Victor Vrooms

Expectancy Theory
 QUESTION.
Use all three components of expectancy
theory to explain why some employees are
motivated to show up for work during a
snowstorm whereas others dont make any
effort to leave their home.
 INTRODUCTION
Motivation force that drive a person into action
This model based upon the assumption that the
man is a rational being & will try to maximize his
pay off
Choose the alternative that give the most benefit
Motivation to work is strongly determined by
individual perception that a certain type of
behavior will lead to certain type of outcome and
his personal preference for the type of outcome
 OVERVIEW
Expectancy Instrumentality Valence

Can I achieve What work How highly do

the desired outcomes will I value work
level of task be received as outcome?
performance? a result of the
performance?
 Expectancy Theory
The theory assumes that behavior results
from conscious choices among alternatives
whose purpose is to maximize pleasure
and minimize pain.
Key elements:
Valence (V)
Instrumentality (I)
Expectancy (E)
 Valence
The emotional orientation people hold with respect
to outcomes (rewards).

Value varies from -1 to +1.

-1 individual prefers not accomplish an outcome

compared with achieving it.

0 individual is unconcerned to the outcome.

+1 individual has the strong preference to the

outcome.

Valence must be +1 for higher motivation.

 Valence
-1 employees feels that the rewards that
they received are not worthy with their
efforts to show up for work during a
snowstorm.

+1 employees are motivated go to work

during a snowstorm as they has the high
inclination to the outcome.
 Instrumentality
The belief that the first level outcome will
lead to the second level outcome.

Value varies from 0 to 1.

High instrumentality rate employee sees
that promotions are based on performance.
Low instrumentality will be made if the
employee fails to see the relation between
performance and reward.
 Instrumentality
Employees believed that excellent
performance will be given a good rewards
they will be motivated to come to work in
any conditions

If employees didnt see the correlation

between performance and reward they dont
care and not make any effort to leave their
home.
 Expectancy
The belief that an effort will lead to
completion of a task.

Value varies from 0 to 1.

0 employee sees no possibility that any

effort will lead to the desired performance.

1 employee is confident that the task will

be completed.
 Expectancy
Dont make any effort to leave home during
snowstorm employee believed that he
will not achieved the desired performance
even he come to work.

Motivated to show up for work with the

right amount of effort he is confident the
task will be completed.
Managerial Implications of
Expectancy theory
According to Expectancy theory:
 Influence of components in
Expectancy theory of motivation
Valence Instrumentality Expectancy Motivation
High High High High
Low High High Moderate
High Low High Moderate
Low Low High Low
High High Low Low
Low High Low Low
High Low Low Low
Low Low Low Very Low
 CONCLUSION
The Expectancy Theory of Victor Vroom deals
with motivation and management. It assumes
that behavior result from conscious choices
among alternative whose purpose it is to
maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
THANK YOU

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