Cooling of Electronic Systems

MCTR1004
Spring 2016

Formula Sheets
Chapter -1 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Under steady conditions, conservation of energy: Q& = m
& C p T where m& = AV
dT
Fouriers law of heat conduction: Q& cond = kA
dx
T
For a plane wall: Q& cond = kA
L
&
Newtons law of cooling: Qconvection = hAs (Ts T )
Radiation: Q& emit. max = As Ts4 where = 5.67 10 8 W / m 2 .K 4
Q& = A (T 4 T 4 ) , Q&
rad s s surr absorbed = Q& , = , = =1 for black body
incident

Chapter-3 Steady Heat Conduction

One-dimensional heat transfer through a simple or composite body exposed to
convection from both sides to mediums at temperatures T1 and T2 can be
expressed as:
T T 1 L 1
Q& = 1 2 , Rtotal = Rconv .1 + R wall + Rconv .2 = + +
Rtotal h1 A kA h2 A
Elementary thermal resistance relations:
L
Conduction (plane wall): Rwall =
kA
ln(r2 / r1 )
Conduction (Cylinder): Rcyl =
2Lk
r r
Conduction (Sphere): Rsph = 2 1
4 r1 r2 k
1
Convection resistance: Rconv =
hA
1 R
Interface resistance: Rint erface = = c
hc A A
1
Radiation resistance: R rad = , hrad = (Ts2 + Tsurr 2
)(Ts + Tsurr )
hrad A
The temperature drop across any layer can be determined from: T = Q& R
1
Constriction/Spreading resistance: RConstriction =
dk
k ins 2k
Critical radius of insulation: rcr , cylinder = , rcr , sphere = ins
h h
Fins:
The temperature distribution along the fin for very long fins and for fins with negligible
heat transfer at the fin are given by:
T ( x ) T x hp / kAc
Very long fin: =e
Tb T

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Spring 2016

T ( x) T cosh a( L x)
Adiabatic fin tip: = , a = hp / kAc , p is the perimeter, and
Tb T cosh aL
Ac is the cross-sectional area of the fin.
The rates of heat transfer for both cases are given to be
dT
Very long fin: Q& long fin = kAc x =0 = hpkAc (Tb T )
dx
dT
Adiabatic fin tip: Q& insulated tip = kAc x =0 = hpkAc (Tb T ) tanh aL
dx
Corrected length: L c = L + Ac / p
Fin efficiency:
Actual heat transfer rate from the fin
fin =
Ideal heat transfer rate from the fin if the entire fin were at the base temperatur e
1 tanh aL
fin long fin = & fin adiabatic =
aL aL
T T 1
Q& fin = finQ& fin.max = fin hAfin (Tb T ) = b & R fin =
R fin fin hAfin
Fin effectiveness:
Heat transfer rate from the fin of base area Ab Q& fin Q& fin
fin = = =
Heat transfer rate from the surface of area Ab Q& no fin hAb (Tb T )
Overall effectiveness:
Q& total , fin h( Aunfin + fin A fin )(Tb T ) A fin
fin , overall = = & fin = fin
&
Q hAno fin (Tb T ) Ab
total , no fin

Chapter 4- Transient Heat Conduction

1- Heating or cooling (no heat generation): The temperature of a lumped body of
arbitrary shape of mass m, volume V, surface area As, density , and specific heat Cp
initially at a uniform temperature Ti that is exposed to convection at time t = 0 in a
medium at temperature T with a heat transfer coefficient h is expressed as
T (t ) T hAs h
= e bt where b =
=
Ti T C pV C p Lc
2- Heating with heat generation:
T (t ) T hAs h
= 1 e bt where b = =
Tss T C p V C p Lc
hLc V
Biot number: Bi = , and Lc = is the characteristic length.
k As
Convection heat transfer between the body and its environment at time t:
Q& (t ) = hAs [T (t ) T ]
Total amount of heat transfer: Q = mc p [T (t ) Ti ]
Maximum heat transfer: Qmax = mc p (T Ti )

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 Cooling of Electronic Systems
MCTR1004
Spring 2016

Chapter 9 - Natural Convection

In natural convection, any fluid motion occurs by natural means such as buoyancy.
The volume expansion coefficient of a substance represents the variation of the
density of that substance with temperature at constant pressure, and for an ideal gas,
it is expressed as = 1/T, where T is the absolute temperature in K.
The flow regime in natural convection is governed by a dimensionless number called
the Grashof number, which represents the ratio of the buoyancy force to the viscous
force acting on the fluid and is expressed as

where Lc is the characteristic length, which is the height L for a vertical plate and the
diameter D for a horizontal cylinder.
The correlations for the Nusselt number Nu = hLc /K in natural convection are
expressed in terms of the Rayleigh number defined as

Nusselt number relations for various surfaces are given in Table. All fluid properties
are evaluated at the film temperature of Tf = (Ts + T).
The outer surface of a vertical cylinder can be treated as a vertical plate when the
curvature effects are negligible.
The characteristic length for a horizontal surface is Lc = As/p, where As is the surface
area and p is the perimeter.

The average Rayleigh number and Nusselt number for vertical isothermal parallel
plates of spacing S and height L is given as

The optimum fin spacing for a vertical heat sink and the Nusselt number for optimally
spaced fins is

All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the average temperature Tave = (Ts + T)/2.
Arrays of printed circuit boards used in electronic systems can often be modeled as
parallel plates subjected to uniform heat flux.
The modified Rayleigh number for uniform heat flux on both plates and the Nusselt
number at the upper edge of the plate where maximum temperature occurs are
determined from:

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 Cooling of Electronic Systems
MCTR1004
Spring 2016

The optimum fin spacing for the case of uniform heat flux on both plates is given as

The critical surface temperature TL occurs at the upper edge of the plates
All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the average temperature Tave = (TL + T)/2.
In a horizontal rectangular enclosure with the hotter
plate at the top, heat transfer is by pure conduction and
Nu = 1. When the hotter plate is at the bottom, the
following simple correlations are used for air:

These relations can also be used for other gases with 0.5 < Pr < 2.
For water, silicone oil, and mercury:

For vertical horizontal enclosures, the Nusselt number can be determined from:

For aspect ratios greater than 10, the following Eqs. should be
used.

Again all fluid properties are to be evaluated at the average temperature = (T1+T2)/2.
The airflow in the analysis of electronic equipment can be assumed to be
laminar. The natural convection heat transfer coefficient for laminar flow of air at
atmospheric pressure is given by a simplified relation of the form:

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Chapter 7 (Forced Convection-External)

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Sphere:

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Square

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Chapter 8 (Forced Convection-Internal)

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