CL351: Chemical Engineering Lab-II

Semester 1, 2014-2015
IIT Gandhinagar

Pradeep Diwakar (Group G)

Roll no. 12110063

Heat transfer in laminar flow

 Heat transfer in laminar flow
Objective:

The objective of this experiment is determine the overall heat transfer

coefficient in a double pipe heat exchanger for laminar flow of internal fluid
and to study the effect of fluid velocity on the heat transfer efficient.

Theory:

At low Reynolds number (Re < 2100) the flow pattern is said to be laminar
and the fluid flows in a very ordered manner. Heat transfer in laminar flow is
calculated by using film theory and Nusselt number using Seider-Tate
equation.

In a scenario where the cold fluid and the hot fluid are separated by a wall of
mentioned properties, the overall heat transfer coefficient is given by:
1 1 x 1 1
= + w + =
U i Ai hi A i k w A w ho A o U o A o

The middle term is neglected. And in our case we assume that Ai = Ao.

Hence,
1 1 1
= +
U i hi ho

Now, for a very small hi inside resistance becomes the controller which is
expressed by equation
1 1
=
U i hi

Sieder-Tate equation which is used for determining hi for laminar flow is given
by:
1
D 3
Nu=1.86
L ( ) 0.33
( ) ( Pr )
0.33

Procedure:
Switch was turned on and cold fluid was allowed to flow through the outer
pipe. Constant flow rate is maintained for cold fluid whereas a regulator was
used for changing the flow rate of hot fluid. Now for a certain value of hot
fluid flow rate temperature readings for hot and cold fluids were noted, also
the flow rate was measured by noting the time taken by the oil to reach up to
a certain level in container. 10 sets of readings were noted assuring the
steady state every time.

Observations and Calculations:

Known Data:
Inside diameter of inner tube, di = 0.7 cm = 0.007 m
Outside diameter of inner tube, do = 1 cm = 0.01 m
Inside diameter of outer tube, D = 1.8 cm = 0.018 m
Length of heat exchanger, L = 1 m
Volume of glass section between bottom and upper mark, V = 880 cm3
= 8.8 x 10-6 m3
Volumetric flow rate of cold fluid, vc = 500 L/hr = 138.89x10-4 m3/s
Specific heat of test liquid, cp = 0.625 kCal/kg 0C = 2625 J/kg-0C
Density of test liquid, = 835 kg/m3
Thermal conductivity of test fluid, k = 0.101 kCal/hr m 0C = 0.1178 J/m
s 0C
Physical properties:
Viscosity of test fluid()= 4 cp
Specific heat of water(Cp-w)= 1.0 kCal/Kg- 0C
Density of water(w)= 1.0 gm/cm3
Thermal conductivity of water(Kw)= 0.53 kCal/hr-m-0C
Viscosity of water(w)= 0.836 cp

Hot Fluid Cold Fluid

Obs Flow rate
Inlet Outlet Inlet Time (sec)
. no Outlet (c.c/t)
temperature temperature temperature
0 0 0 temperature 0C
C C C
1 80.3 77.8 36.6 36.9 15.979 18.28
2 78.7 76.8 36.9 37.4 20.484 14.26
3 78.2 76.5 37.5 37.9 20.570 14.2
4 78.2 76.7 37.8 38.1 24.796 11.78
5 79.7 78.5 38.4 38.9 35.278 8.28
6 78.6 77.6 39.1 39.6 37.739 7.74
7 78 76.9 39.4 39.9 44.801 6.52
8 78.1 77.2 39.9 40.5 48.846 5.98
9 78.1 77.3 40.5 41.2 52.442 5.57
10 77.9 77.1 41.1 41.7 52.917 5.52

Table 1: Observations
Amount of Overall heat
Mass Reynol
Obs. heat LMTD, transfer
flow rate, 0 coefficient, ds
no transferred, C
Kg/hr 2 number
Kcal/hr Kcal/hr- m
1 48.03 75.05 42.28 80.68 608.06
2 61.57 73.12 40.59 81.89 779.48
3 61.83 65.70 39.64 75.34 782.77
4 74.54 69.88 39.49 80.43 943.58
1342.4
5 106.05 79.53 40.44 89.39 4
1436.1
6 113.44 70.90 38.75 83.18 0
1704.8
7 134.67 92.59 37.79 111.35 2
1858.7
8 146.83 82.59 37.44 100.26 6
1995.5
9 157.64 78.82 36.84 97.24 8
2013.6
10 159.07 79.53 36.10 100.16 6
Table 2. Calculations
 4.8

4.7

4.6
f(x) = 0.24x + 3.39
R = 0.7
4.5
log U
4.4

4.3

4.2

4.1
3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.1

log m

Figure1. Plot of Log U vs Log m

0.01

0.01 f(x) = 0.03x + 0

R = 0.7
0.01

0.01
1/U
0.01

0.01

0.01
0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42

1/m0.24

Figure 2. Plot of 1/U vs 1/m0.24

Sample Calculation (for reading no.-1):

Volumetric flow rate of hot fluid (v) = (V/t) = 15.079 cm3/s
Vel. of hot fluid (u) = (v/S) = 41.61 cm/s
Mass flow rate of hot fluid ( m ) = 48.023 kg/hr

Amount of heat transferred (Q) = m

Cp(T1-T2) = 75.052 kCal/hr
 (
( T 1t1 ) (T 2t 2)
LMTD =
(
ln
T 1t 1
T 2 t 2 ) ) = 42.28 o
C

Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) = 80.67 kCal/h-m2-oC

ud
Reynolds number (Re) = = 608.06

Nusselts number (Nu) = 13.18

Nu K
(hi)pred = D = 190.23 kCal/h-m2-oC

From graph, intercept (1/ho) = 0.0004

ho = 2500 kCal/h-m2-oC
(hi)observed= 1/(1/Ui 1/ho)= 83.36 kCal/h-m2-oC

Results:

Theoretical value of heat transfer coefficient = 242.94 kcal/hr-m2-0C

Observed value of heat transfer coefficient (hi) = 93.404 kCal/h-m2-oC

Conclusion and Discussion:

The heat transfer coefficient continuously increases with increase in flow

rate. The reason for this is that with the increase in flow rate the film
thickness on to the boundary decreases which decreases the resistance and
hence increases the heat transfer coefficient. The value of the heat transfer
co-efficient is persistent with the actual value. As seen from the graph the
readings were not accurate because of that best fit option was used to
eliminate the points that were away from the line. The reason for this
inaccuracy was the errors in instrument and some human errors, such that
we assumed steady state and the temperature indicators may also have
some error. So to reduce such errors the instruments are needed to be
calibrated before use.