ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fire Safety Journal 43 (2008) 334343

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Effect of elevated temperature on bond between steel reinforcement

and ber reinforced concrete
R.H. Haddad, R.J. Al-Saleh, N.M. Al-Akhras
Department of Civil Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
Received 1 August 2007; received in revised form 7 October 2007; accepted 18 November 2007
Available online 31 December 2007

Abstract

The bond behavior between ber reinforced concrete and 20-mm reinforcing steel rebars was evaluated under elevated temperatures.
Fifty modied pullout specimens (100  100  400 mm) were prepared using high strength concrete with basalt aggregate and different
volumetric mixtures of three types of bers, namely brass-coated steel bers, hooked steel bers, and high modulus polypropylene bers,
before being cured for 28 days at 40 1C. Specimens, designated for heat-treatment, were then subjected to elevated temperatures, ranging
from 350 to 700 1C, whereas unheated (control) ones were left in laboratory air. The overall response of control and heat-damaged
specimens, pulled out up to failure, and cracking extent and continuity were described. Standard cubes (100 mm3) were cast, cured, and
heat treated under similar conditions, then tested to evaluate compressive and splitting strengths. The results showed marked reductions
in residual compressive, splitting and steelconcrete bond under high temperatures with dramatic changes in bond stressfree-end slip
trend behavior. Use of bers minimized the damage in steelconcrete bond under elevated temperatures and hence the reduction in bond
strength. Specimens which incorporated hooked steel bers attained the highest bond resistance against elevated temperatures followed,
in sequence, by those prepared with the mixture of hooked and brass-coated steel, the mixture of hooked steel and polypropylene, and
brass-coated steel bers. Statistical models for bond stress versus free-end slip and bond strength versus exposure temperature were
developed. These showed excellent agreement with the trend behavior of present experimental data.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Fibers; Concrete; Bond; Fire; Pullout

1. Introduction concrete at high temperature was attributed to three major

The exposure of reinforced concrete (RC) structural
elements to high temperatures during an aggressive re
leads to signicant losses in its structural capacity due to
the reduction in the strength of the concrete, possible
plastic deformation of embedded steel and most impor-
tantly loss of bond between reinforcing steel and concrete
[14]. The latter endangers mainly the structural integrity
of RC beams as the transfer of tensile stress from concrete
to reinforcing steel becomes minimal. Previous experience
showed that exposure of concrete to temperatures in excess
of 400 1C would have detrimental impact on its strength
and integrity [5]. The loss in strength and/or spalling of
Corresponding author. Tel.: +962 2720 1000x22119;
fax: +962 2709 5018.
E-mail address: rhaddad@just.edu.jo (R.H. Haddad).
factors, namely vapor pressure of capillary and gel water,
decomposition of cement hydration products, and possible
collapse of lling aggregate [6]. The presence of reinforce-
ment in RC structural elements, although alleviating the
extent of damage at high temperatures, may create post-
cooling residual stresses in the RC members that along
with possible loss of bond between reinforcing steel and
concrete may endanger the integrity of the entire structure
under its service loads [1]. It was reported that the loss in
bond strength could reach as high as 60% when RC is
subjected to temperatures in excess of 500 1C [24].
Post-heating behavior of the concretesteel bond has
been investigated over the past 50 years using two types of
bond test specimens, concentric pullout, specied in ASTM
and RILEM test methods, and double tension pullout in
which two test bars were pulled in opposite directions at
the same time so that the concrete surrounding the test bars

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doi:10.1016/j.resaf.2007.11.002
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
R.H. Haddad et al. / Fire Safety Journal 43 (2008) 334343 335

would be in tension [79]. The different studies showed a
signicant effect of steel rebar surface characteristics,
concrete connement, concrete basic properties (w/c ratio,
cement and aggregate type, additives), maturity, and
relative humidity, and testing condition (heating and
cooling duration and rate, and testing while hot or cold)
on concretesteel bond behavior under a wide range of
high temperature conditions [1015].
The works published about the mechanical performance
of plain and RC under elevated temperatures stipulated the
benet of using pozzolanic matter and carbonate aggregate
as well as insulation of concrete against moisture intrusion
on maintaining post-heating strength and the concrete
steel bond [1019]. Recently, there has been an increasing
interest in using metallic and polymeric bers in ordinary
and high strength concrete mixtures to improve the
resistance of the concrete to elevated temperatures of up
to 1000 1C [20,21]. The outcome of these studies indicated
that although the use of ber contributed to reducing
spalling signicantly, it had limited impact on post-heating
residual compressive strength [20,21]. Limited (if any)
research work has been undertaken to investigate the role
of bers in maintaining post-heating bond between
concrete and reinforcing steel.
The present study investigates the contribution of three
types of bers (hooked steel (HS), brass-coated steel (BCS),
polypropylene) to reducing damage hence maintaining
bond strength between matured concrete and reinforcing
steel at high temperatures in the range of 350700 1C. The
bers were incorporated in concrete either separately or as
a blend at a total volumetric fraction of 2%. The bond
strength was evaluated using modied pullout specimens,
whereas the damage extent was assessed through compres-
sive and splitting strength measurements and by evaluating
the size and intensity of heat-generated cracks on a random
surface of pullout specimens.
2. Experimental program
2.1. Material properties
2.1.1. Fibers
Three types of bers were used in preparing different
brous concrete mixtures namely: BCS, HS, and high-
performance polypropylene (HP). The mechanical and
geometric properties of the bers are listed in Table 1.
2.1.2. Reinforcing steel
Grade 60 deformed steel rebars of diameters (20 and
10 mm) and smooth steel rebars of diameters (8 mm) were
used in preparing different modied pullout specimens.
The mechanical and the geometric properties for the
20-mm-rebars, obtained before and after heating then
cooling, are listed in Table 2.
2.1.3. Aggregate
Crushed coarse basalt aggregates and a mixture of equal
proportions of crushed ne basalt and silica sand were used
with ordinary Portland cement (Type I) in preparing
different mixtures. The crushed coarse basalt had a
maximum aggregate size of 19 mm. The neness moduli
of the ne basalt and the silica sand, determined according
to ASTM C136, was found to be 3.4 and 1.6, respectively
[22]. The bulk specic gravity and the absorption capacity,

Table 1
Geometric and mechanical properties of bers used in the present study

Types of ber Geometrical conguration Fy (MPa) Specic gravity Fiber diameter (mm) Fiber length Aspect ratio
(gm/cm3) (mm) (Lf/Df)

BCS 2950 7.8 0.15 6 40

HS 1172 7.8 0.5 30 60

HP 525 0.91 Width 100; 40 40

Thickness 0.8

BCS, brass coated steel; HS, hooked steel; HP, high performance polypropylene.

Table 2
The mechanical and physical properties of reinforcing steel bars under high temperatures

T (1C) Yield strength Ultimate strength Strain at Rib height Rib spacing Face angle
(MPa) (MPa) failure (%) (mm) (mm) (deg)

23 592 813 8 0.58 5.6 54

350a 577 799 9.3 0.58 5.6 54
500a 428 522 13.5 0.6 5.6 54
600a 336 486 18.3 0.69 5.7 54
700a 252 466 25.1 0.7 5.7 54
a
After cooling to room temperature.
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336 R.H. Haddad et al. / Fire Safety Journal 43 (2008) 334343
determined according to ASTM C127 and C128, respectively,
were found to be (2.73, 2.64, and 2.6) and (1.9%, 5.4%, and
0.5%) for coarse and ne basalt aggregate and silica sand,
respectively [22]. The unit weight of coarse aggregate, obtained
according to ASTM C29, was found to be 1560 kg/m3 [22].
2.1.4. Concrete mix
One plain and four brous concrete mixtures of high-
strength concrete mixtures were designed at a w/c ratio of
0.35 according to ACI 211 mix design procedure.
The contents of cement, water, coarse, ne basalt, silica
sand, and superplasticizer used were 600, 227, 763, 413, 402,
and 9 kg/m3, respectively. The brous concrete mixtures were
prepared using BCS, HS, a mixture of one part of HP and
three parts of HS (HSHP), and a mixture of equal
proportions of BCS and HS (HBCS) at a constant volumetric
fraction of 2%.
2.2. Specimen geometry and steel reinforcement detailing
A modied version of the double pullout specimen,
proposed by Chapman and Shah [7], was used. The cross-
sectional geometric properties and steel detailing are
presented in Fig. 1. Reinforcing steel of 10-mm diameter
were used at the corners of the specimens to prevent tensile
failure of the concrete prior to bond failure of the 20-mm
rebar embedded in the right side of the specimen. A
rectangular steel plate of 0.5-mm thickness was used at the
middle of the specimen to: (a) prevent crack propagation
from the right side, where bond failure is expected to occur,
to the left side where the other 20-mm rebar is xed; and
(b) maintain the concentricity of the 20-mm steel bar. The
specimens were cast in a specially designed formwork
consisting of a 20-mm-thick wooden mold. A concrete
cover of 25 mm to the center of reinforcement was used.
Special steel spacers were positioned inside the mold
underneath the reinforcement to achieve the required
cover. Plastic sleeves were used at both ends of the steel
bars which were designated to be pulled out, to limit the
embedment length to 150 mm. This arrangement would
ensure a uniform shearing stress distribution along the
pulled-out steel rebar.
200 mm 200 mm
150 mm
LVDT
P 20 mm 20 mm
1 10 mm
8 mm
Sleeves to Break Bond
20 mm
8 mm 100 mm
10 mm Cross Section
Steel Plate
100 mm
Fig. 1. Details of the modied pullout specimen used.
2.3. Mixing, casting, and curing of specimens
A tilting drum mixer of 0.15 m3 capacity was used in
mixing the concrete ingredient. The mixing procedure
followed ASTM C192 [22]. BCS bers were pre-blended
with the ne particles prior to mixing whereas HS and HP
bers were spread by hand during mixing. The slump was
measured according to ASTM C143 and found to be about
50 mm [22]. The inside of the wooden molds was painted
with oil before the steel cages were placed and the concrete
poured in three layers, each consolidated using a vibrating
table. The surface of each specimen was nished off by
smoothing with a trowel. Finally, the modied pullout
specimens were demolded after 24 h and immersed in a
water bath at 40 1C. The treatment was aimed at: (a)
simulating eld temperatures (in Jordan) and (b) attaining
the highest possible strength during the 28 days specied for
curing. Standard concrete cubes (100 mm) were cast in steel
molds, demolded, and cured under similar conditions to
which the modied pullout specimens were subjected. The
test specimens were categorized in ve series of ten each.
Specimens of each series were prepared from the same
concrete batch and subjected in pairs to heat-treatment at
different temperatures before tested to evaluate bond
behavior, and compressive and splitting strengths.
2.4. Heating procedure
The matured modied pullout and cube specimens were
left for 7 days in the laboratory air at a relative humidity of
60% and a temperature of 23 1C. Those designated for
thermal treatment were then subjected to temperatures of
350, 500, 600, and 700 1C for 2 h by means of an electrical
furnace (900  600  1800 mm) according to the furnace
temperature versus time schedule presented in Fig. 2.
Duplicate specimens from each mixture were left in
laboratory air as controls. The interface temperature for
the modied pullout specimen used is expected to be very
close to that of the furnace because of its relatively small
size and the low-heating rate employed [12].
800
700oC
700
600oC
600 500oC
350oC
Temperature ( C)
500
o
P
400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Time (Hours)
Fig. 2. The timetemperature schedule.
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R.H. Haddad et al. / Fire Safety Journal 43 (2008) 334343
2.5. Pullout testing
The loadslip relationship for the modied pullout
specimens was established using the setup assembly shown
in Fig. 3a. The steel rebar was pulled out using a Universal
Testing Machine with a maximum capacity of 1200 kN,
while slip was measured using an LVDT, mounted on the
steel rebar at the side designated to be released while its tip
was in touch with concrete surface, 15 mm from the surface
of the bar, as seen in Fig. 3b. The pulling-out was
performed at a loading rate of 200 N/s so that bond failure
took place within 315 min. The pullout loads versus
slippage readings were acquired and processed to obtain
the relationship between bond stress (BS) and free-end slip.
The BS was calculated from external load (P) on the bar
and total surface area of the embedded portion of the
reinforcing bar, assuming a constant stress along the
bonded length of the bar (i.e., BS P/(pDL), where D and
L are the diameter of the bar and embedded length,
respectively). The pair of specimens tested for bond
behavior showed similar results with less than 3%
difference in bond strength and free-end slip values.
2.6. Strength evaluation
The compressive and splitting strengths of cubes were
determined before and after heat-treatment according to
BS1881: part 116. The test value was taken as the average
of two or three cube specimens.
2.7. Evaluation of cracking extent
The extent of cracking in different pullout specimens was
evaluated by visual inspection, and direct crack width and
continuity measurements. The post-heating cracks on the
surfaces of pullout specimens were marked in black before
Fig. 3. Testing setup for the modied pullout specimens: (a) the specimen as gripped by the machine and (b) the LVDT mounted on the specimen.
337
photos were taken. The widths of cracks were measured
with the aid of a special scale that allowed measuring crack
widths as small as 0.08 mm.
3. Results and discussion
The results of the present study are reported and discussed
according to the following sequence. The cracking patterns,
intensity, and continuity as well as residual strengths of
different modied pullout specimens are evaluated at
different elevated temperatures. The effect of temperature
on bond behavior between ber RC and reinforcing steel is
discussed next. Finally, empirical models for predicting BS
and bond strength are developed and evaluated.
3.1. Evaluation of damage
3.1.1. Photographic evaluation of damage
Modied pullout specimens experienced short random
cracks at 350 1C yet extensive map-type cracking when
exposed to high temperatures in the range of 500700 1C.
As can be expected, the intensity of cracking was
determined by the temperature level and the type of bers
used. The contribution of bers to reducing the length and
intensity of the cracks was signicant in the temperature
range of 350500 1C, yet limited in the temperature range
of 600700 1C. Typical cracking patterns for plain and
brous concrete mixtures with HS, and BCS bers are
depicted in Fig. 4. The resulting cracking was related to the
combination of three damaging factors, namely expansion
of concrete beyond its elastic limit; vapor pressure of pore
and gel water; and decomposition of cement hydration
products [6]. The loss of bond between the bers and the
surrounding severely damaged concrete matrix explains the
limited role of the bers in reducing cracking at extreme
temperatures.
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338 R.H. Haddad et al. / Fire Safety Journal 43 (2008) 334343

T
Without fibers Hooked steel fibers Brass-coated steel fibers
(C)

500

600

700

Fig. 4. Cracking pattern on a single surface of different modied pullout specimens.

Table 3 difference in their expansion coefcients at high tempera-

The extent of cracking for the different MP specimens after being tures and (b) the higher sensitivity of brous concrete
subjected to high temperatures mixtures to high temperatures as compared to plain
T (1C) Type of mixture concrete, due to the greater strength of the brous concrete
mixture at room temperature. Heating to 700 1C generated
Plain HSFRC HSPPFRC HBCSFRC BCSFRC extensive cracking and sometimes spalling in the cubic
500 specimens, which was reduced by the use of bers.
CW (mm) 0.1 0.08 0.1 0.08 0.08
NFC 2 0 1 0 0 3.2. Concretesteel bond behavior
600
CW (mm) 0.1 0.08 0.1 0.08 0.08 The effect of temperature level and ber type and
NFC 3 1 2 0 0 content on the trend behavior of BS versus free-end slip
700 curves and their characteristics was studied. The character-
CW (mm) 1 0.2 1 0.2 0.2 istics considered were the ultimate bond strength, and the
NFC 4 2 2 0 0 free-end slip at failure (FESF). The critical BS correspond-
ing to zero-slip value was negligible. This is referred to the
CW, crack width (mm); NFC, number of faces on which a single crack is
continuous. relatively low value of the ratio of concrete cover to steel
bar diameter and to that the concrete in the modied
pullout specimens was subjected to pure tension during
3.1.2. Crack size and continuity pullout testing.
Width and continuity of the cracks on the surfaces of the
pullout specimens under different exposure temperatures 3.2.1. Bond stress versus free-end slip diagrams
were determined and are listed in Table 3. Cracks were Figs. 59 depict the relationship between BS and free-
initiated at a temperature of 350 1C and their width, end slip for plain concrete and brous concrete with HS,
intensity, and length increased at higher temperatures. At HSHP, HBCS, and BCS bers under different exposure
the extreme temperature (700 1C), specimens showed temperatures (350700 1C). As can be seen, the curves show
extensive cracking and sometimes spalling at their corners. typical behavior, similar to that proposed by Bertero,
The use of bers reduced crack sizes on the surfaces of Popov, and Ellegehausen (BPE) [23], represented by linear
modied pullout specimens and limited or prevented crack behavior up to about 40% of their ultimate amplitudes,
propagation throughout the modied pullout sides. and nonlinear thereafter. Exposure of modied pullout
specimens from different mixtures to temperatures in the
3.1.3. Compressive and splitting strength range of (500700 1C) resulted in softening of BS versus
The results of Tables 4 and 5 indicated that the free-end slip curves.
contribution of bers to maintaining residual compressive The bond behavior of modied pullout specimens in the
and tensile strengths was limited in the temperature range post-heating stage was dictated mainly by the physical state
of 350600 1C, yet signicant at a temperature of 700 1C. of brous concrete with negligible effect of physical and
Such behavior may be related to: (a) the partial loss in geometric properties of the reinforcing bars. The latter is
bond between bers and surrounding matrix due to the attributed to the minimal elongation of the steel free ends
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R.H. Haddad et al. / Fire Safety Journal 43 (2008) 334343 339

Table 4
Compressive strength (MPa) for different mixtures without and with different bers before and after exposure to high temperatures

T (1C) Plain HS HSHP HBCS BCS

23 77.3 (100%)a 89.8 (100%) 85.5 (100%) 93.75 (100%) 103.6 (100%)
350 48.3 (62.5%) 60.15 (67%) 54.05 (63.2%) 61.4 (65.5%) 63.25 (61.1%)
500 39.95 (51.7%) 45.1 (50.2%) 42.25 (49.4%) 46.5 (49.6%) 49 (47.3%)
600 24.85 (32.1%) 29.45 (32.8%) 27.15 (31.8%) 28.95 (30.9%) 31.35 (30.3%)
700 0.38 (0.5%) 10.4 (11.6) 6.8 (8%) 9.05 (9.7%) 6.9 (6.7%)
a
Residual strength.

Table 5 16
Splitting strength (MPa) for different mixtures without and with different 23C
bers before and after exposure to high temperatures 14 350C
500C
T (1C) Plain HS HSHP HBCS BCS 12 600C
700C
23 11.8 22.65 20.45 20.7 22.5

Bond Stress (MPa)

10
(100%)a (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%)
350 8.85 13.4 11.45 13.35 16.4
8
(75%) (59.2%) (56%) (64.5%) (72.9%)
500 5.9 7.9 7 9.25 7.8
(50%) (34.9%) (34.2%) (44.7%) (34.7%) 6
600 3.55 5.1 4.25 4.9 5.55
(30.1%) (22.5%) (20.8%) (23.7%) (24.7%) 4
700 S 1.7 1.65 1.7 1.4
(7.5%) (8.1%) (8.2%) (6.2%) 2

S, spalled due to high temperature. 0

a
Residual strength. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Slip (mm)

16 Fig. 6. Bond stress versus free-end slip for modied pullout specimens
23C with HS bers.
14 350C
500C
12 600C 16
700C
Bond Stress (MPa)

23C
10 14 350C
500C
8 12 600C
700C
Bond Stress (MPa)

6 10

4 8

2 6

0 4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Slip (mm) 2
Fig. 5. Bond stress versus free-end slip for modied pullout specimens
prepared with plain concrete. 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Slip (mm)
under loading because: (a) the noticeable reduction in the Fig. 7. Bond stress versus free-end slip for modied pullout specimens
yield strength of reinforcing steel with temperatures was with HSHP bers.
offset by the decrease in the ultimate pullout load capacity
of the modied pullout; and (b) the geometric properties of Consequently, the ultimate BS as well as the compressive
reinforcing steel showed slight changes under high tem- and splitting strengths decreased. Because concrete con-
perature, as deduced from Table 2. nement is governed by the width and intensity of the heat-
The increasing pullout load enlarged heat-generated generated cracks, the rate of increase in free-end slip was
cracks; hence reduced the connement around the steel bar. much higher at temperatures in the range 500700 1C as
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340 R.H. Haddad et al. / Fire Safety Journal 43 (2008) 334343

16 Table 6
23C Ultimate bond strength (MPa) and FESF (mm) for different modied
14 350C pullout specimens without and with different bers before and after
500C exposure to different temperatures
12 600C
700C T Type of mixture
Bond Stress (MPa)

(1C)
10
Plain HSFRC HSPPFRC HBCSFRC BCSFRC

8 UBS FESF UBS FESF UBS FESF UBS FESF UBS FESF

6 23 8.94 0.47 10.96 0.63 10.17 0.74 13.22 0.84 15.22 0.83
350 7.54 0.39 10.19 0.64 9.21 0.74 10.58 0.84 10.92 0.73
4 500 3.16 0.68 5.48 0.92 5.70 0.77 7.31 1.12 7.35 1.20
600 2.99 0.46 4.66 1.11 4.60 1.11 4.68 1.12 4.93 0.89
700 2.59 0.56 4.23 0.78 3.51 0.82 3.15 0.71 2.55 0.80
2
UBS, ultimate bond stress; FESF, free-end slip at failure.
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Slip (mm)
Table 7
Fig. 8. Bond stress versus free-end slip for modied pullout specimens Percent residual bond strength for different modied pullout specimens
with HBCS bers. after a single thermal cycle

T (1C) Plain Fiber type

concrete
16 (%)
23C HS (%) HSHP (%) HBCS (%) BCS (%)
14 350C
500C 23 100 100 100 100 100
12 600C 350 84 93 90 80 72
700C 500 36 50 56 55 49
Bond Stress (MPa)

600 22 43 45 36 32
10
700 29 38 34 24 17
8

6
4
2 Table 7 and graphically presented in Fig. 10 show that
0 temperature was increased. The residual bond strength
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Slip (mm)
Fig. 9. Bond stress versus free-end slip for modied pullout specimens
with BCS bers.
compared to that at 350 1C. Failure occurred because of
local crushing of concrete at the tips of the bar ribs,
followed by sudden splitting of concrete along the
reinforcing bars. Hence, all the specimens tested showed
typical splitting failure along the pulled rebar with radial
cracking on their cross-section. The splitting failure is
observed when the concrete cover to diameter ratio was
smaller than 2.5, the minimum ratio for possible pullout
failure [24].
3.2.2. Characteristics of bond stress and free-end slip
diagrams
The bond strengths and FESFs were obtained and are
summarized in Table 6. The residuals after a single thermal
cycle were computed with favorite effect of exposure
temperature and mixture type. Residual bond strength
values are listed in Tables 7 and 8 whereas residuals for
FESF are listed in Tables 9 and 10, respectively.
Residual bond strength. The results summarized in
the residual bond strength was reduced as the exposure
1.4 versus temperature curves decreased slightly at 350 1C, yet
sharply at temperatures greater than 500 1C. This behaviors
is attributed to the increase in intensity, width, and
extension of cracks with temperature that led to a
reduction in concrete connement of the reinforcing steel
[6]. Fiber RC mixtures showed better resistance against
temperatures than that of plain concrete in the temperature
range from 350 to 600 1C, hence maintaining higher
residual bond strengths (Table 8). The mixture with HS
bers showed the best performance followed, in sequence,
by those with HBCS, HSHP, and BCS, respectively. The
contribution of different bers to maintaining bond
strength was enhanced with exposure temperatures. As
exposure temperature was raised to 700 1C, the residual
bond strength for brous concrete mixtures, although
decreased, maintained higher values than that of plain
concrete, except for the mixture with BCS bres. The
residual bond strength at 350 1C for concrete mixtures with
HS, HSHP, HBCS, and BCS bers were 136%, 123%,
141%, and 145%, respectively. The corresponding values
at 500 and 700 1C were 172%, 178%, 228%, 231% and
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R.H. Haddad et al. / Fire Safety Journal 43 (2008) 334343 341

Table 8 100
Percent residual bond strength for different modied pullout specimens
with favourite effects of mixture type

T (1C) Plain Fiber type 80

concrete

Residual Bond Strength (%)

(%)
HS (%) HSHP (%) HBCS (%) BCS (%)
60
23 100 124 115 148 171
350 100 136 123 141 145
500 100 172 178 228 231
600 100 235 230 235 245
40
700 100 162 135 124 98

plain HS
20
Table 9 HSHP HBCS
Percent residual free-end slip for different modied pullout specimens
BCS
after a single thermal cycle

T (1C) Plain Fiber type 0

concrete
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
(%) Temperature ( oC)
HS (%) HSHP (%) HBCS (%) BCS (%)
Fig. 10. Residual bond strength versus temperature for modied speci-
23 100 100 100 100 100 mens prepared with different FRC mixtures.
350 83 102 100 100 88
500 145 146 104 133 145
600 98 176 150 133 107 a more effective arresting of heat-generated cracks during
700 119 124 111 85 96
pullout testing. The escape channels formed by melting of
the polypropylene bres, impart limited improvement in
bond resistance against heating because of the reduction in
Table 10 both splitting and compressive strengths as a result of the
Percent residual free-end slip for different modied pullout specimens with increase in the overall porosity.
favorite effects of mixture type Free-end slip at failure. The results of Table 9 showed a
T (1C) Plain Fiber type signicant increase in FESF at temperatures in the range
concrete 500600 1C because of the increase in steelconcrete bond
(%) ductility generated by stable cracks, yet showed limited
HS (%) HSHP (%) HBCS (%) BCS (%) changes in FESF at temperatures of 350 and 700 1C. At the
23 100 134 157 179 177 latter two temperatures, cracking was limited and severe,
350 100 164 190 215 187 respectively, and hence the modied pullout specimens
500 100 135 113 165 176 showed limited slip at failure. The residual FESF values
600 100 241 241 243 193 were higher for brous concrete mixtures than for plain
700 100 139 146 127 143
concrete in the pre and post-heating stages because of the
contribution the bers to increasing concrete ductility in
the vicinity of reinforcing steel, as can be deduced from the
162%, 135%, 124%, 98%, respectively. It should be data of Table 10. The residual FESF showed no specic
mentioned that although some brous concrete mixtures trend in its behavior versus temperature with its highest
showed lower residual bond strength than that of plain value being at 600 1C. The implication of the free-end slip is
concrete, their bond strengths maintained always higher that it gives an indication of the ultimate slip that can be
values. The statistical linear correlation between residual allowed in practice prior to bond failure represented by
compressive or splitting strength and residual bond sudden splitting of concrete along the steel bar.
strength was found to be limited. This may be attributed
to the connement effect of steel reinforcement which 3.3. Analytical modeling
imparted to the ber RC (in the modied pullout
specimens) higher residual strengths than that of the plain In this section two empirical models are developed. The
cubes, used as standard test specimens for compressive or rst model describes BS as a function of free-end slip for
splitting strength evaluation. the present type of brous concrete mixtures and cong-
The above behavior can be explained as follows. The uration of bond test specimen. Development of such a
anchorage of HS with the concrete matrix was much higher model is aimed at: (a) establishing that the present BS and
than that of smooth and short BCS bers. This resulted in free-end slip relationship ts well with the typically
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
342 R.H. Haddad et al. / Fire Safety Journal 43 (2008) 334343

16 100

14 Plain
80 Concrete

Residual Bond Strength (%)

12
23C
Bond Stress (MPa)

10 60 HS Fibers

8
40
6 500C
700C
4 20 Model Prediction
Experimental data Experimental Data
2
Model prediction
0
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 o
Temperature ( C)
Slip (mm)
Fig. 12. Model prediction of residual bond strength for modied pullout
Fig. 11. Model prediction of bond stress for modied pullout specimens specimens without and with HS bers.
with HS bers.

stipulated behavior; (b) estimating actual bond strength in
practice, based on direct measurements of slippage that are
carried out as a part of usual surveillance procedures. The
second model, which predicts residual bond strength as a
function of exposure temperature, would aid the estimation
of bond strength in ber reinforced structures or help in
designing concrete mixtures for best resistance against
elevated temperatures.
3.3.1. Bond stress versus free-end slip
The trend of behavior of ascending and plateau parts of
the present BS versus free-end slip curves is similar to that
of the model suggested by BPE [23]. Therefore, the
ascending part of the present curves can be described
using the following equation:
 n
t S
, (1)
t1 S1
where t1 (UBS) is the ultimate bond strength and S1 is the
corresponding slip. The parameters S and t are the varying
values of BS and free-end slip along the curves, respec-
tively. The parameter n is a curve tting parameter that
must be less than 1 to be physically meaningful [23].
Nonlinear regression was performed using STATISTI-
CA computer package to obtain the parameters of the
above equation. The regression results indicated an
excellent t of the present model of data used as indicated
by the high values of the multiple coefcient of determina-
tion (R2) which exceeded 97%. Fig. 11 shows comparison
between predicted and experimentally measured BSs for
the concrete mixture with HS bers at exposure tempera-
tures of 500 and 700 1C. As can be seen, the model
suggested ts the data well with relatively low prediction
error percentage. Similar conclusions apply for the same
mixture at exposure temperatures of 350 and 600 1C and
for the other concrete mixtures under the entire tempera-
ture spectrum (350700 1C).
3.3.2. Residual bond strength
A nonlinear empirical model, which relates percentage
residual bond strength to exposure temperature, was
developed using the present experimental data. The model
is similar in form to that of Haddad [25]. It is given as
p
1  0:0035 T  0:522 
RBS k , (2)
1 0:0035T  0:522 
where RBS is the residual bond strength, T the exposure
temperature greater than 23 1C, and k a constant that
depends on the type of the mixture used. It takes values of
152, 170, 170, 159, and 149 for plain concrete, and brous
concrete mixtures with HS, HSHP, HBCS, and BCS bers,
respectively.
The model parameters were obtained using the software
STATISTICA. The statistical parameter (R2) exceeded
96%; indicating an excellent t of the model of the
experimental data. Fig. 12 shows typical comparisons
between the trend behavior of experimental and predicted
residual bond strengths versus exposure temperature for
plain concrete and brous concrete with HS bers. The
concrete mixtures with HS and BCS bers showed the
highest and lowest coefcients for the model parameter (k),
respectively. These results are in agreement with previous
discussion that indicated that the highest and the lowest
residual bond strength values were attained by the mixtures
with HS and BCS bers, respectively.
4. Conclusion
The following conclusions can be drawn from the
experimental results:
1. Exposure of the modied pullout specimens used in the
present study to temperatures in excess of 400 1C
resulted in signicant reduction in bond strength
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
R.H. Haddad et al. / Fire Safety Journal 43 (2008) 334343
between reinforcing steel and ber RC and softening of
the BS versus free-end slip curves pertaining.
2. Incorporation of bers in modied pullout specimens
limited cracking of concrete and prevented spalling
under elevated temperatures below 600 1C; therefore,
enhanced post-heating residual bond strength between
reinforcing steel and concrete. The concrete mixture
with HS bers showed the highest residual bond
strength followed, in sequence, by those with the
mixture of HS and BCS, the mixture of HS and
polypropylene, and BCS bers.
3. The bers used in the modied pullout specimens
contributed to increasing steelconcrete bond ductility
regardless of the magnitude of exposure temperature as
indicated by the values of FESF.
4. The empirical models developed to predict BS and bond
strength showed excellent t of the data used.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the support
received from the deanship of scientic research of
University of Science and Technology at Jordan and the
assistance of the technicians at the engineering workshop
and civil engineering laboratories.
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