie e dei mass media.
(LR 22 gennaio 2004) smoking [zmkin(g)] n. m.
Urs Watter inv./-s EC: smoking jacket 1891
smile [zmail] n. m. inv. fr. abb.
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility abito maschile da cerimonia

a A: Smiley
towards 1989
their Citizens
mus. Living Abroad ...........................................
costituito da giacca e pantaloni 102
simbolo circolare a sfondo giallo che solitamente di colore nero o bianco
5.2 Applied
rappresenta unaEthics ..............................................................................
faccia stilizzata sin. abito da cerimonia, abito 104
da
sorridente, originariamente utilizzato sera, abito scuro
per identificare alcune particolari tr. black tie, dinner jacket, dinner
pastiglie contenentiPolicy
5.4 Migration droghein sintetiche
Colombia ......................................................
suit, dress suit, evening 108 suit,
e utilizzato come simbolo di una
tuxedo
5.5 Colombia
corrente musicale e nos une......................................................................
culturale di fine 109
anni ottanta tight
sin.5.6 Alianza
Smiley Pas .................................................................................. 112
Lunica cosa che non poteva giocarsi

tr. Smiley
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
era lo smoking, lo aveva preso 114a
nolo. (LR 12 aprile 2004)
Insomma, la battaglia
Bibliography aperta, e
....................................................................................... 116
lacid (termine bandito dalla tv social card (social-card,
britannica) avr come destino
Workingquello
probabile Together for the
di cambiar nomeWell-being
e ofsocialcard) [sal kard, stal
Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
di abbandonare anche il simboletto kard] n. f. inv./-s CA 2008 econ.

Monza/Italy
3.4diThe
carta Human
credito RightsaApproach
ricaricata spese ........................................................
sin. os, spinto 58
dello stato destinata a persone con un tr. soft-core porn, soft-core
3.5 Conclusion
reddito ......................................................................................
basso e appartenenti a fasce 59
pornography, soft-porn
deboli della popolazione
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sin. E cos, scocciata e imbufalita, ordina
tr. querele contro il mensile soft-core
4. The Ethics of Migration. e il giornalista che ha scritto
Reflections
Quello on Recent
che certo che laMigration
social Policies
larticolo. (LR 12 aprile 1995)
cardand
nonNon-policies in Italyad
sar affatto sufficiente and Europe ........................................... 61
alleviare
LauralaZanfrini
crisi. (LR 29 ottobre speaker [spiker] n. m./f. inv./-s
2008)
a SS 1950 fr. cin. prof.
soft4.2air (soft-air,forsoftair)
Initiatives [()sft
Governing Family andinHumanitarian
radio o in televisione,
r, ()sft ir, ()Labour
Migration: sft eir, sft but notannunciatore
()
Migration che ha il.............
Workers Migration compito73di
leggere testi redatti da altri durante il
ar]4.3
n.From
m. inv. CA 1993
Guest gioc.
Workers to Unwelcometelegiornale
Guests .................................. 82
attivit ludica di squadra, solitamente sin. annunciatore (radiofonico,
4.4 in
svolta Selective Policies
spazi aperti, cheand the Brain Drain............................................
consiste
televisivo), annunciatrice
87
nella simulazione di tattiche militari
e nellutilizzo and Denied
di armi giocattolo che (radiofonica,
Opportunities televisiva)
................................ 90
sparano palline di plastica tr. (radio, TV) announcer,
Bibliography .........................................................................................
newscaster, newsreader, news 97
sin. tiro tattico sportivo
tr. airsoft reporter, (radio, TV) commentator
Urs Watter
noto che la zona stata spesso Al televisore lo speaker del
teatro delle attivit di gruppi, non telegiornale delledizione della notte
sempre ufficiali, che praticano il soft annunciava che il serial killer delle
air (la towards their
guerra per Citizens
sport giocataLiving
con Abroad ...........................................
vecchiette era stato individuato 102e
armi ad aria compressa che sparano arrestato. (LR 15 agosto 1998)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
proiettili di gomma), ma riscontri
con5.3
sagome e soprattutto
Migration armiEthics
Policy and b SS 1960 fr. prof. sport 106
vere .........................................................
non si erano ancora verificati. (LR radiocronista o telecronista,
5.4 Migration
23 aprile 2008) specialmente di eventi sportivi 108
Policy in Colombia ......................................................
sin. radiocronista, telecronista
soft5.5core
Colombia nos une
(soft-core, ......................................................................
softcore) tr. (sports) commentator 109
[()sf(t) kr] n./agg.
5.6 Alianza m./f. inv.
Pas .................................................................................. 112
Chiss che un giorno, leggendo gli
EC: soft-core porn, soft-core ordini darrivo delle corse, 114 che
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
pornography 1980 ses. parlano sempre lingue foreste e
(riferito a) rivista, .......................................................................................
Bibliography immagine, filmato dialetti e idiomi sconosciuti, anche 116il
o spettacolo con pretese di eleganza simpaticissimo speaker del ciclismo
estetica in cui presente la nudit ma
Working Together for the Well-being ofnon debba...........................
Migrants specializzarsi 119in
non vengono mostrati gli organi etnologia, la scienza che studia le
Barry Halliday
genitali stirpi umane, i loro caratteri fisici e

Monza/Italy
DFAI 201
3.4 The
morali, Human
le loro Rights
relazioni Approach
sociali. (LR ........................................................
traduzione simultanea sovrapposta 58
13 ottobre 1985) alloriginale (come avviene usualmente
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
nelle interviste giornalistiche a persone 59
c SS 1927 fr. prof. straniere). A quel punto si pensato
Bibliography .........................................................................................
anche di non ricorrere ai soliti speaker
60
chi comunica informazioni o
aggiornamenti al pubblico mediante da documentario, ma di tentare
4. The
gli Ethics of Migration.
altoparlanti durante una qualcosa di pi personalizzato. (LR 4
Reflectionssportiva
manifestazione on Recent Migration
allinterno di Policies
dicembre 1996)
unoand
stadio
sin.Laura
Zanfrini Spider (spider) [spaider] n.
tr. (public-address, stadium) m./f. inv. EC: spider cart, spider
announcer for Immigrant
phaeton, Labourspider
spider wagon, .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andwheel MG SS 1915 trasp.
Humanitarian
E quando lo speaker dello stadio automobile di tipo sportivo,
annunciaMigration:
il nomeLabour
del Migration
nuovo but notsolitamente
Workers decappottabile,
Migration ............. 73
dotata di
allenatore, il pubblico si scioglie in
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomedue soli posti
Guests .................................. 82
un applauso forte e sincero. (LR 21 sin. convertibile, decappottabile,
aprile
4.42008)
cabriolet, cabrio 87
tr. convertible, roadster
4.51927
d SS Equal
fr.Opportunity
prof. trasp.and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
chi comunica informazioni o In realt, questa auto ideale non
Bibliography
aggiornamenti agli.........................................................................................
utenti mediante 97
esiste, mentre sicuro che chi ha due
gli altoparlanti in stazioni e aeroporti o tre figli avr sognato la spider
5. Colombia:
sin. Including Emigrants in Their
almenoSocieties
una voltaof Origin
nella .......
sua 101vita
Urs Watter
tr. (public-address, public-service) autostradale. (LR 26 giugno 2007)
announcer
spot
towards their Citizens Living Abroad [spt] n. m. inv./-s
........................................... 102
Ogni giorno, lo speaker della
stazione ferroviaria avvisa i
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
1 EC: spot advertisement, 104 spot
viaggiatori che il tal treno espleta
servizio ristorante. (LR 3 settembre commercial 1957
breve intermezzo
106
pubblicitario
2002)
trasmesso alla radio o in televisione
e SS 1996 cin. prof. sin. pubblicit
5.5 Colombia nos une ......................................................................
doppiatore che sovrappone la propria tr. advertisement, ad, commercial, 109
voce5.6alAlianza
parlato Pas spot advertisement, spot commercial
di un..................................................................................
film o di un 112
documentario mantenendo in
sottofondo Ci saranno, ovviamente, anche114
laudio in....................................................................................
5.7 Challenges lingua originale gli
sin. spot televisivi. (LR 15 marzo 1985)
Bibliography
tr. off-screen .......................................................................................
voice, voice-over 116
oversound 2 EC: spotlight 1942 cin.
Working Together for the Well-being offascio Migrants di luce di forma circolare
........................... 119
Si Barry
pensato di preferire
Halliday ai freddi ma utilizzato nei teatri e negli studi
rispettosi sottotitoli, una sorta di cinematografici

Monza/Italy
sin.3.4 The Human Rights Approach ........................................................

faretto negozio di grandi dimensioni 58 che
tr. spotlight vende rimanenze di prodotti di marca
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
a prezzi molto scontati 59
Un Bibliography
altro spot illumina due mani che sin. spaccio (aziendale)
......................................................................................... 60
guizzano veloci ed eleganti sulle tr. company outlet, discount
corde di una chitarra gitana. (LR 5 outlet, factory outlet, outlet,
4. The2005)
agosto Ethics of Migration.
outlet store
discount, hard discount
and Non-policies
starter in ItalySS
[starter] n. m. inv./-s and Europe ........................................... 61
1956 Laura Zanfrini
trasp. Perquisito uno stock house di
nei 4.1
veicoli a motore,Policies
dispositivo che Genova e sequestrati 80 capi di
Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
abbigliamento con firme false. (CS
serve ad arricchire la miscela per
lavviamento for Governing Family and27Humanitarian
a freddo
4.2 Initiatives febbraio 2004)
sin. aria
tr. choke stop [stp] n. m. inv. EC: stop
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomelamp Guests1960 ..................................
trasp. 82
Spesso lutente americano lascia ciascuno dei fanalini posteriori87di
4.4 Selective
azionato Policies
lo starter andditheunBrain Drain............................................
per pi colore rosso che si accende durante
minuto e mezzo
4.5 Equal e questo determina
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities la frenata di................................
veicoli a motore 90
il surriscaldamento della spugna sin. luce di arresto
di platino che a .........................................................................................
Bibliography sua volta brucia tr. brake light, stop lamp 97
i gommini del catalizzatore
antinquinamento. (LR 19 agosto
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societiesofcaratterizzato
Il posteriore Origin ....... 101 dagli
1987) ampi gruppi ottici con la terza luce
Urs Watter
dello stop posizionata al centro del
step
5.1[stp]
State n. m./f. inv.
Interest EC: step
and Responsibility cofano del portabagagli e dal
aerobics 1994 their
towards sportCitizens Living Abroad generoso scarico cromato laterale.
........................................... 102
attivit ginnica accompagnata da (LR 2 febbraio 2004)
5.2 Applied
musica ritmataEthics
ed..............................................................................
eseguita 104
solitamente in palestra con lausilio stop and go (stop-and-go) [stp
di una pedana regolabile in altezza
en go] n./agg. m. inv.
sin.5.4
tr. step aerobics
a CA 1995 sport
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
Se pensate che body building, step e specialmente nelle gare automobilistiche
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
simili siano troppo faticosi, ricorrete e motociclistiche, sosta forzata di 112un
alle5.7
tante pilota assegnata come penalit per
discipline....................................................................................
dolci. (LS 8 aver
Challenges violato il regolamento 114
settembre 2003)
sin. sosta obbligata
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
stockhouse (stock house, stock- tr. stop-go (penalty)
Working
house) Together n.
[st(k)kaus] form./f.
the Well-being
inv. ofOra
Migrants
saranno ...........................
le tecnologie a cogliere 119
CABarry
1992 Halliday
in fallo chi sbaglia e chi sbaglia sar

Monza/Italy
DFAI 203
3.4 The
punito con Human
lobbligoRights
di fare Approach
uno ........................................................
stripman (strip man, strip-man) 58
stop and go cio una sosta ai box
3.5 Conclusion
di dieci 26 marzo 1995)
[stripmn, stripmn] n. m. inv./
secondi. (LR...................................................................................... 59
-men CA 2003 prof. ses.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
uomo che si esibisce in numeri60di
b CA 1985
(riferito a) attivit o iniziativa che spogliarello in alcuni locali pubblici
4. The aEthics
procede of Migration.
ritmo altalenante sin. spogliarellista
sin.Reflections
tr. stripper, striptease artist, strip
tr. stop-go teaser
Laura Zanfrini strip, stripwoman
Lo stop and go che caratterizza la vita
della4.1 Restrictive
Cina Policies
di oggi ha lo and Structural
stesso valore che Demand for Immigrant
I partecipanti sono gli Labour
stripmen.. 65
che
aveva nel passato: fare e poi correggere vengono votati dal pubblico del
alla 4.2
luceInitiatives for Governing
dellesperienza. (LR 14 aprileFamily andlocale.
Humanitarian
(CS 29 aprile 2004)
1985) Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomestripwoman (strip woman, strip-
Guests .................................. 82
stopper [stpper] n. m. inv./-s woman) [stripwman, stripvuman]
DA4.4 Selective
1955 Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
sport n. f. inv./-men CA 2003 prof. ses.
87
in particolare nel calcio, il difensore donna che ................................
si esibisce in numeri90di
pi arretrato che ha il compito di spogliarello in alcuni locali pubblici
marcare lattaccante
Bibliography avversario pi
.........................................................................................
sin. entraineuse, sexy star, 97
avanzato spogliarellista
sin. terzino centrale, difensore tr. bar-top
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societiesdancer,of Origin lap.......
dancer,
101
centrale pole dancer, stripper, striptease
Urs Watter
tr. sweeper artist, strip teaser, table dancer,
Lo 5.1
stopper
Stateseguir un and
Interest programma di
Responsibility
lavoro differenziato
topless dancer
towards theire Citizens
ridurr leLiving
sue Abroad ........................................... 102
sexy star b, strip, stripman,
presenze in campo. (LR 15 ottobre
2003) taxi girl
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration
strip [strip] n.Policy and Ethics
m. inv. EC: .........................................................
il piatto forte del locale: la 106 table
dance che ogni sera viene proposta
striptease 1965 Policy
5.4 Migration ses. in Colombia ......................................................
agli ospiti dellArthur da sexy 108 strip
spogliarello woman. (CS 17 novembre 2003)
sin.5.5 Colombiastriptease
spogliarello, nos une...................................................................... 109
tr. striptease super [super] n. m. inv. 112
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. EC:
stripman, stripwoman supermarket 1993
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
negozio di grandi dimensioni per la
E il dopocena continua a essere
Bibliography vendita di merci di largo consumo
....................................................................................... 116in
piccante con i nuovi strip delle
cui il cliente pu scegliere,
soubrettes di casa. (CS 16 febbraio
servendosi da solo, tra una vasta
Working Together for the Well-being ofgamma
2004) Migrants di ...........................
prodotti disposti119in
Barry Halliday appositi scaffali

Monza/Italy
sin.3.4 The Human Rights Approach ........................................................ 58

supermercato
tr. supermarket
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Si Bibliography
fa la spesa solo al super o al
......................................................................................... 60
mercato, e si controllano prezzi ed
etichette. (LR 24 novembre 2008)
surfReflections onn.Recent
[srf, srf] Migration
m. inv. EC: Policies
surfboard 1964 sport
Laura
tavola Zanfrini plastico o legno
di materiale
con4.1
cuiRestrictive
si possono fare and
Policies svariate
evoluzioni sullacqua
sin.4.2
tavola
tr. board, surfboard
windsurf
E c
4.4anche chi va
Selective a ballare
Policies andcon
theilBrain Drain............................................ 87
surf sotto braccio. (LR 11 luglio
1995)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

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DFAI 205
T
Telepass (telepass, tele-pass)
[tlepas] n. m. inv.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography .........................................................................................
a MG 1990 trasp. 60
sistema elettronico per il pagamento
4. The Ethics of Migration. del pedaggio autostradale che consente
agli automobilisti di superare il casello
senza fermarsi usufruendo di apposite
porte telematiche
taxiLaura
girlZanfrini
(taxi-girl) [taksigrl, sin. telepedaggio
taksigrl] n. f. inv./-s CA 1935
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural tr. automatic
Demand toll payment
for Immigrant system,
Labour .. 65
prof. electronic toll collection system,
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andETC Humanitarian
system
ragazza pagata dal proprietario di
una sala da ballo per danzare con i
clienti Centinaia di autotrasportatori
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeavevano
Guests ..................................
trovato il trucco 82 per
sin.
4.4 Selective schermare il telepass e attraversare
tr. taxi dancer Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
lItalia da nord a sud e ritorno al
87
4.5sexyEqual
star Opportunity
b, strip, stripman, prezzo di cinquanta
and Denied Opportunities centesimi o poco
................................ 90
stripwoman pi. (28 dicembre 2005)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Charity (ispirata alla felliniana Cabiria) b MG 1997 trasp.
5.una taxi girl di Including
Colombia: uno scalcinato locale
Emigrants sistema
in Their che permette
Societies di accedere
of Origin ....... 101a
di ballo. (LR 25 settembre 1987) zone delle citt a traffico limitato
Urs Watter
attraverso un varco elettronico
telefilm
5.1 State(tele film,
Interest andtele-film)
Responsibility sin. contrassegno, pass,
towards
[telefilm] n. m.their Citizens
inv./-s CA 1955Living Abroad permesso
........................................... 102
5.2 tr. (electronic) pass
cin.Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
film di breve durata destinato alla
trasmissione televisiva e articolato Si entrer in centro con un telepass
in .........................................................
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics 106
episodi raggruppati in serie ma senza simile a quello usato ai caselli
5.4 Migration
continuit autostradali. (LR 25 febbraio 1999)
narrativaPolicy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
sin. serie (TV)
5.5 Colombia nos une......................................................................
telequiz (tele quiz, tele-quiz) 109
tr. TV series
fiction [telekwits] n. m. inv. CA 1956
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
gioc.
Per 5.7
noiChallenges ....................................................................................
antieconomico produrre gioco a premi basato su alcune 114
direttamente telefilm, perch i costi domande poste ai concorrenti e
Bibliography
di produzione non.......................................................................................
sono competitivi 116
trasmesso in televisione
con il prezzo a cui oggi acquistiamo i sin. gioco a premi, quiz
Working
prodotti Together(LR
americani. for the Well-being oftr.Migrants
4 aprile TV-quiz game, ...........................
TV-quiz program, 119
1985)
Barry Halliday TV-quiz show

Monza/Italy

quiz sin. 58
tr. prescription charges
Lo 3.5 Conclusion
ricordano ......................................................................................
stasera mentre una 59
nuova edizione del.........................................................................................
Bibliography telequiz di allora Significa che potranno essere60a
gi alle porte, vecchi filmati disposizione del paziente, che
televisivi e cinegiornali depoca e pagher solo il ticket del 15%. (LR
4. The
molte Ethics of Migration.
testimonianze. (LR 20 gennaio 27 febbraio 1985)
1989)
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe Restaurant (ticket
...........................................
Ticket 61
tennisman
Laura Zanfrini [tnnismn, restaurant, ticket-restaurant) [tiket
tnnismn] n. m.Policies
4.1 Restrictive inv./-men
and CA rstorant,
Structural Demand tiket rsturant]
for Immigrant Labourn... 65 m.
1996 fr. sport
4.2 Initiatives
giocatore for solitamente
di tennis, Governing Family
a andinv./-s MG 1990 alim. econ.
Humanitarian
buono, rilasciato dal datore di lavoro
Migration: Labour Migration but notaiWorkers
livello professionistico Migration .............
propri dipendenti, con cui73
sin. tennista possibile consumare i pasti in alcuni
tr. tennis player esercizi convenzionati
sin. buono, buono pasto
Diventer il primo self-made tr. meal ticket
4.5 Equal
tennisman Opportunity
italiano and (LS
dellera ATP. Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
5 luglio 1996) Invece di spendere per i ticket
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
restaurant le imprese con pi di 200-
testimonial [testimnjal] n. 300 addetti potrebbero puntare su
questa formulaof Origin
che fra.......laltro
101
m./f. inv./-s SS 1979
Urs Watter
personaggio famoso che reclamizza eviterebbe il girovagare dei
un prodotto dipendenti alla ricerca di tramezzini
5.1 Stateattraverso un messaggio
Interest and Responsibility malsani. (LR 11 agosto 1992)
pubblicitario
sin. donna immagine, uomo
immagine tie break (tiebreak, tie-break)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
tr. endorser [tai brk, tai breik] n. m. inv./-s
A: tie breaker 1983 sport 106
C di tutto e di pi: testimonial in alcune discipline sportive come
celebri, animali esotici, paesaggi da
108
tennis e pallavolo, sistema di
sogno, effetti speciali,
5.5 Colombia nos unemusiche e punteggio che abbrevia i tempi
...................................................................... 109di
musichette. (LS 16 gennaio 2004) gioco e attribuisce la vittoria al
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
giocatore o squadra che riesce 112a
ticket [tiket] n. m. inv./-s SS
5.7 Challenges
ottenere un vantaggio di due
....................................................................................
punti
114
1977 econ. sullavversario
Bibliography
quota da versare alla pubblica coll. andare al tie break, perdere
....................................................................................... 116
amministrazione per usufruire di al tie break, vincere al tie break
visite mediche,
Working servizifor
Together the Well-being ofsin.
assistenziali,
Migrants ........................... 119
medicinali e analisi cliniche tr. tie breaker
Barry Halliday
coll. pagare il ticket

Monza/Italy
DFAI 207
Lo 3.4 The di
scarto Human
giocoRights
tra i due Approachsi ........................................................
La stazione ferroviaria di Bologna 58
specchiava in un tiebreak vinto dal stata movimentata ieri da due novit
3.5 Conclusion
marsigliese. ......................................................................................
(LR 6 novembre 2001 che hanno mandato in tilt molti 59
passeggeri. (LR 22 aprile 2001)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tight [tait] n. m. inv. EC: tight
coat 1870 abb. toast [tst] n. m. inv./-s A:
abito maschile da cerimonia toastie, toasty EC: toasted
composto da giacca nera attillata a sandwich 1930 alim.
codeand Non-policies
e pantaloni in verticali
a righine Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
coppia di fette di pane a cassetta
Laura
grigie Zanfrini
e nere farcite in vario modo e
sin. successivamente tostate
tr. morning suit, tailcoat sin. tramezzino
smoking
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andtr.Humanitarian
toasted sandwich, toastie,
Migration: Labour Migration but nottoasty
Andr allaltare con un fazzoletto
4.3 Fromnascosto
bianconero Guest Workers to UnwelcomeDa
nel taschino Guests ..................................
segnalare, poi, i toast e le pizzette 82
interno del tight. (CS 11 luglio 2003) rosse con pomodoro fresco,
mozzarella e olive taggiasche, 87 che
tilt4.5
[tilt] n. m.Opportunity
Equal inv. and Denied Opportunities qui al chiosco sul molo vengono
................................ 90
servite anche allora del tramonto
Bibliography insieme ad altri gustosi stuzzichini.
......................................................................................... 97
a SS 1959 (LR 2 settembre 2006)
situazione in cui unapparecchiatura
5. Colombia:
subisce Including
un guasto e smetteEmigrantsdi in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
funzionare
Urs Watter top [tp] n. f. inv. EC: top model
coll. andare in tilt, essere in tilt, 1994 prof.
5.1 State
mandare Interest and Responsibility modella, fotomodella o indossatrice
in tilt
towardsessere)
sin. (andare, their Citizens Living
fuori uso, in Abroad di...........................................
fama mondiale molto richiesta 102
da
blocco, in panne agenzie pubblicitarie e case di moda
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
sin. top model 104
tr. block, halt, (to go) haywire
tr. supermodel, top model 106
Ora c il timore che faccia andare in
tilt 5.4 Migration
il traffico delle Policy in Colombia
metropoli. (CS 5 ......................................................
E, sorpresa, a 54 anni la top grissino 108
novembre 2003) si concessa il lusso di ingrassare.
5.5 Colombia nos une......................................................................
(LS 29 settembre 2002) 109
b SS5.61959 Pas .................................................................................. 112
Alianza
situazione in cui una persona perde topless [tples] n. m. inv. EC:
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
lucidit topless bathing-suit, topless 114
coll. andare in tilt, essere in tilt, swimsuit 1964 abb.
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
mandare in tilt costume da bagno femminile, privo
sin. (andare, essere) nel pallone della parte superiore, che lascia
Working
tr. Together for the Well-being ofscoperto
(to go) haywire Migrants ........................... 119
il seno
Barry Halliday sin.

Monza/Italy
3.4 The Human

tr. monokini, toplessRights Approach ........................................................
bathing-suit, Linserimento di un neolaureato 58
topless swimsuit prevede un training di almeno un
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
anno. (LR 27 agosto 1995) 59
slip b
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Figuriamoci, non ho mai messo un trench [trnt] n. m. inv. EC:
topless in vita mia, morirei di trench coat 1933 abb.
vergogna a mostrare il sedere davanti impermeabile, solitamente di colore
Reflections
a tutti on Recent
o il seno dove Migration
ho il neo. (LR Policies
chiaro, con cintura in vita
and Non-policies
19 gennaio 1996) in Italy and Europe
sin............................................
impermeabile 61
Laura Zanfrini tr. mac, mack, mac(k)intosh,
total body (total-body)
4.1 Restrictive [ttal
Policies and raincoat,
Structural Demand fortrench coat Labour .. 65
Immigrant
bdi] n. m. inv. EC: total-body montgomery
conditioning, total-body workout
1999 Migration:
sport Labour Migration but notIlWorkers
trench ha Migration
mille impunture.............
con73il
filo di seta, anche in contrasto, nero
tipo4.3diFrom
allenamento che consiste
Guest Workers to UnwelcomesuGuests
bianco...................................
(CS 1 marzo 2004) 82
nelleseguire determinati esercizi che
4.4 Selective
coinvolgono Policiesdiand
i muscoli theilBrain Drain............................................ 87
tutto
corpo trend maker (trend-maker,
sin.4.5 total-body
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
conditioning, trendmaker) ................................
[trnd meiker, 90
total-body workout
Bibliography trnd mker] n. m./f. inv./-s. CA
......................................................................................... 97
tr. total-body conditioning, total- 1995
body workout persona o evento
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of di grande.......
Origin visibilit
101
Urs Watter in grado di lanciare nuove mode o
I corsi pi gettonati spaziano dal gag tendenze
bruciagrassi al totaland
5.1 State Interest body (nove
Responsibility sin. trend setter
discipline insieme per far lavorare
towards their Citizens Living
tutto il corpo), lo spinning e il power Abroad tr............................................
trend setter 102
yoga per migliorare lelasticit dei
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
muscoli e la tonificazione isometrica. Lauto diventa trendy grazie104ai
(LR5.3
16 Migration
ottobre 2002) trendsetter (per esempio, i
Policy and Ethics .........................................................
calciatori), poi la tendenza monta e si
106
5.4 Migration Policyn.inm. Colombia espande fino al modaiolo108di
training [treinin(g)] inv. ......................................................
provincia. (CS 24 novembre 2008)
EC:5.5training
Colombia course,
nos une training
...................................................................... 109
period 1962 prof. trial [trial] n. m. inv. EC: 112 bike
5.6 Alianza
periodo Pas ..................................................................................
di addestramento svolto da un
trials, motorcycle trials 1978 sp.
gruppo di dipendenti di unazienda per
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
sport 114
apprendere determinate attivit
specialit del motociclismo e del
sin.Bibliography
addestramento, apprendistato,
....................................................................................... 116
ciclismo sportivo le cui competizioni
pratica, stage, tirocinio si svolgono sia fuoristrada sia
tr. internship,
Working placement,
Together forresidency,
the Well-being ofallinterno Migrantsdi...........................
strutture appositamente 119
training course, training
Barry Halliday period allestite su percorsi a ostacoli e

Monza/Italy
DFAI 209
3.4 The
durante Human
le quali Rights Approach
il conducente del ........................................................
lazione comincia con un tunnel a58 un
mezzo non deve mai mettere i piedi avversario. (LR 26 ottobre 2008)
per 3.5
terraConclusion ...................................................................................... 59
sin.Bibliography
......................................................................................... 60
tr. bike trials, motorcycle trials
E4.con
Theil Ethics of Migration.
trial arriva a un passo dal
Reflections
primo posto alon campionato
Recent Migration
del Policies
anddopo
mondo Non-policies
la conquista in
di Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
5 titoli
iridati.
Laura(LRZanfrini
16 ottobre 1995)
4.1 Restrictive
trolley Policiesn.andm./f.
[trlli, trllei] Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
inv.4.2
EC: trolley bag,
Initiatives trolley case,
trolley Migration:
suitcase 2000 tur.Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Labour
valigia compatta dotata di ruote che
pu4.3 Fromtrascinata
essere Guest Workers
per mezzoto Unwelcome
di Guests .................................. 82
unapposita maniglia estensibile
sin.4.4
tr. 4.5
spinner
Equal bag, spinnerandcase,
Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
spinner suitcase, trolley bag,
Bibliography
trolley .........................................................................................
case, trolley suitcase 97
Tra le occasioni,Including
5. Colombia: consapevoli che si
trattaUrsdelle collezioni dello scorso
Watter
anno, si pu fare qualche buon affare
con5.1maglie
e pantaloncini ma
soprattutto con borse, zaini e utili
trolley che se scelti con oculatezza
5.2ilApplied
hanno pregio diEthics ..............................................................................
non essere soggetti 104
alle violenze della moda. (LR 18
5.3 2000)
agosto Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
tunnel [tunnel] n. m. inv. SS
5.5Colombia
1965 sport nos une...................................................................... 109
in particolare nel calcio, azione
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
consistente nel superare un
avversario facendogli....................................................................................
5.7 Challenges passare la palla 114
tra le gambe
coll.Bibliography
fare il tunnel....................................................................................... 116
sin.
tr. nutmeg Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Working
Barry Halliday
Muscoli ma anche fantasia, visto che

Monza/Italy
U
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura[ander]
under Zanfrini n. f. inv. EC:
under
4.1 21s, under Policies
Restrictive 18s, under
and 16s
1959 sport
4.2 Initiatives
in varie discipline for Governing
sportive, Family and Humanitarian
squadra
Migration:
composta Labour
da atleti al di sottoMigration
di una but not Workers Migration ............. 73
determinata et, solitamente ventuno,
4.3 From
diciotto Guest
o sedici anni Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
sin.4.4
tr. U-16s, U-18s, U-21s, U-16
4.5 Equal
team, U-18 Opportunity
team, U-21and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
team,
under 16s, under.........................................................................................
Bibliography 18s, under 21s, 97
under-16 team, under-18 team,
under-21 team
Urs Watter
Questa under una squadra di
qualit, con ottimi
5.1 State Interestelementi, una
and Responsibility
squadra che esprime bel gioco e
segna. towards
(LS 25 their marzo
Citizens2004)
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
DFAI 211
V
riferimento riconosciuto. (CS 58 13
gennaio 2003)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60


VibraCall (vibracall, vibra-
Laura Zanfrini
call,4.1 Restrictive
vibra call) [vibracol,
vibracl] n. m. inv. MG 1996
tecn.
Migration:
nei telefoni Labour
cellulari, Migration
vibrazione del but not Workers Migration ............. 73
dispositivo
4.3 From cheGuest
pu essere associata
o sostituire la suoneria
sin.4.4
vibrazione
tr. vibrating alert
Telefonini accesi .........................................................................................
Bibliography con il silenzioso 97
vibracall, compiti copiati, strategiche
ritirate nei bagni, e ancora perfette
5. Colombia:
esecuzioni Including
degli ordini venuti Emigrants
dal in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
professore che aveva preparato,
magari a pagamento, il concorrente,
e che5.1 State
poi Interest and Responsibility
era riuscito a farsi
nominare towards their Citizens(LR
in commissione. Living
2 Abroad ........................................... 102
agosto 2000)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
volley [vllei] n.
5.3 Migration m. and
Policy inv. Ethics
EC: ......................................................... 106
volleyball 1940 sport
5.4 Migration
disciplina sportiva,Policy
praticatain Colombia
da due ...................................................... 108
squadre di sei giocatori
5.5 Colombia nos suuneun ......................................................................
campo 109
diviso da una rete, in cui si segna un
punto
5.6lanciando il pallone
Alianza Pas al di l
.................................................................................. 112
della rete e mandandolo a toccare la
5.7 Challenges
superficie del campo....................................................................................
avversario 114
sin. pallavolo
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
tr. volleyball
beach volley, minivolley
Barryfemminile
Il volley Halliday italiano aveva un

Monza/Italy
W
sin. bagno, gabinetto, servizi 58
(igienici), toilette, water closet,
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
WC
tr. bathroom, gents, gents room,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
ladies, ladies room, lavatory,
4. The Ethics of Migration. mens room, restroom, toilet,
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies water closet, WC, womens room
Anche in quel caso il suo foglio era
Laura
wafer Zanfrini
[vafer] n. m. inv./-s EC: ancora bianco e in un attimo gli
wafer biscuit, wafer
4.1 Restrictive cookie
Policies SS
and Structural consigliai
Demand di andare Labour
for Immigrant al water
.. 65e
liberarsi di tutti quegli appunti. (LR
1905 alim.
4.2 Initiatives
biscotto for Governing
friabile costituito da due Family
o and18Humanitarian
giugno 2003)
Migration:
pi cialde Labour
sovrapposte Migration
e ripiene di but not Workers Migration ............. 73
crema windsurf [win(d)srf, win(d)srf,
sin.4.3
From Guest Workers to Unwelcomewin(d)srf,
Guests .................................. 82
win(d)srf] n. m. inv./
tr. wafer biscuit, Policies
4.4 Selective wafer cookie
-s EC: windsurf board 1979 sport 87
tavola di materiale plastico o legno a
4.5 Equal
Lasci Opportunity
una promettente and Denied
carriera da Opportunities ................................ 90
cui sono attaccate una pinna, una
calciatore per aprire una piccola deriva mobile e un albero con vela
Bibliography
attivit .........................................................................................
di produzione di wafer a 97
dotato di boma con cui si possono
Bolzano. (LR 29 ottobre 2007) fare svariate evoluzioni sullacqua
sin. tavola
water
Urs [vater]
Watter n. m. inv. tr. board, windsurf board,
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility windsurfer
a EC: water closet 1965 fr. ...........................................
surf
towards their Citizens Living Abroad 102
arch.
vaso5.2
delApplied
gabinetto, solitamente
Ethics fatto
..............................................................................
Approfittando del vento del pomeriggio 104
di maiolica o ceramica erano usciti con il windsurf. (LR 17
sin.5.3 Migration
tazza, vaso, WCPolicy and Ethics .........................................................
agosto 2005) 106
tr. toilet bowl
Wonderbra (wonderbra) 108
Aveva gettato nel water il cappotto
[wnderbra, wnder bra] n.109
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... m.
dellarbitro dopo aver subito
unespulsione: inv./-s MG 1994 abb.
5.6 AlianzaPas
stato squalificato
.................................................................................. 112
per cinque giornate. (LR 18 gennaio reggiseno che arrotonda e spinge in
1990) alto il seno
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
sin. push up
Bibliography
b EC: .......................................................................................
water closet 1965 fr. tr. push-up bra, push-up brassiere 116
arch. push up
Working
stanza Together
da bagno for the
o gabinetto Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
pubblico
coll.Barry
andare al water
Halliday Visti di giorno hanno laria un po
mesta, filo di pancia e calvizie che

Monza/Italy
DFAI 213
3.4 The
avanza, Humanmattone,
lei trucco Rightscaviglia
Approach ........................................................ 58
possente e spacco di seno che
3.5 Conclusion
scoppia ......................................................................................
dal wonderbra. (LR 9 59
maggio 1998)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura Zanfrini
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
Y
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura Zanfrini
yorkshire [jrkar, jrkair,
jrkair, jrkajar,Policies
4.1 Restrictive jrkir]
andn. Structural
m. Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
inv.4.2EC: Yorkshire
Initiatives terrier T:
Yorkshire 1930
cane da compagnia di piccola taglia,
dal 4.3
peloFrom
di colore
Guestgrigio scuro to
Workers e dal
Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
carattere vivace
sin.4.4
tr. Yorkshire
4.5 Equal terrier
Laveva infilata dentro
Bibliography il cesto di una
......................................................................................... 97
vecchia lavatrice dentro la quale
dormiva anche il suo cane, uno
yorkshire. (LR 15 aprile 2000)
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy

Conclusion
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura Zanfrini
The4.2present
Initiatives
work forhasGoverning
shown Familythat theand Humanitarian
creation of false Anglicisms is
extremely dynamic in present-day Italian. AsMigration
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers a sign .............
of lexical 73
creativity
4.3 Fromand attraction
Guest Workerstotothe English language,
Unwelcome it runs concurrently
Guests .................................. 82
to the phenomenon of lexical borrowing from British and American
English, i.e. real Anglicisms.
From
4.5 theOpportunity
Equal onset of this study and
and Denied throughout
Opportunities the making of 90
................................ the
dictionary, however, it was assumed that false Anglicisms are not
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97just
a sub-group of Anglicisms, but independent lexical units generated by
specific word-formation
5. Colombia: Including Emigrantsprocesses,ineither Theirmorphological
Societies of Origin or semantic.
....... 101
Starting from
Urs Watter this theoretical assumption on their nature, false
Anglicisms were defined, classified, and systematized. Each selected
5.1 State
instance wasInterest and Responsibility
then described and illustrated in the dictionary section of
towards
this book. their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
As Applied
5.2 clearly Ethics
pointed out by Sinclair (1985: 81), any lexicographic
.............................................................................. 104
work should first proceed from the analysis of existing sources, then
move on to the evaluation of linguistic information based on the
linguists judgment,
5.4 Migration Policyand finally ......................................................
in Colombia obtain confirmation from data108 of
language in use. Following this principle, the present work started
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
from the consultation of lexicographic resources, namely Italian and
5.6 Alianza
English Pas ..................................................................................
monolingual dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, 112 and
collections of foreign words and neologisms. Subsequently,
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 the
analysis of language corpora made it possible to observe words in
Bibliography
context .......................................................................................
and extract real examples of usage. Finally, manual sorting 116
of data was required and decisions were also taken on the basis of
Working Together
introspection for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
and intuition.
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4 Thethe
Still, Human Rights
following setApproach ........................................................
of desiderata, once met, may further enrich 58
the3.5
dictionary of ......................................................................................
Conclusion false Anglicisms included in this volume: 59
1. although.........................................................................................
Bibliography the issue of pseudo-loans or false loans seems60to
have been surprisingly overlooked by historical linguistics
and sociolinguistics
4. The Ethics of Migration. (Hock 1991, Lehmann 1992, Campbell
1998, Thomason 2001, 2003,
Reflections on Recent Migration Sankoff 2002, Winford 2003), a
Policies
more diachronic-oriented study
describing the etymological 61
processes
Laura Zanfrini that originated false Anglicisms would add to the
information provided in the dictionary;1
2. since the dictionary word list is based on written journalistic
4.2 Initiatives
language,forthe
Governing Familyofand
investigation Humanitarian
a corpus of written Italian, such
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers
as the Corpus di Italiano Scritto (CORIS), Migration .............
and/or spoken 73
Italian,
4.3 From such
Guest as thetoLessico
Workers di frequenza
Unwelcome dellitaliano parlato
Guests .................................. 82
(LIP), the Corpus di italiano parlato (CIP), the Corpus di
italiano televisivo (CIT), and the Lessico di frequenza
dellitaliano and Denied(LIR),
radiofonico Opportunities
would ................................
make it possible 90to
examine.........................................................................................
Bibliography the spread of false Anglicisms in different modes 97
and registers. The analysis of a wider range of corpora would
certainly
5. Colombia: lead to Emigrants
Including more balanced in Theirresults; 2
Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs
3. Watter
besides the quantitative data provided by the dictionary,
further
5.1 State statistical
Interest information on usage and frequency of false
and Responsibility
Anglicisms could be obtained
towards their Citizens Living from Italian informants.
Abroad ........................................... 102
Questionnaires submitted to Italian speakers of the kind
5.2 Applied Ethics
suggested by..............................................................................
Giovanardi (2008: 106-110) would certainly 104
provide Policy
5.3 Migration valuable information,
and Ethics thus improving both
......................................................... 106
1
As5.5Onysko
Colombia (2007a:
nos 59)
uneargues: In terms of language development, hybrid
...................................................................... 109
anglicisms and pseudo anglicisms exemplify that etymology is decisive in order to
ascertain the possibility
5.6 Alianza of language influence. In reality, however, it is 112
Pas .................................................................................. often
difficult to arrive at cogent etymological conclusions..
2
5.7following
The Challenges ....................................................................................
remark made by Sinclair (2003: 167) must be considered: Where, 114
as is becoming increasingly common, a corpus is close to the centre of a dictionary
Bibliography
project, .......................................................................................
the lexicographer must know how far the corpus can be trusted.. 116 With
regard to corpus-based lexicography, Landau (2001: 321) recognizes that [t]he main
WorkingofTogether
limitation the corpus for thenoWell-being
is that matter how large of Migrants
it is and how...........................
carefully it has 119 been
assembled, it cannot
Barry Halliday possibly represent truly the myriad ways in which language is
used spontaneously in speech and deliberately in writing..

Monza/Italy
Conclusion 217
3.4 The Human Rightsand

macrostructural Approach ........................................................
microstructural features of the dictionary 58
(Bjoint 1983:
3.5 Conclusion 67, 68);
...................................................................................... 59
4. although.........................................................................................
Bibliography English translation equivalents are included, the 60
definition of each headword and the metalanguage could also
be provided
4. The Ethics in English in order to embrace a larger audience;
of Migration.
5. more sophisticated Policies linguistic techniques could
computational
and Non-policies
be implemented in Italy
in and Europe
order to ...........................................
detect English translation 61
Laura Zanfrini
equivalents of false Anglicisms in Italian. This may be
achieved Policies
4.1 Restrictive by analyzing English-Italian
and Structural parallel corpora,
Demand for Immigrant as
Labour .. 65
already done though restricted to the specialized field of
4.2 Initiatives
business for Governing
by LaviosaFamily and2004b,
(2004a, Humanitarian
2006, 2007a, 2007b),
Migration:
who compiled the Commercial ItalianMigration
Labour Migration but not Workers Corpus .............
- Corpus 73
dellitaliano
4.3 From commerciale
Guest Workers (COMIC-CIC)
to Unwelcome in order to study
Guests .................................. 82
English translation equivalents of real Anglicisms in Italian;
6. this work may also be the starting point for a contrastive
study of pseudo-English infiltrations which are widespread
in European
Bibliography languages (Zandvoort 1970). It would 97
......................................................................................... be
interesting to carry out studies on false Anglicisms in
languages otherEmigrants
than Italian in Their
and to Societies
compile of Origin ....... 101
dictionaries of
Urs Watter
false Anglicisms across various languages.
5.1 State Interest
Although and Responsibility
this type of research is continually in progress since
towards
new false their Citizens
Anglicisms are Living
being coinedAbroad ...........................................
some of which may either 102
rapidly disappear or gain a long-lasting status in the Italian
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
vocabulary and methodological improvements to search for them
are5.3 Migration
being Policy
devised, the and Ethics .........................................................
inventory of false Anglicisms presented in 106 this
volume is considered
5.4 Migration Policy into Colombia
be reliable, at least in the sense indicated
...................................................... 108
by Atkins and Rundell:
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
A
5.6reliable dictionary
Alianza Pas is one whose generalizations about word
.................................................................................. 112
behaviour approximate closely to the ways in which people normally
use (and understand)
5.7 Challenges language when engaging in real communicative
.................................................................................... 114
acts (such as writing novels or business reports, reading newspapers,
Bibliography
or .......................................................................................
having conversations). (Atkins and Rundell 2008: 45, 46) 116
On theTogether
Working other hand,
for theasWell-being
Haugen of says with ...........................
Migrants reference to the 119
influence of English on other languages:
Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy
3.4 TheisHuman
There much to Rights
be done Approach ........................................................
in teasing out the English models, their58
origins in speech or writing, their tortuous ways of reaching the
3.5 Conclusion
European public,......................................................................................
and the current results in the form of local replicas.59
(Haugen 1988:.........................................................................................
Bibliography 8) 60
This statement appears to be even truer for false Anglicisms. Their
transient and dynamic
Reflections on Recentnature makes
Migration it difficult for the lexicographer
Policies
to pin
and down their origin
Non-policies and and
in Italy evolution
Europeover time, thus making their
........................................... 61
description continually
Laura Zanfrini open to change.
A dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian is meant to offer users
an 4.1 Restrictive
up-to-date Policies and Structural
lexicographic Demand
tool which for Immigrant
witnesses the vitalityLabour of.. the
65
Italian languageforand
4.2 Initiatives an opportunity
Governing to discover its continuous
transformation. Indeed, it is hoped that
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workersthe readers of this
Migration volume
............. 73
will be attracted by the complex phenomenon of false Anglicisms,
which further confirms the influence of English on the Italian
language and culture.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Barry Halliday

Monza/Italy

3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Laura Zanfrini
4.2 Initiatives
Accornero for 2005,
A. [1991] Governing Family

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theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives

International Scientific Publisher

2010 Polimetrica S.a.s.

ISBN 978-88-7699-203-2 Printed Edition

Stampato con il contributo dellUniversit degli Studi di Torino,

3.4 The Human Rights Approach ........................................................ 58

4. The Ethics of Migration.

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

3.4 The Human

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

3.4 The Human Rights Approach ........................................................ 58

4. The Ethics of Migration.

Dr 4.2 Initiatives study

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies ofManfred Grlach

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

3.4 The Human Rights Approach ........................................................ 58

4. The Ethics of Migration.

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

3.4 The Human Rights Approach ........................................................ 58

4. The Ethics of Migration.

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

3.4 The Human

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

1.3.4 The Humanand

4. The Ethics of Migration.

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

3.4 The Human

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

3.4 The Human

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

3.4 The Human

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

3.4 The Human

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

1.23.4AThe Human Rights

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

3.4 The Human

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

4. The Ethics of Migration.

C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. 2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher

3.4 The Human

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101