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PAPER

CULTURE TECHNIQUES HORTICULTURE


FRUIT CROPS

Compiler :

Name : Eka Dyah A

NIM : H0715043

Class : Horticultural Cultivation Techniques I

AGROTECHNOLOGY STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA
PREFACE

First at all, give thanks for Gods love and grace for us.
Thanks to God for helping me and give me chance to finish this assighment
timely. And I would like to say thank you to Mr. Prof. Dr. Ir. Bambang
Pujiasmanto as the lecturer that always teaches us and give much knowledge
about how to practice English well.
This assigment is the one of English task that composed of Practical
English Usage English As Second Language. I realized this assighment is not
perfect, but I hope it can be useful for us. Critics and suggestion is needed here to
make this assighment be better.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
As a tropical country, Indonesia has a variety of fruit plants that very
diverse. But the diversity of fruit crops in Indonesia are not supported by
good fruit production. It is mainly for fruit trees are long-lived or yearly, such
as durian, mango, rambutan, kedondong, and so forth. The low production of
the fruit in Indonesia result in a shortage of supply of fruit. To overcome this,
then Indonesia must import some kinds of fruit from abroad, such as grapes,
apples, durians, oranges, etc.
When viewed from the strategic position of Indonesia that are in the
tropics, in fact the fruit needs domestic shortage can be overcome by
increasing the national fruit production. Of course, farmers should know the
correct procedure of maintenance so that it can increase production of fruit
crops.
In general, the more intensively cultivated horticultural cultivation
compared to the cultivation of other crops. The results obtained from this
horticultural cultivation per unit area is also usually higher. Further said
horticulture crops have various functions in human life. For example
ornamental plants serves for member beauty (aestetika), fruits as food, and
others. Horticulture interact with other disciplines such as forestry, agronomy,
and other applied sciences.
Fruit is the organ of flowering plants that is a further development of
the ovaries (ovarian). Fruit usually conceal and protect the seeds. Various
shapes and forms of fruit is associated with the main function of the fruit, that
as pemencar seed plants. Definition of fruit in the sphere of agriculture
(horticulture) or food is broader than the notion of fruit on top and is usually
referred to as fruits. The fruit in this sense is not limited to the form of the
future, but can also be derived from the development of other organs, because
it is for distinguish, fruit in keeping within the meaning of botany commonly
called the true fruit.
Fruit often has economic value as food and industrial raw materials
because it kept a wide variety of metabolic products of plants, ranging from
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, alkaloids, until terpene and
terpenoids. The study of all about the fruit called pomologi.
The nutrition value of fruits places them on the crest of our edibles.
Fruits contain vitamins and minerals in large quantities. Fruits are the oldest
food of mankind. Taking fruits everyday strengthens our vitality. Nutrition
scientists advise us to take at least 115 grams of fruit everyday for balanced
diet. But at present our country has the capacity to provide each of us with
only 38 grams of fruits every day.
We need fruits for economic reasons too. Most fruit trees live for
years. Fruit farming is quite profitable although it may be a little expensive at
the beginning. Fruits can be processed for preservation in many ways. For
example, different kinds of healthy foods like jam, jelly, candy, etc. and
drinks can be made from fruits. Some fruits can be dehydrated for marketing.
Most fruits available in our country do not grow in the cold countries.
It gives us an opportunity to export our fruits there for foreign currency. Trees
usually bear two kinds of flowers : female and male. The ovum of a female
flower or part of it gradually grows in health, size and shape into a fruit.
Many a time the whole flower evolves into a fruit.

B. Problem Formulation
1. What is the function of fruit crops?
2. How the classification of fruits?
3. How the culture techniques of fruit crops?

C. Purpose
1. To know the function of fruit crops
2. To understand the culture techniques of fruit crop
3. To know the fruits example in specific
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. The Function of Fruit Crops


The plant's main function is to produce fruit, as cover crops, to
rehabilitate critical lands and prevent erosion. In addition, fruit trees planted
in the yard of the house also has another function, namely as an ornamental
plant, cover crops or shade and windbreak plants.
One way that is most convenient and can be done to avoid the disease
is to keep our diet. Do not forget to eat vegetables and fruits. fruits have many
properties that can be useful for our body. In addition to providing fiber needs
for our bodies, fruits are also beneficial for keeping the immune system, skin
beauty, refreshing the body, make the face look younger awe. And it also can
prevent and cure a variety of diseases, such as illness or disease outside in.
In addition, the fruit crops produce the fruit that use as food : We
usually consider rice and wheat as our staple food. In many countries, people
eat fruits as their staple food. For example : People in the South American
countries eat banana as the main course of their meal. Banana, Jackfruit,
Guava, Pineapple, etc. can reduce our food deficit to a great extent. Output of
fruits is much more than that of field crops. A probable increase in the
production of fruits may bring down the demand for rice and wheat.

B. Classification of fruits
Fruits are mainly divided into two categories, they are : Periodical
and Seasonal.
1. Periodical fruits
Different fruits grow in different countries. Fruits may be classified
into two other groups on the basis of the amount of time the trees take to
bear them after plantation : Short term fruits and long term fruits.
Short term fruits: Fruits that grow on trees in two or less than two
years after plantation are called short term fruits. For example: banana,
pineapple, papaya, etc. Then, fruits that grow on trees in more than two
years after plantation are called long term fruits. For example : mangoes,
jackfruits, wood apple, etc.
2. Seasonal fruits
Fruits may be classified on the basis of the seasons in which they
grow. For example: Summer fruits, Winter fruits and All season fruits.
Summer fruits: Fruits available in our country from mid April to mid
October are called Summer fruits. Mango, berry, litchi, jackfruit, guava,
hog plum, pineapple, sapota, chalta, lemon, palmyra, etc. are the most
available ones. However, lemon, pineapple and guava are found almost
round the year.
Winter fruits : We do not usually have many indigenous winter
fruits. The main fruits of this kind are orange, olive and wood apple. And
the last, all season fruits : Some fruits are available in our country
throughout the year. For example: Banana, papaya and coconut.

C. The Culture Techniques of fruit crops


Phase of growth and development of fruit trees like the plant in
general. The phase is divided into two phases, namely the phase of vegetative
and generative phase. Although the two phases are different, but the second
phase will run together but more dominant in one phase.
The general phase in the cultivation of horticultural crops especially
for fruit crops, there is six phase such as :
1. Propagation (reproduction) Fruit trees
Like other crops, fruit trees reproduce themselves through seeds
(generative) and through stems (vegetative).
a. Reproduction through seeds
The fertilized and mature ovum of flowers is called a seed. The
reproduction of mango, berry, litchi, jackfruit, papaya, guava, etc. is
possible through seeds. It has some advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages
1). Many saplings can be grown easily with a little money and labour.
2). Trees born of seeds live longer. They grow big, become strong
with many branches and bear more fruits.
3). The development of new species is done through seeds.
4). Seeds are the only medium of reproduction for betelnut, coconut,
palmyra, papaya, etc.
Disadvantages
1). The tree born of a seed does not always have all the attributes of
the parent tree.
2). There is no easy method for the reproduction of pineapple and
banana with seeds.
3). Trees born of seeds take longer to bear fruits
b. Reproduction with stems (vegetative propagation)
Reproduction with stems means to reproduce a tree with its stem.
Stems are used to reproduce pineapple, banana, mango, lemon, etc.
This method of reproduction has some advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages
1). Trees reproduced with stems have all the characteristics of the
parent tree.
2). The flower and fruit earlier than those reproduced through seeds.
3). Variation in fruiting plant may be brought willingly. For
example:plum, mango, etc.
4). The only convenient way of the reproduction of banana,
pineapple, etc. is vegetative or stems cutting method. The
reproduction with seeds of banana and pineapple plants is very
difficult.

Disadvantages
1). The stem reproduction method does not allow development of
new varieties.
2). The cost of growing saplings in this method is higher than that of
growing them from seeds.
3). Diseases of the parent tree may spread through the trees grown
from stems.
4). These trees are comparatively short lived and smaller in size.
2. Preparation of land and plantation
Fruit plantation is different from the cultivation of field crops like
rice, jute, wheat, mustard seeds and vegetables. Field crops and vegetables
are mainly seasonal; their farming cycle ends in a few months. But fruit
trees live for years. Most fruit trees begin to fruit 5-6 years after plantation
and continue to do so as long as they live. Banana, pineapple and papaya
fruit roughly in ten months. It shows how fruit farming differs from field
crop farming.
The selection of land: In our country, sufficiently high land with
loam suitable for horticulture is not available. We usually cultivate fruits
around our homesteads or on fallow land. Loam or sandy loam is very
good for fruit cultivation. If the land has no loam, it may be dug and
refilled with loam from elsewhere. The selection of land for horticulture
depends on the following factors :
a. If underground water seeps into the bottom of the land once it is dug in
the rainy season, it is not right for the cultivation of fruits.
b. The land is not good for fruit cultivation if it has stones or gravels 30-
40 cm beneath the surface.
c. Land with bad drainage is not good for fruit farming.
d. The top soil should be deep enough for fruit trees.
e. Most of the fruit trees can not tolerate the stagnant water at the base; so
land well above flood level is good for fruit farming.

3. Plant Care
For the type of horticultural crops such as fruit trees hard trunks
such as fruits crop seasonal or perennial, then there are 3 parts to perform
maintenance, i.e treatment before fruiting, and fruiting time and after
fruiting.
Before fruiting, the treatment before fruiting generally include
from the cleaning of the weeds, weeding around the plant, doing the
watering, fertilizing, and control of diseases and pests. While doing this
treatment lest any root or stem is wounded. Because it can affect the
growth of plants, even if there are injured rod as much as possible to cover
the wound with wax or plastic that can not be penetrated by the disease.
Treatment when fruiting time. Actually almost the same matter
with the treatment regimen before the plant fruiting difference is in the
time fruiting fertilization is not necessary because it will disturb the plants.
It is better to remove weeds and diseases. if you really want to be given
fertilizer, fertilize them that have elements of K was higher.
Care After produce fruit. Similarly, treatments performed before
fruiting, but there is additional ex-stalk that has been fruitful as possible to
be broken or cut so that plants can grow again. Then twig branches also
need to be cleaned.
4. Fertilizing plants
To do this fertilization soil around the plants should be in wet
conditions. For a plant easy to adapt the fertilizer with the soil. For this
type of fertilizer such as N, P and K fertilizer. TSP, Urea and can use
compost or cowdung. Apply the each doses of fertilizer a little further
from the base but within the canopy of the trees once before the rainy
season and once after it every year.
5. Control of pests and diseases
To do this pest control at anytime from the beginning of the
planting until mature. Usually it doing by providing a liquid insecticide
granules at the age of horticultural crops have not been fruitful. And do not
do the spraying of insecticides when these plants fruiting period of time.
Because the substance of insecticides maybe can go into the fruit of the
plant. The example of pest and disease which attack the fruit crops viz
powdery mildew, rotting fruit, spotted leaf etc.
6. Harvesting fruits and Post Harvest
Harvest in an actvity taking one plant organ that has a value to be
used as a means sufficient. Basically, the crop can be harvested when it
meet the criteria to ripen physiologically and commercially. Almost all
fruits gradually change their colour as they ripen. We usually harvest fruits
after they have ripened on the trees. If you want to sell them in a market,
you should harvest them a little earlier. You can pluck the fruits off the
trees if they are small in size. You may use a bamboo prong (kota) if the
trees are very tall and large.
Once the plant is harvested, not all of which are harvested directly
used or exploited. When the stock is still a lot, then the results of freshly
harvested crop will be saved frist. The correct storage method determines
the quality of the harvest result until long periods of time when the crops
ready to be used.
Marketing of fruits : You may hurt many fruits as you harvest
them. You need to separate them along with those with spots, the rotten
ones and the worm eaten ones. Finally, you grade the fruits according to
their sizes: small, medium and large.
This arrangement will fetch you better prices. You have to pack
fruits in baskets or other containers to transport them for sale. People
usually spread straw inside bamboo baskets and then pack fruits in them.
You can sell fruits to the customers straightaway in cities and towns, and
in big market places. However, in most cases, fruits are sold through
wholesale traders and middlemen. Fruit traders often buy the fruits of a
garden before they are ripe. They collect the fruits from the gardens and
send them to many places for sale.

Preservation of fruits: Preservation of fruits means protection of


fruits from getting rotten. If you want to preserve fruits, you need to know
why fruits rot.
The main causes of rotting are as follows:
a. Too much heat; too much humidity
b. Germs causing decomposition
c. Reaction in the inner cells of fruits
d. Presence of much water in fruit
You can preserve fruits if you can halt the causes mentioned above
to work on them. Some methods of preservation of fruits are given below:
a. Preserve in low temperature
b. Preserve after destroying the germs in the fruits
c. Preserve by reducing the water content of the fruits or by drying them.
d. Preserve in air tight packets or containers
e. Preserve by processing fruits into foods
CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Horticulture is divided into four sections : vegetables, fruits,
ornamental plants, and medicinal plants. Fruit is the organ of flowering
plants is a further development of the ovaries (ovarian). And the study of
all about the fruit called pomologi. There is six general phase in the
cultivation of horticulture crop especially fruit crops, viz propagation
(reproduction), preparation of land and plantation, plant care, fertilizing
plant, control of pest disease and handling harvest and post harvest.

B. Advice
We expect that the development of fruits cultivation in Indonesia
can more advanced, so we dont need to imports from abroad again and
exports of Indonesia will spread to many countries. As well as we also
expect the society in Indonesia to buy local fruits instead of imported
fruits.
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Fahrizal. 2010. Manfaat Informasi Iklim Bagi Pembangunan Pertanian. http://
ardidafa78.multiply.com. Diakses tanggal 13 September 2016 .
Gunarsih, ance. 1988. Klimatologi. Jakarta; Bina aksara.
Harjadi, S.S. 1991. Pengantar Agronomi. Jakarta : Gramedia
Kartono, Dody. Dasar-dasar Agronomi. Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah
Mada.
Rahman, martiar et al. 1997. Agriculture Education for Class VII. Dhaka : The
National Curriculum & Textbook Board.
Rismunandar. 1983. Membudidayakan Tanaman Buah-buahan. Bandung : Sinar
baru.
Sugito, yogi. 1994. Dasar-dasar Agronomi. Malang : Fakultas Pertanian
Universitas Brawijaya.

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