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Processing

and
Refining of Petroleum

Submitted by:
Baliton, Mia Nilda
Balibalita, Ralph C.
Guimbaolibot, Jessiemar G.
Processing and Refining of Petroleum

Raw Materials

https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C08/E3-14-05-06.pdf
www.eng.uwaterloo.ca/.../Crude_Oil_Refining_Upgrading.ppt
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Structures
Three basic hydrocarbons:
Paraffins saturated chains
Naphthenes saturated rings
Aromatics unsaturated rings

Refining Operations
Petroleum refining process and operations can be separated into five areas:

https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C08/E3-14-05-06.pdf
www.eng.uwaterloo.ca/.../Crude_Oil_Refining_Upgrading.ppt
Fractionation (distillation) is the separation of crude oil in
atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers into groups of hydrocarbon
compounds of differing boiling point ranges called fractions or cuts.

Conversion Processes - is change the size and/or structure of


hydrocarbon molecules. These processes includes:
Decomposition (dividing) - by thermal and catalytic cracking.
Unification (combining) - through alkylation and polymerization.
Alteration (rearranging) -
with isomerization and catalytic reforming.

Treatment Processes - is to prepare hydrocarbon streams for additional


processing and to prepare finished products. Treatment may include
removal or separation of aromatics and naphthenes, impurities and
undesirable contaminants. Treatment may involve chemical or physical
separation e.g. dissolving, absorption, or precipitation using a variety and
combination of processes including desalting, drying, hydro desulfurizing,
solvent refining, sweetening, solvent extraction, and solvent dewaxing.

Formulating and Blending - is the process of mixing and combining


hydrocarbon fractions, additives, and other components to produce
finished products with specific performance properties.

Other Refining Operations includes:


lightends recovery
sourwater stripping
solid waste, processwater and wastewater treatment
cooling, storage and handling and product movement
hydrogen production
acid and tailgas treatment, and;
sulfur recovery

www.processengr.com/ppt.../oil_refinery_processes.pdf
nptel.ac.in/courses/103103029/pdf/mod2.pdf
Oil Refining Production Process

https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C08/E3-14-05-06.pdf
www.eng.uwaterloo.ca/.../Crude_Oil_Refining_Upgrading.ppt
Desalting and Dewatering
Distillation
Reforming
Cracking
Alkylation
Isomerization
Polymerization
Hydrotreating

Unit Operations
and Processes
Involved
Crude Oil
Distillation Unit -
distills the incoming
crude oil into various
fractions for further processing in other units.

www.processengr.com/ppt.../oil_refinery_processes.pdf
nptel.ac.in/courses/103103029/pdf/mod2.pdf
https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C08/E3-14-05-06.pdf
www.eng.uwaterloo.ca/.../Crude_Oil_Refining_Upgrading.ppt

Vacuum distillation Unit - further distills the residue oil from the bottom of
the crude oil distillation unit. The vacuum distillation is performed at a
pressure well below atmospheric pressure.

www.processengr.com/ppt.../oil_refinery_processes.pdf
nptel.ac.in/courses/103103029/pdf/mod2.pdf
Naphtha Hydrotreater Unit - uses hydrogen to desulfurize
the naphtha fraction from the crude oil distillation or other units within the
refinery.

Catalytic Reforming Unit - converts the


desulfurized naphtha molecules into higher-octane molecules to
produce reformate, which is a component of the end-product gasoline or
petrol.

Alkylation unit - converts isobutane and butylenes into alkylate, which is


a very high-octane component of the end-product gasoline or petrol.

https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C08/E3-14-05-06.pdf
www.eng.uwaterloo.ca/.../Crude_Oil_Refining_Upgrading.ppt
Isomerization unit - converts linear molecules such as
normal pentane into higher-octane branched molecules for blending into
the end-product gasoline. Also used to convert linear normal butane into
isobutane for use in the alkylation unit.

Distillate Hydrotreater Unit - uses hydrogen to desulfurize some of the


other distilled fractions from the crude oil distillation unit (such as diesel
oil).

Merox (mercaptan oxidizer) or Similar Units - desulfurize LPG,


kerosene or jet fuel by oxidizing undesired mercaptans to organic
disulfides.

Amine Gas Treater, Claus unit, and Tail Gas Treatment - for
converting hydrogen sulfide gas from the hydrotreaters into end-product
elemental sulfur. The large majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of
sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from petroleum
refining and natural gas processing plants.

Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Unit - upgrades the heavier, higher-


boiling fractions from the crude oil distillation by converting them into
lighter and lower boiling, more valuable products.

www.processengr.com/ppt.../oil_refinery_processes.pdf
nptel.ac.in/courses/103103029/pdf/mod2.pdf
Hydrocracker Unit - uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions from
the crude oil distillation and the vacuum distillation units into lighter,
more valuable products.

Visbreaker Unit - upgrades heavy residual oils from the vacuum


distillation unit by thermally cracking them into lighter, more valuable
reduced viscosity products.

Delayed Coking and Fluid Coker Units - convert very heavy residual
oils into end-product petroleum coke as well as naphtha and diesel oil by-
products.

https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C08/E3-14-05-06.pdf
www.eng.uwaterloo.ca/.../Crude_Oil_Refining_Upgrading.ppt
www.processengr.com/ppt.../oil_refinery_processes.pdf
nptel.ac.in/courses/103103029/pdf/mod2.pdf
PROCESS FLOW SHEET
Products and by-Products
One barrel of crude oil, when refined, produces about 19 gallons of finished
motor gasoline, and 10 gallons diesel, as
well as other

petroleum
products.
Most

petroleum
products are used
to produce
energy.

Refining
End-
Products

https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C08/E3-14-05-06.pdf
www.eng.uwaterloo.ca/.../Crude_Oil_Refining_Upgrading.ppt
The primary end-products produced in petroleum refining may be grouped
into four categories: light distillates, middle distillates, heavy distillates and
others.
Light distillates
Liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
Gasoline (also known as petrol)
Heavy Naphtha

Middle distillates
Kerosene
Automotive and rail-road diesel fuels
Residential heating fuel
Other light fuel oils

Heavy distillates
Heavy fuel oils

Others
Asphalt
Wax
Lubricating oil
other products
Classification of Products

Gasoline modern gasoline for use in the internal combustion engine


exhibits the following key characteristics:
The fuel has a high energy density.
It has good ignition properties.
It contains low concentrations of pollutant precursors.
It allows the use of advanced exhaust treatment equipment.
It allows easy and safe handling, transport and storage.
Its use leaves a small environmental and climate footprint.

www.processengr.com/ppt.../oil_refinery_processes.pdf
nptel.ac.in/courses/103103029/pdf/mod2.pdf
Submitted by: Baliton, Mia
Balibalita, Ralph
Guimbaolibot, Jessmar

https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C08/E3-14-05-06.pdf
www.eng.uwaterloo.ca/.../Crude_Oil_Refining_Upgrading.ppt

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