DUMP

TRUCK
DUMP TRUCKS
Dump trucks or production trucks are those that are used for transporting loose material
such as sand, dirt, and gravel for construction. The typical dump truck is equipped with
a hydraulically operated open box bed hinged at the rear, with the front being able to be
lifted up to allow the contents to fall out on the ground at the site of delivery. Dump
trucks come in many different configurations with each one specified to accomplish a
specific task in the construction chain.
 The standard dump truck is
Standard dump truck
a full truck chassis with the
dump body mounted onto the
frame. The dump body is
raised by a hydraulic ram lift
that is mounted forward of
the front bulkhead, normally
between the truck cab and
the dump body. The standard
dump truck also has one front
axle, and one or more rear
axles which normally have
dual wheels on each side. The
common configurations for
standard dump trucks include
the six wheeler and ten
Transfer dump truck

For the amount of noise made when transferring, the transfer

dump truck is
easy to recognize. Its a standard dump truck that pulls a
separate trailer which can be loaded with sand, asphalt, gravel,
dirt, etc. The B box or aggregate container on the trailer is
powered by an electric motor and rides on wheels and rolls off of
the trailer and into the main dump box. The biggest advantage
with this configuration is to maximize payload capacity without
 The double and
Semi-trailer end dump truck
triple bottom
The semi end
dump trucks
dump truck is a
consist of a 2 axle
tractor trailer
tractor pulling a
combination
semi axle semi-
where the trailer
trailer and an
itself contains
additional trailer.
the hydraulic
These types of
hoist. The
dump trucks allow
average semi
the driver to lay
end dump truck
material in wind
has a 3 axle
rows without
tractor that pulls
a 2 axle semi-

A bottom dump
truck is a 3 axle
tractor that pulls a Semi-trailer bottom dump truck
2 axle trailer with a
clam shell type
dump gate in the
belly of the trailer.
The biggest
advantage of a
semi bottom
dump truck is the
ability to lay
material in a wind
row. This type of
truck is also
maneuverable in
reverse as well,
Double and triple trailer

Side dump trucks Side dump

trucks consist of
a 3 axle trailer
pulling a 2 axle
semi-trailer. It
offers hydraulic
rams that tilt the
dump body onto
the side, which
spills the
material to the
left or right side
of the trailer. The
biggest
advantages with
these types of
dump trucks are
that they allow
Off road dump trucks

Off road trucks

resemble heavy
construction
equipment more
than they do
highway dump
trucks. They are
used strictly for
off road mining
and heavy dirt
hauling jobs,
such as
excavation work.
They are very big
in size, and
perfect for those
time when you
need to dig out
roads and need
something to
haul the massive
amounts of dirt
to another
CRANES
CRANES
A crane is a tower or derrick that is equipped with cables and pulleys that are used to lift
and lower material. They are commonly used in the construction industry and in the
manufacturing of heavy equipment. Cranes for construction are normally temporary
structures, either fixed to the ground or mounted on a purpose built vehicle.

They can either be controlled from an operator in a cab that travels along with the
crane, by a push button pendant control station, or by radio type controls. The crane
operator is ultimately responsible for the safety of the crews and the crane.
Hydraulic Truck Crane
Mobile Cranes The most basic
type of crane
consists of a
steel truss or
telescopic boom
mounted on a
mobile platform,
which could be a
rail, wheeled, or
even on a cat
truck. The boom
is hinged at the
bottom and can
be either raised
or lowered by

This type of cables or

crane offers a hydraulic

boom that cylinders.

consists of a
number of tubes
fitted one inside
of the other. A Telescopic Crane

hydraulic
mechanism
extends or
retracts the
tubes to increase
or decrease the
length of the
 The tower crane
is a modern form
of a balance
crane. When
Tower Crane
fixed to the
ground, tower
cranes will often
give the best
combination of
height and lifting
capacity and are
also used when
constructing tall
buildings.

Cranes
mounted on a
Truck Mounted Crane rubber tire truck
will provide great
mobility.
Outriggers that
extend vertically
or horizontally
are used to level
and stabilize the
crane during
hoisting.
Rough Terrain Crane

A crane that is mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber

tires, designed for operations off road. The outriggers extend
vertically and horizontally to level and stabilize the crane when
hoisting. These types of cranes are single engine machines
where the same engine is used for powering the undercarriage
as it is for powering the crane. In these types of cranes, the
engine is normally mounted in the undercarriage rather than in
the upper portion.

Loader Crane

A loader crane is a
hydraulically
powered articulated
arm fitted to a trailer,
used to load
equipment onto a
trailer. The numerous
sections can be
folded into a small
 Overhead Crane
Overhead Crane is referred to as
a suspended
crane; this type
is normally used
in a factory, with
some of them
being able to lift
very heavy
loads. The hoist
is set on a trolley
which will move
in one direction
along one or two
beams, which
move at angles
to that direction
along elevated or
ground level
tracks, often
mounted along
the side of an
assembly area.
Hydraulic All Terrain
Crane Hydraulic Cranes
have a two to four
section extendable
boom that extends up
to 200 and a lifting
capacity of up to 250
tons.

Typically they are

also equipped with a
swing away lattice
jib extension which
provides an
additional 30 to 40
Hydraulic Truck Crane of length.

Highway and All

Terrain models
feature separate
driving (carrier) and
operating cabs, each
with individual power
plants.

Outriggers are
standard, and may be
manual, power up and
down or hydraulically
extendable.

Rough Terrain Crane Options include

additional
counterweights,
raised operator
station, dual or triple
drums, power
lowering and remote
Lattice Truck Crane Lattice Boom
Cranes have
sectional boom
sections that can be
added or removed for
particular
applications.

Boom heights range

to 200 and lifting
capacities range up
to 300 tons.

They may also be

equipped with a jib
extension which
provides an
additional 30 to 40
of length.
Lattice Crawler Crane
Crawler models are
often equipped with
hydraulically
extendable tracks
and oversize pads.

Outriggers are
standard on wheeled
models and may be
manual, power up and
down or hydraulically
extendable.

Options include
additional
counterweights,
raised operator
stations, dual or triple
drums, power
lowering and remote
carrier outrigger
controls.
 Material Handler Material Handlers come
Wheeled Knuckle boom in both wheeled or crawler
styles.

They are adapted from

excavator designs and are
used in forestry and
industrial applications.

The boom may be either

two or three (nucleon)
piece construction.

Common attachments
include grapples,
clamshell buckets and
Material Handler Crawler/Track Type magnets.

Crawler models are often

equipped with
hydraulically extendable
tracks and oversize pads.

Outriggers are standard

on wheeled models and
may be manual, power up
and down or hydraulically
extendable.
Industrial Crane

Options include additional

counterweights and raised
operator stations.
Excavating Crane

Excavating
Cranes are
primarily used in
dredging
operations.
They typically
have 150 to
200 of boom

Industrial Crane

Industrial Cranes
have a capacity
of up to 15 tons
and an 30 two or
three section
boom.
C RAWLER

L
OADER
CRAWLER LOADERS
Crawler (Track) Loader with 3 in 1 Bucket 4 in 1 (multi-
Crawler (Track)
purpose)
LoadersBuckets
are
designed
can be used foras
multiple
a
applications including
standard, dozer,
clearing, backfilling,
clamp orand
excavating
loading.
controlled
discharge
They can be equipped
with either open or
bucket.
enclosed ROPS (Roll
over Protection
System) cabs as well
as numerous styles of
buckets and
accessories.

Common options
include oversize pads,
additional
Crawler (Track) Loader with Rock Bucket counterweights,
hydraulic third valves,
cab equipment
including AC, heat and
CRAWLER LOADERS Buckets and Accessories
defrosters and work
lights.

4 in 1 Bucket
 General Purpose Bucket

General Purpose
(GP) Buckets are
used for all
standard
applications.

Rock Buckets

Rock Buckets may

have either a
spade or straight
edge depending
on the
application.
 Side Dump
Buckets can
either dump
forward or to
the side.

Side Dump Bucket

Quick Couplers
allow fast single
person changes
of buckets and
attachments.

Quick Coupler Attachment

 Loader Rakes are
used for land
clearing in sandy
or loose soil.

Loader Rake

Extended Arms
allow a loader to
be used as a
utility crane.
Crawler Tractors
are designed for
finish grading
and general
dozing.

They can be
equipped with
either open or
enclosed ROPS
(Roll Over
Protection
System) cabs as
well as numerous
styles of blades,
rippers and
winches.

Common options
include oversize
pads, hydraulic
third valves, cab
equipment
including AC,
heat and
defrosters and
work lights.
C OMPACTORS
 Asphalt
Vibratory
Compactors
are designed
for compaction
and finishing of
road
surfaces.

Asphalt Vibratory
Compactor-1 Drum
 Pneumatic
Asphalt
Compactors
are designed for
compaction and
finishing of road
Asphalt Vibratory
Compactor-2 surfaces.

Pneumatic Asphalt
Compactor
Pneumatic Asphalt
Compactor
 Soil and Landfill
Compactors
feature wheels
with a tamping
foot design for
traction,
penetration and
compaction.

Soil Compactor
Landfill Compactor

E XCAVATOR
EXCAVATOR
 Excavators are
designed for
multiple
applications
including
clearing,
backfilling,
excavating and
loading.
They can be
equipped with
numerous styles
of buckets and
accessories.
Crawler models
are often
Mini Excavator
equipped with
hydraulically
extendable
tracks and
oversize pads.
Outriggers are
standard on
wheeled models
and may be
manual, power
up and down or
hydraulically
extendable.
Common options
include raised
operator
stations, oversize
 F
ORK

LIFT
FORK LIFT
 Fork Lifts are
Pneumatic Tire Propane Powered Fork Lift
designed for
moving materials
in
manufacturing,
warehousing and
distribution
applications.

Depending on
the size and
capacity, fork
lifts may be

Walker Rider gasoline,

propane, diesel
Fork Lift
or electric
powered.

Common options
include barrel
tipper forks,
hydraulic
squeezers and
push racks.

They can be
equipped with
either solid
(cushioned) or
pneumatic tires.
L
OADER

B ACKHOE
LOADER BACKHOE
Loader Backhoes Loader Backhoes
have the
versatility to dig
like a excavator
and load like a
wheel loader.

Major options
include
extendable
booms
(Extendahoes),
semi-automatic
(Power Shift)

transmissions, all
wheel
drive Loader
Backhoe
(AWD) and
hydraulic and

mechanical quick
couplers.

Loader Backhoe Available

with Angling Snow Plow
accessories
include

Angling Brooms,
Hammers, Rakes,

Asphalt Cutters,
Rubber Tired Paver

Pavers may be
track or wheel
powered. They
lay down and
compact asphalt
roadbeds

Track Paver
P IPELAYERS
Pipelayers are
crawler tractors
equipped with a
side boom and
winch for the
placement of
pipelines and
culverts.\
SCRAPERS
 Scrapers are
designed for the
rough leveling of
roadbeds.

They level, load

up and dump
excess material.

They are
available in
many
configurations;
open bowl,
elevating,
Single Engine tandem engine
Open Bowl Scraper
push-pulls,
elevators and

Tandem Engine
Dual Bowl Scraper
S KID

S TEERS
SKID STEERS Skid Steer
Loaders are
Skid Steer Loader with Bucket versatile
compact
construction
machines that
offer many
accessory
options.

All skid steers

have hydrostatic
Skid Steer Loader with Forks drive and turn by
releasing power
to one side and
skidding over.

The smallest
machines may
be powered by
air or water
cooled gas
Skid Steer Loader with Grapple Bucket engines, but the
typical unit has a
4 cylinder diesel
engine.
Skid Steer with
Angle Broom
Angle Brooms
are designed for
lot cleanups and
can be angled to
either side.

Skid Steer with

Auger
Augers are
designed for
drilling holes for
footings, etc
Skid Steer with
Cold Planer
Cold Planers are
designed for
small paving jobs
and restore
asphalt or
concrete to a
specified grade.

Skid Steer with

Hammer
 Trenchers are
designed to cut
narrow straight
trenches for the
laying of cable or
pipe.

Skid
Steer with
Trencher

Hammers are
designed for
demolition work.

Skid Steer with Vibratory Drum

Vibratory Drums
are designed for
compacting
surfaces prior to
pouring concrete
or laying asphalt.
T RENCHERS
 Trenchers are
designed for
general
contracting work
such as installing
Gradall Crawler utilities, sewer
Trencher
and pipelines.

They may be
either
mechanical or
hydraulic.

Boom type
trenchers have

Gradall Truck Trencher booms that raise,

lower and swing
W HEEL

L
OADER
Wheel Loader
Wheel loaders
Wheel Loaders
come in various
sizes and are
designed for fast
movement,
clearing and
loading of
materials.

They can be
equipped with
either open or
enclosed ROPS
(Roll Over
Protection
System) cabs as
well as numerous
styles of buckets
and accessories.

Common options
include
additional
counterweights,
hydraulic third
valves, cab
equipment
including AC,
heat and
defrosters and
work lights.
C EMENT

M IXER
Cement Mixer

A cement mixer, also called a concrete mixer, is a machine that

mixes concrete, aggregate like gravel or sand, and water to
produce concrete. A homogeneous mix is produced to ensure
uniformity of the product produced.
There are a variety of cement mixers, including the large mixing
truck used for the commercial purposes, and small cement mixers
that are portable. The smaller cement mixers are known as mini
cement mixers, and are used for minor works. The smaller
concrete mixers are used to make the concrete at the site of
 construction. Adequate time is available for the concrete
hardening, before being used. The small portable cement mixers
are used for production of small batches, and are normally
electric powered, and equipped with wheels for movement. A
cement mixer primarily consists of a revolving drum, a motor, and
a shaft. The materials required for the production of concrete are
thoroughly mixed in the drum. The mixing is even, and the
aggregate remains soft for forming and application. Use of
cement mixers may not be essential for the minor repair work,
when the concrete is mixed manually.

Stationary Cement Mixers

The advanced construction industry needs constant homogeneous concrete that is produced in
short periods of time. The requirement is even more important for the precast and prestressed
concrete. These challenging requirements have caused development of rapid mixing techniques
for the production of concrete. Stationary concrete mixers are designed to remain at the
construction site, while the concrete is poured. Numerous types of stationary mixers have been
introduced that are designed according to the nature of construction work. The generally used
cement mixers are vertical axis mixers, twin shaft mixers, and the drum mixers. There details
are as mentioned below:
Vertical Axis

The vertical axis mixers

are generally employed for
the production of prestressed
and precast concrete. These
cement mixers are suitable
Twin Shaft Mixers for small batches colored
concrete, and several
discharge points. The types
of vertical axis mixers are
planetary mixers and the pan
mixers.

These mixers are

suitable le for obtaining
high intensity mixing in
short periods of time.
These mixers are
normally used to obtain
high strength concrete.
R OAD

J UNCTIONS
ROAD JUNCTIONS
are designed at places where vehicular traffic can move in different
directions in a systematic way. Road Junctions decrease the probability of
accidents. The traffic at Road junctions is controlled and resumed in a
systematic way to proceed further in their respective directions with the
help of traffic signals.

Design of Road Junctions is a crucial subject. Understanding the nature of traffic, the
kind of area, density of population etc is very important so as to propose a suitable road
Junction design.
Types of junctions
Learning to drive would be much easier if there was just one type of junction, but sadly
thats not the case. There are several distinct types of junctions with different road
conditions adding even more variation. Theres a general gist to approaching junctions,
but its best to understand the subtle differences between junction types before you take
your driving test; you dont want to have to work it out with your examiner in the car!

UNMARKED JUNCTIONS
U
M
A
MARKED JUNCTIONS
O
F
CONTROLLED JUNCTIONS
B
T
BOX JUNCTIONS
F
TRAFFIC FILTER LIGHTS
S
A
M
 STAGGERED JUNCTION

T-junction

A T-junction has three arms of which one arm is a main road whereas the other one is
usually a minor road connecting the main road. The roads of a T-junction meet at right
angles and is preferably used for convenience.

Y-Junction

A Y-junction has three arms of which all the three roads are of equal sizes. It is generally
seen at places of heavy traffic. It is pretty useful in the distribution of traffic.
Acute Angle Junction

Generally Acute Angle Junctions are not preferably used. They create lot of chaos in
heavy traffic. The turning for heavy and bigger vehicles becomes a problem. This
creates chaos and traffic. Acute Angle Junctions can be used at places with very low
density and very less space for a Junction.
O
T
I
T
OPEN AND CLOSED JUNCTIONS
b
 BLIND JUNCTIONS

Stop This ones pretty clear. Stop.

Give way Again, quite a clear one. If you spot a give way sign its usually a good warning
that a junction is ahead.

Junction on bend Junctions on bends often have poor visibility. Take extra care.
Junction on bend (reversed) Same as above, but the junction is on the other side.

Crossroads One of the many forms of junction.

T-junction One of the more common forms of junctions. Signs like this make it easier for
motorists to spot upcoming junctions. Dont expect every T-junction to have a sign like this.

Side road Warns of a side road coming up. Signs like this give you plenty of warning that
a side road is coming up, allowing you to prepare thoroughly. Not all side roads have these
signs.

Staggered junction Lets road users know that a staggered junction is coming up.
Stop line 100 yards Warns that theres a stop line in 100 yards.

Give way 50 yards Warns that you must give way in 50 yard
SIGNS YOU
MIGHT
SEE AT
JUNCTION
TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNALS
The traffic lights at the road intersections are very important device for the pedestrians
and driver's .It controls the traffic very effectively. We should follow these signals at all
time.

A RED light means that you must come to a full stop behind the stop line. Remember,
the crossing of stop line is an offence. You have to remain there until the light turns
green.

The YELLOW color light means CAUTION. When the amber light turns on it gives you
a signal to be ready for the go.

A GREEN light means GO through the intersection carefully and slowly.

DRIVERS HAND SIGNALS
Though, today's motor vehicles has inbuilt indicators for showing the direction in which
you want to go, driver like to use his hand to give a signal to other road users. By using
your hand signals you can tell the other drivers and the road users more effectively
about your intentions like slow down, turn and allowing of overtaking.

Signal for stopping.

Signal for left turn.

Signal for slowing down.

Signal for right turn.

Signal for allowing overtaking.

ROAD MARKINGS
Road markings or lines on the road indicate a number of meanings to the drivers. The
road markings are white and yellow color and each type of markings or line has a
special meaning. Disobey the meanings of these markings is an offence and for this act
you may be prosecuted by the traffic police. Therefore, the basic knowledge of these
road markings is essential for all the road users.

Road markings across the road

This is called a STOP LINE. Stop Line painted before the edge of the
road intersection and it meant whenever the traffic is expected to stop, you should have
to stop your vehicle just before the stop line. The jumping or crossing of the stop line is
an offence.

The alternate black and white lines painted across the road are called
zebra-crossing or PEDESTRIAN CROSSING. This is the place through which
pedestrians used to cross the road. Be careful and stop your vehicle before such
pedestrian crossing whenever necessary.

These parallel broken white lines are called GIVE WAY LINE and it
meant that you have to give way to oncoming traffic on major road ahead of you.
ROAD MARKINGS ALONG THE ROAD
This continuous white
line is called BARRIER LINE. It
indicates that driver should not overtake
in this area.
These broken white lines separate a
road in to a two lane road. These lines
generally used as center line in two-way
roads. It is very essential for traffic
safety.
These broken white lines are called lane
separators. It is used as lane markings
in a road on same direction.
This type of continuous parallel two
white lines means that driver is not
permitted to overtaking.
A continuous yellow color line at the
edge of road indicates that no vehicle
will be allowed to park on the side of the
road
A broken white line if changing in to a
solid continuous white line it indicates
that no lane changing will allow till the
continuous white line becomes a broken
line again.
 STANDARD SIGN SHAPES
Signs convey information to travelers not only by their messages and color, but through
their shape as well.

Special shapes are specifically assigned to certain types of signs so that travelers can
recognize them quickly and react appropriately.

In general, the greater number of sides on a sign, the more critical a message it
conveys. This is why a circular shape was adopted for the Railroad Advance warning
sign (i.e. infinite number of sides), as a collision between a train and a typical vehicle
will nearly always end badly. Then next the octagon shape is used for the STOP sign,
since not noticing that sign typically has unpleasant consequences, and so on down the
line. There are of course exceptions to this rule - a pentagonal County Route marker
isn't (typically) a greater threat than a standard square route marker, and even though
they have only 3 sides, the YIELD and No Passing Zone signs are still rather important
(and the pennant shape of the NPZ sign serves as a sort of "get back over on your own
side of the road" arrow).
Standard sign shapes and their assigned meanings:

Circle - Exclusively for railroad advance warning signs

Octagon - Exclusively for STOP signs

Crossbuck - Exclusively for railroad grade crossing signs

Pentagon - Used for school advance warning signs and county route
marker signs

Diamond - Used for warning signs

Rectangle, Longer Dimension Vertical - Used for regulatory signs

 Rectangle, Longer Dimension Horizontal - Used for guide signs,
some warning signs, and temporary traffic control signs

Trapezoid - Used for recreational area guide signs and National Forest
route markers

Equilateral Triangle, Point Down - for YIELD signs

Pennant - Exclusively for No Passing Zone signs

Other shapes - Typically used for route marker signs

 No Left Turn Sign

Stop Sign

No U Turn Sign

Do Not Enter Sign

No Right Turn Sign

Yield Sign

One Way Sign (Right)

No Trucks Sign
MUTCD R5-2
Item Y2737

One Way Sign (Left)

No Pedestrian Crossing Sign

Pedestrian Sign

No Parking Sign

Pedestrian School Area Sign

Left Curve Ahead Sign

 Left Lane Ends Sign
Right Curve Ahead Sign

Hill Warning Sign

Left Turn Ahead Sign

Keep Right Sign

Right Turn Ahead Sign

Keep Left Sign

Two Way Street Sign

Keep to Right Sign

Stop Sign Ahead Sign

Keep Right Sign

Right Lane Ends Sign
Keep Left Sign Two Way Traffic Ahead Sign

Do Not Block Intersection Sign No Trucks Allowed Sign

No thru Traffic Sign Truck Traffic Only Sign

Private Road No thru Traffic Sign

Thru Truck Route Left Sign

Not a Thru Street Sign Reduced Speed Ahead Sign

No Vehicles beyond This Point Sign Do Not Pass Sign

 Fasten Seat Belt Sign

Pass With Care Sign

No Dumping Under Penalty Sign

Slower Traffic Keep Right Sign

Go Slow Safety Bump Sign

Employee Entrance Only Sign

Service Vehicles Only Sign

Watch for Trucks Sign

Chevron Alignment Sign

Do Not Stop on Tracks Sign

Road Closed Sign

 Stop Pedestrians In Crosswalk Sign
Stop Sign

4 Way Sign

Stop Children In Crosswalk Sign

3 Way Sign

2 Way Sign
Bilingual Stop Sign

Stop Ahead Symbol Sign

Bilingual Stop Sign

Stop Ahead Sign

Stop All Way Sign

Stop Ahead Sign

Stop 4 Way Sign

 Stop for Pedestrians Right Arrow Sign

Stop 3 Way Sign

Stop for Pedestrians Left Arrow Sign

Stop 2 Way Sign

Stop for Pedestrians Right Arrow Sign

42 Inch Traffic Cone Kit

Stop for Pedestrians Left Arrow Sign

Turn and Curve Advisory Speed

Intersection Dead End / No Outlet / No

Passing

Advance Traffic Control

Playground

Merge and Lane Transition

Supplemental Plaques

Width Restriction
Speed Hump

Divided Highway
No Traffic Signs

Hill
Work Zone

Pavement Condition
Road Work

Lane Transition
Blasting

Railroad and Light Rail

Slow Traffic

Advance Warning / Crossing

Double Reverse Curve

Low Clearance
Yellow Trap
Work Zone Information

Work Zone

Road Work

Blasting

Slow Traffic

Double Reverse Curve

Incident Management Signs

Custom Traffic Control Signs

Create a custom sign to help control traffic flow, or add your own message.

Regulatory Traffic Signs

Official signs for controlling traffic.

Stop Signs

Stop signs and stop signs for your facility traffic.

Pedestrian Traffic Signs

Warn drivers to look out for pedestrian traffic in the area.

Speed Limit Signs

Control the speed of traffic on streets, in parking lots, or roads on your property.

Do Not Enter Signs

Help keep traffic flowing in the right direction with signs that state do not enter.

One Way Signs

Mark one way streets with these signs or direct traffic flow at your company.

Yield Signs

Inform drivers that they need to slow down or stop at approaches to intersections.

Turn Signs

Inform drivers of turn only lanes, no turning, and more.

Detour Signs

Alert and direct traffic to a new route due to road construction.

Traffic Paddles & Flags

Handheld stop and slow signs for crossing guards and road construction workers.

Evacuation Signs

Guide drivers out of the area in a time of an emergency.