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Weirs are overflow structures which are built across an open channel for the purpose of
measuring or controlling the flow of TOPIC: WEIRS
liquids. There are three most commonly used shapes
namely: Rectangular, triangular and the trapezoidal weirs. According to the form of the crest, it
may be sharp crested broad crested..
H +h v
PRINCIPLE 1: Rectangular Weir
Q=C w L
L = 1.4 0.2H
Problem 3: A weir of 8m long 3 is to be built across a rectangular channel to discharge
3
a flow0.4
of =9m /s. If the maximum
1.84(1.4-0.2H) H 2 depth of water on the upstream side of weir is to be
2m, what should be the height of the weir ? Adopt Cd = 0.62.
If H = 0.3
Given, 3
Then 0.4 = 1.84(1.4-0.2(3)) 0.3 2 = 0.405 (OK)
PL==d8 m
H
P = 2.35 0.3 = 2.05m
Q = 9 m3 /s
Depth of 2:
Problem water = 2m
Consider a contracted rectangular weir in a rectangular channel with
B = 6 ft, L = 2.4 ft, P = 1.2 ft, and H = 0.5 ft. Show that the conditions for use of
the
Cd fully
= 0.62contracted rectangular weir equation are met and calculate the water
flow rate for the 0.5 ft head over the weir.
Let, H = Height of water above the sill of the weir.
So, the discharge over the weir,
01/13/1 CE 4205
ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA 1/7
7 HYDRAULICS
CRUZ
=?
01/13/1 CE 4205
ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA 2/7
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PRINCIPLE 3: Cipolletti Weir
It is a Trapezoidal weir with side slope of 1 horizontal to 4 vertical
Cipolleti
Q = 3.367 Weir LProblems:
h 3/2 (English) Cipolleti Weir Problems:
1
1.) Water is flowing over a Cipolletti weir of 4 meters 2.) The discharge over a trapezoidal weir is
= 75.96
long under a head of 1 meter. Compute the
discharge, if the coefficient of discharge for the weir
1.315 m3/s. the crest length is 2m and the
sides are inclined at 75.49 with the
is 0.6. horizontal. Find the head on the weir in
= 14.04 meters.
Solution:
Solution:
Given,
3
2
L = 4m Q= 1.859L H
H = 1m 3
1.315 = 1.859(2m) H 2
Cd = 0.62
H = 0.5m
We know that the discharge over the Cippoletti weir,
01/13/1 CE 4205
ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA 3/7
7 HYDRAULICS
CRUZ
TOPIC: FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
Pipes are closed conduits through which fluids or gases flows. Conduits may flow full or
partially full. Pipes are referred to as conduits (usually circular) which flow full. Conduits
flowing partially full are called open channels.
Laminar Flow It is said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles do not
cross or intersect
The flow is always laminar when the Reynolds number is less than 2000.
Where:
= mean velocity
D= pipe diameter
v = kinematic viscosity of the fluid
= absolute or dynamic viscosity
01/13/1 CE 4205
ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA 4/7
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Reynolds Number Problems: Reynolds Number Problems:
1.) Find the reynolds number if a fluid of2.)
viscosity
Calculate the reynolds number if a fluid
0.4 Ns/m2 and relative density of 900flows through a diameter of 80 mm with
velocity 5 m/s having density of 1400
Kg/m3 through a 20 mm pipe with a Velocity of
3
2.5
m/s? Kg/m and having viscosity of 0.9 Kg/ms.
Solution: Solution:
Given: Diameter of pipe L = 80 mm,
Velocity of the fluid v = 5 m/s,
Viscosity of fluid = 0.4 Ns/m ,
2
Density of fluid = 1400 Kg/m3,
Density of fluid = 900 Kg/m ,3
Viscosity of fluid = 0.9 Kg/ms
Diameter of the fluid L = 20 10-3 m The Reynolds number is given by
1400 x 5 x 0.08
= 0.9
900 x 2.5 .2 x 0.001
= 0.4 = 622.22 > 2000; Laminar
01/13/1
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hf = 116.2m
ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA
CE 4205
HYDRAULICS
5/7
CRUZ
Head Losses Problems: (Darcy)
1.) A liquid having sp.gr. of 0.788 flows at
3.2m/s through a 100mm diameter pipelines
( f = 0.0158). Determine the head loss per
kilometer of pipe.
Solution:
hf = 82.5m
Where:
n = roughness ratio
10,29 n LQ 10,29 n LQ
16
hf= 16 hf= 3
D 3 D
2
2
10,29 ( 0.010 ) ( 1000 ) 3.3 10,29 ( 0.050 ) ( 1100 ) 2.7
hf = 16 hf = 16
1.4 3 23
hf = 1.86m hf = 5.12m
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ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA 6/7
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PRINCIPLE 4: HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
Where:
C = Hazen Williams coefficient
D = Diameter of pipe
R = Hydraulic Radius
Hf
S = Slope of EGL = L
Head Losses Problems: (Hazen Williams) Head Losses Problems: (Hazen Williams)
1.) .) Calculate the friction head loss by 2.) Calculate the friction head loss by
using Hazen Williams equation for a using Hazen Williams equation for a
commercial steel pipe (new) with 1.4 m commercial steel pipe (new) with 1.5 m
diameter and a flowrate of 3.3 m3 /s at diameter and a flowrate of 4.3 m3 /s at
100C water. 100C water.
1000 12 00
3.3 4 .3
hf = 1.85 hf = 1.85
10,67 10,67
hf = 01/13/1
2.02mENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA hf = 5m CE 4205 7/7
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