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MATHEMATICS
PAPER II
8. SIMILAR TRIANGLES
KEY CONCEPTS
` Similar figures : The figures which have same shape are called similar figures.
` Similar polygons : Two polygons with same number of sides are said to be similar iff.
i) all the corresponding angles are equal, and

ii) all the corresponding sides are in the same ratio (in proportion).

Note : All regular polygons with same number of sides are always similar.
` Similar triangles : Two triangles are said to be similar iff their

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i) corresponding angles are equal, or

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ii) corresponding sides are in the same ratio (in proportion).
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` Basic proportionality theorem [Thale's theorem] : "If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a
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triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, then the other two sides are divided

in the same ratio".

` Converse of Basic proportionality theorem :

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"If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the

same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side".

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` A.A.A. similarity criterion : "In two triangles, if the angles are equal then the sides opposite to
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the equal angles are in the same ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar".

` A.A.similarity criterion : "If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to the two angles
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of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar".

` S.S.S. similarity criterion : "If in two triangles, the sides of one triangle are proportional to the
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sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the triangles

are similar".
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` S.A.S similarity criterion : "If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle
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and the sides including these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar".
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` The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the squares of the ratio of their corre-

sponding sides.

Notes : i) In two similar triangles,

ratio of corresponding sides = ratio of corresponding altitudes.

= ratio of corresponding medians.

= ratio of perimeters

= a : b, then

2 2
ratio of their areas = a : b

ii) If the ratio of areas of two similar triangles is A : A , then the ratio of their corre-
1 2

sponding sides (or) altitudes (or) medians (or) perimeters = "  " .

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` If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the hypot-

enuse, then the triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle

and to each other.

` Pythagoras Theorem : "In a right triangle, the square of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides".

` Converse of Pythagoras Theorem : "In a triangle, if square of one side is equal to the sum of the
squares of other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle and the

triangle is a right angled triangle".

` If DABC ~ DDEF

%& &' %'

"# #$ "$
i) Scale factor =

ii) Scale factor < 1 [reduced or diminished figure]

= 1 [congruent figure]

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> 1 [enlarged figure]

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S.BARUSHA GALAXY STUDY CENRTE PH:9441980458

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9. TANGENTS AND SECANTS TO A CIRCLE

KEY CONCEPTS
` The locus of points in a plane equidistant from a fixed point is called circle. The fixed point is
called centre of the circle and fixed distance is called radius of the circle.
` According to Salman, who is a Bengali-American mathematician, there can be 3 possible ways

of presenting a circle and a line given on a plane.

i) If the line and circle have no-common point, then the line is called non-intersecting line.
ii) If the line intersects the circle at two points then the line is called secant of the circle.
iii) If the line intersects the circle at only one point then the line is called tangent to the circle.

1 2 2
1

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1 2

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` The word tangent is taken from the Latin word 'tangree' which means ' to touch'. It was
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introduced by Danish Mathematician Thomas Fineke in 1583.

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` The common point of the tangent and circle is called point of contact.
` The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
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` The line containing the radius through the point of contact is also called normal to the centre
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at the point.
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1 " 2
` O is the centre of circle of radius OA. AP is a tangent drawn from an external point P. The length

of tangent AP = 01  0" 

2

0 1

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` The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
"

0 1

#
1"

1#
` The centre of the circle lies on the bisector of the angle between two tangents drawn from a
point outside it.

` The line segment joining any two points on a circle is called chord. The largest chord passing
through the centre of circle is called diameter.
` In two concentric circles, the chord of bigger circle, that touches the smaller circle is bisected
at the point of contact with the smaller circle.

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` If two tangents AP and BP are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point P then
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"1#  0"#  0#"

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0 1
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If the circle touches all the sides of a quadrilateral internally the sum of two pairs of opposite
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sides are equal AB + CD = BC + DA.

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" , #

` A chord divides the circle into two parts.

i) Major segment ii) Minor segment.

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S.BARUSHA GALAXY STUDY CENRTE PH:9441980458

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` Diameter of circle divides it into two semicircles.

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` The area of sector which makes an angle x at the centre of circle is pr2, where r is radius

of circle.

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` Area of segment of circle = The area of sector formed with the segment

The area of triangular part of sector.

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" #
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` Area of segment APB = Area of sector OAPB Area of D OAB.

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` The radius of circumscribing circle of a regular hexagon is equal to the length of its side.
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` The radius of a circle is r. The length of the tangent drawn from an external point at a distance

'd' is l. Then d2 = l2 + r2 (or) l2 = d2 r2 (or) r2 = d2 l2

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Area of Major segment = Area of circle Area of Minor segment.

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To find the quantities r, l and d, when any two of them are given, the following pythagoras

triplets are useful to say the answer directly.

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a) 3, 4, 5 b) 5, 12, 13 c) 6, 8, 10 d) 7, 24, 25 e) 8, 15, 17

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f) 9, 12, 15 g) 12, 35, 37 h) 15, 20, 25 i) 16, 30, 34 j) 20, 21, 29 etc.
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S.BARUSHA GALAXY STUDY CENRTE PH:9441980458

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4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. In the adjacent figure radius of circle is 21 cm and "0# = 120. Find the area of segment AYB ?

"

: 0

#
2. Draw a circle of radius 6 cm. From a point 10 cm away from its centre, construct pair of
tangents and measure their lengths. Verify by using pythagoras theorem.
3. Prove that parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.

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4. Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius

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6 cm and measure its length. Verify by actual calculation.
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5. Draw a circle with the help of a bangle. Take a point outside the circle and construct a pair
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of tangents from this point to the circle. Measure them and conclude it.
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S.BARUSHA GALAXY STUDY CENRTE PH:9441980458

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11. TRIGONOMETRY
KEY CONCEPTS
` The word 'Trigonometry' is derived from the Greek roots 'tri' means three ; 'gonia' means 'an

angle' and 'metron' means 'measure'. Thus 'Trigonometry' means three angle measure.

` Hipparchus (140 B.C.), a Greek mathematician established the relationship between the sides

and angles of a triangle.

` Trigonometrical ratios : Let us consider D ABC in which # = 90, let #"$ = q, #$" = 90 q

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#
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q=
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"EKBDFOU TJEF UP T "#

q=
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ii) cos
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0QQPTJUF TJEF UP T #$
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q=
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iii) tan
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"EKBDFOU TJEF UP T "#

q=
0QQPTJUF TJEF UP T #$
iv) cot
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q=
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0QQPTJUF TJEF UP T #$
v) cosec
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q=
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"EKBDFOU TJEF UP T "#

vi) sec

Relation between the trigonometrical ratios : cosec q, sec q and cot q are respectively recipro-
cals of sin q, cos q and tan q.

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i) tan q=
DPT T DPU T


ii) sec q=
DPT T


iii) cosec q=
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S.BARUSHA GALAXY STUDY CENRTE PH:9441980458

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` Trigonometric ratios from 0 to 90

SD SD SD SD
q 0c
   
0 30 45 60 90

    
    

  
sin q 0 1
  

  
cos q 1 0
  

tan q 0 1 


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cosec q 2  1
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sec q 1  2



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cot q  1 0

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` Trigonometric Identities :
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a) sin
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q + cos2 q = 1
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2
q = 1 cos2 q (or) sin q =   DPT T
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i) sin
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ii) cos
2
q = 1 sin2 q (or) cos q =   TJO T .
2
q tan2 q = 1 q < 90
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b) sec for 0
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i) sec
2
q = 1 + tan2 q (or) sec q =   UBO T
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ii) tan
2
q = sec2 q 1 (or) tan q = TFD T  

c) cosec
2
q cot2 q = 1 for 0 < A 90

i) cosec
2
q = 1 + cot2 q (or) cosec q =   DPU T

ii) cot
2
q = cosec2 q 1 (or) cot q = DPTFD T  

` Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles :

Two angles are said to be complementary angles if their sum equals to 90

sin (90 q) = cos q

cos (90 q) = sin q
X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 298

S.BARUSHA GALAXY STUDY CENRTE PH:9441980458

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tan (90 q) = cot q

cosec (90 q) = sec q
sec (90 q) = cosec q
cot (90 q) = tan q
` The maximum and minimum values of sin q & cosq are 1 and 1
` The maximum and minimum values of tan q are + ,

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S.BARUSHA GALAXY STUDY CENRTE PH:9441980458

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12. APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY

KEY CONCEPTS
` Line of sight : It is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the object viewed.
` Angle of elevation : It is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal, when the

object viewed is above the horizontal level. In this case, we have to raise our head to look at the

object.

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object viewed is below the horizontal level. In this case, we have to lower our head to look at
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the object.
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S.BARUSHA GALAXY STUDY CENRTE PH:9441980458

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13. PROBABILITY
KEY CONCEPTS
` Probability : The theoretical probability of an event E, written as P(E) is defined as

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P(E) =

Where we assume that the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.
` Mutually Exclusive Events : Two or more events of an experiment, where occurance of an

event prevents all other events are called Mutually Exclusive Events.

` Sample space : The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment is called Sample space.

Ex : Sample space for the throw of a dice

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

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` The probability of a sure event (certain event) is one.

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` The probability of an impossible event is zero.
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` The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0 P(E) 1.
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` Elementary events : An event having only one outcome is called an Elementary event. The

sum of the probability of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.

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` For any event E, P(E) + 1 &

= 1, where & stands for not E
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E and are called complementary events.

E and & are also disjoint sets.

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S.BARUSHA GALAXY STUDY CENRTE PH:9441980458

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14. STATISTICS
KEY CONCEPTS
` Father of statistics was Sir Ronald.A.Fisher.

Arithematic mean (or) mean (or) Average : Mean is obtained, when sum of the values of all the
observations is divided by number of observations.

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Arithematic mean Y
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Mean of grouped data is calculated by :
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a) The direct method : Y
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b) The assumed mean method : Y B  J J

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c) The step deviation method : Y B  uI
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` Mode : The value among the observations which occurs most frequently is called Mode.
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Modal Class : In a group of frequency distribution a class with maximum frequency is called
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Modal Class.
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G  G
Mode (z) = M  uI
G  G  G
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l = lower boundary of modal class

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h = size of the modal class interval

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f = frequency of modal class

1
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f = frequency of class preceding the modal class

0
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f = frequency of class succeding the modal class

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` Median : Mid value of given observations is called Median.

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Calculation of Median of ungrouped data : First arrange the observations in ascending order.
If number of observations n is odd.

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Median =  observation.

O O  
UI UI

If n is even, median is average of and  observations.


Formula of Median of grouped data :

O
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Median M = M   uI
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l = lower boundary of median class

n = number of observations

cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class.

f = frequency of median class

h = size of median class

` Cumulative frequency curve (or) (ogive curve) : First prepare cumulative frequency table,

then draw a graph by taking cumulative frequency on Y-axis and upper (or) lower limits of

corresponding class intervals on X - axis. Join the points by a free hand smooth curve. Then

cumulative frequency curve or ogive curve is obtained.

Ogives are two types :

Less than ogive : A graph is drawn by taking upper limits of class interval on X-axis and less
than cumulative frequency on Y-axis and join the points by a free hand smooth curve than less

than ogive is obtained.

Upper than ogive : A graph is drawn by taking lower limits of class interval along the X-axis and

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greater than cumulative frequency on Y-axis and join the points by free hand smooth curve,

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then more than ogive is obtained.
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Calculation of median from cumulative frequency curve : First locate value on the Y-axis.

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From this point draw a line parallel to the X-axis cutting the curve at a point. From this point
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draw a perpendicular to X-axis. Foot of this perpendicular determines median of the data.
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Calculation of median from less than ogive & more than ogive : Draw both less than ogive
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and greater than ogive curves on the same axis. The two ogives will intersect each other at a

point. From this point, if we draw a perpendicular to the X-axis, the x-coordinate of the point at

which it cuts X-axis gives us the median.

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S.BARUSHA GALAXY STUDY CENRTE PH:9441980458