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BNS PHY- 4

Heat and Temperature

Heat and Temperature


The constituent of a body are in continual motion and thus possesses internal energy. When
heat is added to the body the internal energy of the body increases and it becomes hotter. So,
heat can be defined as a form of energy related to internal energy of a body and creates the
sensation of hotness (or coldness)
The unit of heat is the unit of energy (i.e. work) that is, joule (J). Another widely used unit is
calorie (Cal)
1 Calorie = 4.2 joule

Temperature
Temperature of a body is its degree of hotness (or coldness). Thus, temperature is a measure
of how hot (or cold) a body is and should not be confused with the amount of heat a body
contains.
However from microscopic point of view temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of
particles of an object. Heat energy is transferred from an object at higher temperature to an
object at lower temperature until the two has same temperature. So In other words temperature
is the thermal state of an object which determines whether a body will gain or lose heat when
placed in thermal contact with another body.

Temperature scale
Celsius scale
This scale is based on two points.
Lower fixed point (Ice point): This is the temperature of the pure melting ice , at a pressure of
standard atmosphere. It is assigned a value of 0 0C.
Upper fixed point (Steam point): This is the temperature of dry steam from water boiling at a
standard atmospheric pressure. It is assigned a value of 100 0C.
The interval between 0 and 100 0C is divided into 100 equal division and are named degree
Celsius (or 0 C).

Fahrenheit
In Fahrenheit scale the ice point is assigned 32 degree and the boiling point of water is
assigned 212 degree the interval is divided in 180 equal intervals called degree Fahrenheit. The
relation between the Celsius scale ant the Fahrenheit scale is as follows

C F − 32
=
5 9

Kelvin scale
Kelvin scale is based on the triple point of water which is assigned 273 K. The relation between
Kelvin scale and the Celsius scale is
C = K - 273

where C = Temperature in Celsius scale (0C) and K = Temperature in Kelvin scale (K).

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Thermometers
Different types of thermometers used to measure temperature are
(i) Liquid in glass-bulb thermometer (Volume of fixed mass of liquid changes with temperature)
(a) Mercury thermometer
(b) Alcohol thermometer
(ii) Constant volume gas thermometer ( Pressure of fixed mass of a gas changes)
(iii) Thermocouple thermometer ( Electromotive force (voltage ) produced)
(iv) Platinum resistance thermometer ( resistance of platinum changes)

Heat capacity
Heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a body by 1 K ( 0C). The
units of heat capacity are J/ K or J/0C.
Q
∴ C =
∆θ

where C = Heat capacity, Q = Heat required in J, ∆ θ = Change in temperature.

The heat capacity depends on material and mass of a body. 100 g of aluminum needs 900 J of
heat to raise its temperature by 10 0C while 100 g of copper needs only 400 J of heat to raise
its temperature by 10 0C.

Specific heat capacity


Specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg
of the substance by 1 K or 1 0C.
C 1 Q
s= =
m m ∆θ

Where s = specific heat capacity Table-5-1


C = heat capacity, Specific heat of common substances
Q = Heat required in J (J/kg.0C)
∆ θ = Change in temperature Water 4200
m = mass of the substance Aluminum 920
The units of specific heat capacity are
Carbon (graphite) 710
J./kg- K or J/kg-0C.
Sand (SiO2) 664
We can write C = ms Copper 380
And Q = ms∆ θ Mercury 140

Therefore
Heat required to raise temperature = mass × specific heat × change in temperature.

Exercise: In a simple experiment, 100 g of water requires 12600 J of heat to raise it from 30 0C
to 60 0C.
(i) Find the heat capacity of 100 g of water.
(ii) Find the heat capacity of 1000 g of water.
(iii) Find the heat needed to raise the 1000 g of water from 30 0C to 40 0C.

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BNS PHY- 4

Effect of Heat on Matter


When heat is added or removed from a body the following things may occur
(i) Change of temperature
(ii) Change of volume
(iii) Change of magnetization
(iv) Change of resistance
(v) Change of state like melting/solidification, boiling/condensation etc.

Expansions of Solids and Liquids


With few exceptions, substances expand when heated. When a body is heated the thermal or
kinetic energy of the molecules of the body increases. In solids and liquids the molecules
vibrates more vigorously against the intermolecular forces and he intermolecular distances
increase resulting in increase in volume. In liquid where the intermolecular forces are
comparatively lower then the solids the volume expansion comparatively higher. In gas, where
there is negligible interaction between the gas molecules there is an increase in random motion
of the molecules. This results in increase in both volume and pressure of the gas.

Example: Gaps between the Rails.


In railway tracks gaps are left between two consecutive rails . This is done to compensate for
the expansion that occur due to heating from sunlight in daytime or from friction with the wheels.

Rails
Gap

Fishplate

Biological importance
Near polar region the water freezes to ice in extreme cold weather. However though the water
at the surface cools down first and frozen to ice water is still available beneath where the
temperature at the bottom is at 4 0C. this water remains at this temperature and are not cooled
further by convection method. This adobe of water allows aquatic creature to thrive during
extreme cold weather. 0
Ice 0 C
Water 0 0C
1 0C
2 0C
3 0C
4 0C

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BNS PHY- 4

Melting
When a solid, on heating, changes to a liquid, we call this melting. For a pure substance,
melting occurs at a definite or constant temperature. This particular temperature a substance
melts is called the melting point. Melting point of ice is 0 0C.

Solidification
The reverse process of melting, i.e. changing a liquid to a solid is called solidification. A pure
substance will freeze at a temperature equal to its melting point.
For example, water freezes to form ice at 0 0C. We call this temperature of 0 0C the freezing
point of water.

Boiling
When a pure liquid on heating, changes to a vapor at a fixed of constant temperature, we call
this change of state boiling. This particular temperature is known as the boiling point of the
substance. The boiling point of water is 100 0C.

Condensation
The reverse of boiling, i.e. the cooling of a vapor to its corresponding liquid state is
called condensation.

Evaporation
Evaporation is the change of state of a liquid into its vapor, at any temperature. This
process is slower than boiling. It takes place only on the surface of the liquid. Heat is
supplied by the surrounding in this process.

Three states of matter

Melting Boiling / Evaporation


Solid Liquid Gas

Solidification Condensation

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BNS PHY- 4

Latent heat of fusion


Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to change it from solid to liquid and vice
versa without changing its temperature. Its unit is joule (J)

Specific latent heat of fusion


It is the amount of heat required to change 1 kg of the substance from solid to liquid of
vice versa without any change in temperature. Its unit is J/kg.
Latent heat = specific latent heat of fusion × mass

Latent heat of vaporization


It is the amount of heat required to change a substance from liquid state to vapor state
or vice versa without changing its temperature.
Its unit is J.

Specific latent heat of vaporization


It is the amount of heat required to change 1 kg of the substance from liquid state to
vapor state or vice versa without any change in temperature. Its unit is J/kg.
Latent heat of vaporization = specific latent heat of vaporization × mass

Some values for specific latent heats of fusion and vaporization:

Substance Specific latent ºC Specific latent heat of ºC


heat of fusion vaporization kJ.kg-1
kJ.kg-1

Water 334 0 2258 100


Ethanol 109 -114 838 78
Ethanoic acid 192 17 395 118
Chloroform 74 -64 254 62
Mercury 11 -39 294 357
Sulphur 54 115 1406 445
Hydrogen 60 -259 449 -253
Oxygen 14 -219 213 -183
Nitrogen 25 -210 199 -196

Transfer of Heat
There are three basic ways in which heat is transferred:
a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Radiation

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BNS PHY- 4

Conduction:
Conduction is the transfer of heat from places of higher temperature to place of lower
temperature without movement of matter as a whole. Heat is transferred from hot end to the
cold end of an object. This process of heat transfer is predominant in solid material and
negligible in gaseous material.

Convection:
Convection is the flow of heat through a fluid from places of higher temperature to places of
lower temperature by movement of fluid itself.

Radiation:
Radiation is the process of heat transfer from one place to another in the form of
electromagnetic wave. We get heat energy from the sun in the radiation process.

Exercise 1: The body temperature of a baby measures 99.5 0F by a clinical thermometer


measures. What is the temperature in (a) Celsius scale (b) Kelvin scale?

Exercise 2: An iron pipe with a mass of 510 g cools from 35 0C to 20 0C. How much thermal
energy is lost from the pipe?

Exercise 3: An electric heating coil supplies 50 W of power to a metal block of mass 0.6 kg and
raises the temperature of the block from 20 0C to 45 0C in 90 seconds. Calculate the specific
heat capacity of the metal.

Exercise 4: A 250 g metal block is heated to 59 0C. It is put into 200 g of water at 20 0C. the
final temperature of the metal sample and water is 15 0C. Find the thermal energy gained by
the water (b) the energy lost by the sample (c) specific heat of the sample.

Exercise 5: A 0.2 kg block of metal is warmed to 100 0C. The block is put into 0.4 kg of water at
a temperature of 20 0C. The water warms and the block cools off until both are at same
temperature. The new temperature of water is 23 0C. From this data calculate (a) specific heat
capacity of the metal (b) heat capacity of the metal block (c) heat lost from the block.

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