masscomponent 1 A 1 B 1 C 1 D

Mass component = 10 0 R= = = =
total masscomponent at bt ct dt
First Order Reaction

mg component g mg g
ppmcomponent = = component = component = component 1 A
total masssoln mL soln kg soln gsoln R= a t =k [ A ]

g component gcomponent ngcomponent ngcomponent ln [ A ]o [ A ] =akt

ppbcomponent = = = =
L soln kgsoln g soln mLsoln 0.693
t1 =
2
ak
moles component
Mole fraction= Second Order Reaction
total moles 1 A 2
R= =k [ A ]
at
moles solute
Molality ( m )= (tempindependent ) 1 1
totalmoles =akt
[ A ] [ A ]0

moles solute 1
Molarity ( M )= t1 =
Lsoln 2 ak [ A ]0

Zero Order Reaction

equivalents solute 1 A
Normality= R= =k [ A]0=k
L soln at

g g MW [ A ] o[ A ] =ak t
Equivalent= , E . W .=
equivalent weight MW f
( ) Lsoln [ A ]o
f t1 =
2
2 ak
Acid Base Reaction
For Acid, f=# of replaceable or acidic H+ Arrhenius Equation
For Base, f=# of H+ required to neutralize each mole of a base
k =A eEa/ RT
Redox Reaction
f= # of electrons gained or lost in the rxn per mole of the J
R=8.314
species molK
Precipitate Formation
J
For metal cations, f= ion charge
For anion, f= # of metal ion- equivalents that one mole of the
anion reacts with
E a= Activation Energy ( mole )
of ligands ( anion ) attached Ea , B=E a + H (backward energy)
charge of cation charge of cations (3 mol reacted )
f= the cation f = Homogeneous equilibrium
per mole of anion number
[ product ]
K c= number number
General equation(Rate of appearance and [reactant ] [reactant]
disappearance):
aA+ bB cC +d D
pcoefficient product
K p=
pcoefficient reactant p coefficientreactant
Example: A mixture consisting initially of 3.00 moles NH3 N2 H2
NH3, 2.00 moles of N2, and 5.00 moles of H2, in a 5.00 L Initial Concentration
0.600 0.400 1.00
container was heated to 900 K, and allowed to reach equilibrium. (M)
Determine the equilibrium concentration for each species present in Change in Conc. (M) +2x -x -3x
the equilibrium mixture. 0.600 + 2 0.400 -
Equilibrium Conc. (M) 1.00 - 3 x
x x
2 NH3(g) N2(g) + 3 H2(g) Kc = 0.0076 @ 900 K
Substitute the expressions for the equilibrium concentration
into the expression for the equilibrium constant and solve
for "x." Once x is known, the equilibrium concentration for
each species can be calculated
Convert the initial quantities to molarities as shown for
NH3.

Create a chart as illustrated below and enter in the known

quantities. +
H
NH3 N2 H2
Initial Concentration (M) 0.600 0.400 1.00

Change in Conc. (M)
A
Equilibrium Conc. (M)


Ka=
Calculate Qc and compare to Kc to determine the direction
the reaction will proceed.

Assign a variable "x" that represents the change in the

amount of one of the species. The species with the lowest
coefficient in the balanced equation usually is the easiest to
handle when it comes to doing the math. Here let "x" =
change in the amount of N2.

Determine the change in all the other species in terms of

"x." Remember the change must be in agreement with the
stoichiometry of the balanced equation, in this case 2:1:3.
Since the reaction goes in the reverse direction the
concentrations of N2 and H2 gases will decrease (note the
negative sign) and that of NH3 will increase. Put these
quantities into the chart (shown in red).

NH3 N2 H2
Initial Concentration (M) 0.600 0.400 1.00
Change in Conc. (M) +2x -x -3x
Equilibrium Conc. (M)

Express the equilibrium concentrations in terms of "x" and

the initial amounts (shown in green).