ANDROID PROJECT REPORT

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 OUTLINE
1. Introduction of Android Technology
1.1 android (what ???)
1.2 What does android include?
1.3 Features of Android
1.4 Android and others
1.5 Android application development
1.6 Android development
1.7 Why and How ?
2 Android Version

Android Software and Installation

Android Architecture

Android SDK Tools

Plug-in with Eclipse

Hello Android..

Program Description

Process Life Cycle

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 INTRODUCTION OF ANDROID TECHNOLOGY

ANDROID (WHAT ???)

Operating Systems have developed a lot in last 15 years. Starting from black and white
phones to recent smart phones or mini computers, mobile OS has come far away. Especially
for smart phones, Mobile OS has greatly evolved from Palm OS in 1996 to Windows pocket
PC in 2000 then to Blackberry OS and Android.

One of the most widely used mobile OS these days is ANDROID. Android is a software
bunch comprising not only operating system but also middleware and key applications.

Android Inc was founded in Palo Alto of California, U.S. by Andy Rubin, Rich miner,
Nick sears and Chris White in 2003. Later Android Inc. was acquired by Google in
2005. After original release there have been number of updates in the original version of
Android.

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 WHAT DOES ANDROID INCLUDE?
Developing language is Java

Uses Linux kernel (Open Source)

Provides a development kit (SDK)

Supports Emulator

Android uses the Dalvik virtual machine (DVM)

Use Eclipse IDE to run application

FEATURES
Application Framework is used to write applications for Android. The framework is
supported by numerous open source libraries such as openssl, sqlite and libc. It is also
supported by the Android core libraries. From the point of security, the framework is
based on UNIX file system permissions that assure applications have only those
abilities that mobile phone owner gave them at install time.

Dalvik virtual machine it is extremely low-memory based virtual machine, which

was designed specially for Android to run on embedded systems and work well in low
power situations. The Dalvik VM creates a special file format (.DEX) that is created
through build time post processing. Conversion between Java classes and .DEX
format is done by included dx tool.

SQLite extremely small (~500kb) relational database management system, which is

integrated in Android. It is based on function calls and single file, where all

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 definitions, tables and data are stored. This simple design is more than suitable for a
platform such as Android.

Integrated browser in my opinion, Google made a right choice on choosing WebKit

as open source web browser.

Media support for common audio, video, and still image formats (MPEG4, H.264,
MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG, GIF)

GSM Telephony (hardware dependent)

Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, and Wi-Fi (hardware dependent)

Camera, GPS (hardware dependent)

Rich development environment including a device emulator, tools for debugging,

memory and performance profiling, and a plugin for the Eclipse IDE

ANDROID AND OTHERS

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The Players

Android Open source mobile OS developed by the Open Handset Alliance led by
Google. Based on Linux 2.6 kernel

iOS Apples proprietary mobile OS, iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad. Derived from OS X,
very UNIX like

Symbian acquired by Nokia 2008

Windows Phone 7 Microsoft Kin, discontinued 6 weeks after initial launch

Blackberry OS RIM (Research in Motion), proprietary OS

Android is better than Blackberry

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Performance

1. Blackberry - Quick and somewhat stable. Typically Id have to do a battery pull

every few days. The re-boot time is ridiculous - sometimes 8 minutes.

2. Android - Quick with no lag or hesitation. I do not think I have ever had to take the
battery out, unless swapping for another one. Boot time is quick.

Battery

1. Blackberry The battery life on a Blackberry is fantastic. However keep in mind that
it is not doing much.

2. Andorid Not so good. I can make it through a full day sometimes. However I
find that I am doing A LOT more with my phone. There are threads upon threads on
Androids battery issues. I If there is something at which Android can improve, its
battery life.

Email

1. Blackberry - This is what RIM / Blackberry is known for. Gmail on BB is starting to

improve but does not hold a candle to Android. If youre not on BES this really does
not matter to you.

2. Android - So far email is pretty good. Emails are almost instant with Exchange.
Gmail however EXCELS (of course, it is a Google!).

User Interface (UI)

1. Blackberry - Not much to say here. Its tried and true. No glitz and glam. It does
what it is supposed to. I now refer to this as the DOS phone.

2. Android - Wow! What the hell have I been smoking that has caused me not to move
us all over to the Android side? Two words: Love it!

**Note User interface really is a matter of personal preference rather than a question of
better or worse.

Web Browsing

1. Blackberry Painful to browse the web. If youre stuck with it, at least it accesses the
web.

2. Android - This is where Android DOMINATES. Web browsing is night and day
compared to Blackberry and by that I mean wonderful.

Apps

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 1. Blackberry More and more apps are showing up, but the iPhone OS is keeping it
behind. It will be interesting to see what Blackberry can do to start competing with
Android and Apple OS.

2. Android Dominates again. More and more apps that are loved on Apple iOS are
already making their way to Android. Android is right up there with iOS.

Is android better than ios

Browsing

Let me first say I do like the Safari browser on the iPhone. Its fast, its reliable, its
stable. But flexible? Flash? Monopolistic? Yes Safari is the only browser for the
iPhone, and that browser still does not do Flash.
However, the Android browser is one of the best browsers on the mobile market. On
my HTC Hero, I have Opera Mini, Dolphin, and the default Browser. Dolphin is
outstanding, with its use of Tabs and Gestures.

PC connection

Unlike the iPhone, you dont need to have iTunes to manage your phone. Android
cant sync with the Linux desktop yet. Thats okay for now. But Android can mount
the SD card so that it is usable (via drag and drop) by any operating system.

Multi-notification

One of the issues Ive always had with the iPhone is its notification system. Basically,
it depends upon a single system that not all applications have access too. For
instance, if you are a Twitterer, you can find out if you have updates only by
opening the Twitter app on the iPhone.

With Android, the apps have access to the notification system and can all report.
The notification bar on the Android phone can alert you to new voice messages, email
messages, Facebook notifications, new Gmail, new text messages, and much more. If
an app has a notification, it can let you know quickly, and in the
background.With the iPhone, youre pretty much limited to what Apple says.

Market

Yes, Apple has an app for that. But so does Android. And chances are, the Android
app is free and works as well (or better) than the iPhone app. And, believe it or
not, there are thousands of apps in the Android Market. Apple does not (at least
yet) have a patent on an application for just about everything. Give it time though.
And installing applications on your Android phone is actually easier than it is on
the iPhone.

Google integration

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 This one is almost not fair, since Android was built with the intention of
integrating with Google. But wow does it integrate well. Want to search Google?
Simply click the search button, enter your search string, and youre off and running.
Did I mention Google Voice? Yes, the Android has an app for that.

Open Source

Why does being open make Android better than iPhone? For the same reason that
being open helps Linux: a planet full of developers with the ability to aid Androids
developers. Anyone can get access to the source of Android to better the system. This
is also a double-edged sword, in that it allows those will less-than-ideal intentions
to discover any weakness of the phone. But that can be seen as an indirect plus
because when weaknesses are found in the open source community, they are quickly
fixed. I assume that this tradition will extend to the Android phone. iPhone open?
NO

Open to carriers

This is yet another reason why Android is superior.

If you want an iPhone (at least for the time being), you better be open to AT&T. If you
dont like AT&T and you still want an iPhone, you better be open to doing a little jail
breaking or move to another country. If you want an Android phone, you can join any
number of carriers and have your choice of any number of outstanding phones using
Android. No lock down.

GPS Navigation

Android phones have offered free, voice-guided GPS for a long, long time. Its
actually been offered as a standard component of Android since October 2009,
whereas iOS Maps app demands the user look at their iPhone or iPad as they drive
no good.

Still, the iPhone has a few decent third-party apps that offer turn-by-turn voice
guidance, but Androids built-in functionality allows users to jump seamlessly
into navigation from other apps. This kind of functionality simply doesnt exist
on iOS, as users have to manually copy and paste the address into the app of choice.
Not efficient, and certainly not seamless.

Setting Default Apps

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 On Android, you get to decide what apps do what. Like a particular
browser? Make it the default one. Is there a particular music player
that suits your needs best? You get the picture. On Android, if you
want to use alternative apps for virtually anything from mail, to
Web browsing or even navigation, you can set them to be the
default for all the related functions. Its a small thing, but in reality,
its a life saver, and one more reason why you are the boss of your
Android device. Nice, isnt it?

Angry Birds is Free Yep! On Android, all three versions of Angry

Birds are free, unlike on iOS where they are $1 each.

What is Android

Android is an open source operating system, created by Google specifically for use on
mobile devices (cell phones and tablets)

Linux based (2.6 kernel)

Can be programmed in C/C++ but most app development is done in Java (Java access
to C Libraries via JNI (Java Native Interface))

Supports Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and 3G and 4G networking

ANDROID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

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ANDROID DEVELOPMENT

ANDROID (WHY ???)

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 ANDROID VERSION

Version History

The version history of the Android operating system began with the release of the
Android 1.0 (Beta) in November 2007

It has seen a number of updates to its base

Operating system since its original release.

These versions have released in alphabetical order.

These updates typically fix bugs and add new features

Android 1.0 (Beta)

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Android 1.1

On 9 February 2009

The update resolved bugs.

Ability to save attachments in messages

Support added for marquee in system layouts

1.5 Cupcake

Support for third-party virtual keyboards

Support for Widgets

Animated screen transitions

Auto-pairing and stereo support for Bluetooth.

1.6 Donut

On 15 September 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK Donut was released, based on Linux
kernel 2.6

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 Voice and text entry search enhanced to include bookmark history, contacts, and the
web

Speed improvements in searching and camera applications

Gallery, camera and camcorder more fully integrated, with faster camera access

Ability for users to select multiple photos for deletion

Android 2.0/2.1 clair

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 The Motorola Droid introduced Android 2.0 On 26 October 2009

Ability to tap a Contacts photo and select to call, SMS, or email the person

Ability to search all saved SMS and MMS messages, with delete oldest messages in a
conversation automatically deleted when a defined limit is reached

Numerous new camera features, including flash support, digital zoom, scene mode,
white balance, color effect and macro focus

Allowing multiple accounts to be added to a device for email and contact

synchronization

The 2.1 SDK was released on 12 January 2010

Including minor amendments to the API and bug fixes

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Android 2.2 Froyo

Speed, memory, and performance optimizations

Integration of Chrome's

USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality

Voice dialing and contact sharing over Bluetooth

Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords

Support for file upload fields in the Browser application

Support for installing applications to the expandable memory

Adobe Flash support

Android 2.3.x Gingerbread

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 Released On 6 December 2010

Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions

Faster, more intuitive text input in virtual keyboard, with improved accuracy, better
suggested text and voice input mode

Enhanced copy/paste functionality, allowing users to select a word by press-hold,

copy, and paste

Concurrent garbage collection for increased performance

Native support for more sensors.

Version 2.3.4 introduced support for voice or video chat using Google Talk.

3.x Honeycomb

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 The Motorola Xoom tablet introduced Android 3.0.1 Honeycomb On 22 February
2011

The first Tablet has been released by the help of this version

Optimized tablet support

Redesigned keyboard, making typing fast, efficient and accurate on larger screen
sizes

Multitasking support

Quick access to camera exposure, focus, flash, zoom, front-facing camera, and more

Ability to view albums and other collections in full-screen mode in Gallery, with easy
access to thumbnails for other photos

New two-pane Email UI to make viewing and organizing messages more efficient,
allowing users to select one or more messages

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 Support for video chat using Google Talk

Support for multi-core processors

Support for joysticks

4.x Ice Cream Sandwich

The Galaxy Nexus introduced Android 4.0.1 Ice Cream Sandwich 19 October 2011

Enhanced speed and performance

Virtual buttons in the UI, in place of capacitive or physical buttons

Easier-to-create folders, with a drag-and-drop style

Pinch-to-zoom functionality in the calendar

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 Built-in photo editor

New gallery layout, organized by location and person

Resizable widgets

Improved camera app with zero shutter lag, time lapse settings, panorama mode, and
the ability to zoom while recording

4.1 Jelly Bean

Faster, Smoother, More Responsive

Enhanced Accessibility

Support for International Users

Bi-Directional Text and Other Language Support
User-installable keymaps

New Ways to Create Beautiful UI

Expandable notifications

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Resizable app widgets
Simplified task navigation
Easy animations for Activity launch
Transitions to Lights Out and Full Screen Modes
New types of remoteable Vi

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 ews
Live wallpaper preview
Higher-resolution contact photos

put Types and Capabilities

Animation and Graphics

Vsync for apps
New animation actions and transition types

New Types of Connectivity

Android Beam
Wi-Fi Network Service Discovery
Wi-Fi Direct Service Discovery
Network Bandwidth Management

New Media Capabilities

Media codec access
USB Audio
Audio record triggering
Multichannel audio
Audio preprocessing
Audio chaining
Media Router

Renderscript Computation

Android Browser and WebView

Google APIs and services

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 Google Cloud Messaging for Android
App Encryption
Smart App Updates
Google Play services

SOFTWARE FOR ANDROID

Java with jdk1.6

Eclipse IDE 3.6.2

Android Set up (Android Installer Package)

.How..
Preparing Your Development Computer

Step 1 Install: JDK

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Step 2 Install: Eclipse

Eclipse IDE for Java Developers

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Installing Android SDK

Goto: http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html

Download versions based on your platform:

If youre using windows, you must use android-sdk_r09-

windows.zip (instead of exe installer)

If you unzip it, youll have android-sdk-windows

Make a note of the name and location of the SDK directory on your
system.

Android SDK
A software development kit that enables developers to create applications for the
Android platform. The Android SDK includes sample projects with source code,
development tools, an emulator, and required libraries to build Android applications.

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 Applications are written using the Java programming language and run on Dalvik, a
custom virtual machine designed for embedded use which runs on top of a Linux
kernel.

ANDROID-SDK-WINDOWS

This Folder contains the files--

Installing Android SDK

Goto android-sdk-windows, and run SDK Manager.exe

It will display a list of available components:

where you can select sdk version according to your requirement.

A dialog appears like this

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Click on the install packages

The next dialog appears

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Click on the install accept all and then install

ANDROID ARCHITECTURE

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Linux Kernel

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 Works as a HAL(Hardware Abstraction Layer)

Device drivers

Memory management

Process management

Networking

Libraries

C/C++ libraries

Interface through Java

Surface manager Handling UI Windows

2D and 3D graphics

Media codecs, SQLite, Browser engine

Android Runtime

Dalvik VM

Dex files

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 Compact and efficient than class files

Limited memory and battery power

Core Libraries

Java 5 Std edition

Collections, I/O etc

Application Framework

API interface

Activity manager manages application life cycle.

Applications

Built in and user apps

Can replace built in apps

THE DALVIK VIRTUAL MACHINE

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 Interpreter only machine optimized for use on low powered, low memory devices like
phones

Dalvik uses the Java programming language but not the JVM

Dalvik is not a Java virtual machi

It uses bytecode format called dex.

APPS AND WIDGETS

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 Highest layer in the Android architecture

End users see only apps and widgets

App

widget (music player)

ANDROID SDK TOOLS

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 The Android SDK includes a variety of tools that help you develop mobile
applications for the Android platform

SDK tools are platform independent and are required no matter which Android
platform you are developing on.

The SDK tools are required if you are developing Android applications.

The SDK tools are installed with the SDK starter package and are periodically
updated.

The most important SDK tools include the Android SDK and AVD Manager
(android), the emulator (emulator), and the Dalvik Debug Monitor Server (ddms).

A short summary of some frequently used SDK tools are-

Android (Android SDK and AVD Manager )

Lets you manage AVDs, projects, and the installed components of the SDK.

Dalvik Debug Monitor Server (ddms)

Lets you debug Android applications

Android Emulator (emulator)

An emulation tool that you can use to design, debug, and test your applications in an
actual Android run- time environment.

Hierarchy Viewer (hierarchyviewer)

Lets you debug and optimize an Android application's user interface.

layoutopt

Lets you quickly analyze your application's layouts in order to optimize them for
efficiency.

sqlite3

Lets you access the SQLite data files created and used by Android applications.

HELLO ANDROID

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Hello, Android

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 Select File>New>Project>, and open new project dialog box

Running Hello, Android on Emulator

Creating an AVD (Android Virtual Device)

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 1. Eclipse: Windows > Android SDK and AVD Manager

2. Click New button, and fill out the fields

1. Name: em22

-- specify your preferred name

1. Target: Android 2.2 API Level 8

-- specify Android target version

1. SDCard: 64

-- specify SD card memory size

1. Skin: Default (HVGA)

-- specify display mode

Running Hello, Android on Emulator

Right Click the project > Run As > Android Application

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Result on Emulator

INTENT

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 Intent messaging is a facility for late run-time binding between components in the
same or different applications.

An intent might convey a request for an activity to show an image or to open a web
page.

It is basically a passive data structure holding an abstract description of an action to

be performed.

It can be used with startActivity() to launch an Activity

ACTIVITY LIFE CYCLE

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 LAYOUTS
Android application user interfaces are defined using layouts.

A type of resource that defines what is drawn on the screen as well as how a screen
will look.

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 A layout resource is simply a template for a user interface screen, or portion of a
screen

A type of View class whose primary purpose is to organize other controls i.e; child
controls, such as text controls or buttons or images on the screen.

Layout resources are stored as XML files in the /res/layout resource directory for the
application.

There are a number of different types of layout that can be used to organize controls
on a screen, or portion of a screen.

The most commonly used layout s are.-

1.Linear Layout

designed to display child View controls (such as text, edit text, etc) in a single row
or in a single column.

2. Frame Layout

This layout is designed to display a stack of child View controls.

Multiple view controls can be added to this layout.

This can be used to show multiple controls within the same screen space.

3.Relative Layout

Designed to display child View controls in relation to each other.

For example,

you can set a control to be positioned above or below or to the left of or to the
I right of another control, referred to by its unique identifier.

4. Table Layout

Designed to organize child View controls into rows and columns.

Individual View controls are added within each row of the table using a Table Row
layout View (which is basically a horizontally oriented Linear Layout) for each row of
the table.

DIALOGS

A dialog is usually a small window that appears in front of the current Activity.

The underlying Activity loses their focus and the dialog accepts all user interaction.

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 The Dialog class is the base class for creating dialogs

Dialogs are normally used for notifications that should interrupt the user and to
perform short tasks (such as a progress bar or a login prompt).

As Dialog is the base class. However, you typically should not instantiate a Dialog
directly. Instead, you should use one of the following subclasses---

1.AlertDialog

A dialog that can manage zero, one, two, or three buttons, or a list of selectable items
that can include checkboxes or radio buttons.

2.ProgressDialog

A dialog that displays a progress wheel or progress bar. Because it's an extension of
the AlertDialog, it also supports buttons.

3.DatePickerDialog

A dialog that allows the user to select a date.

4.TimePickerDialog

A dialog that allows the user to select a time.

WIDGETS

One of the biggest advantages of Android over iPhone is widgets.

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 A widget can display an application's most timely or otherwise relevant information at
a glance, on a user's Home screen such as Calendar, Analogclock, Twitter widget,
Message widget, etc

Android 3.1, app widgets can be resizable

horizontally and/or vertically.

As of Android 4.0, app widgets have margins automatically applied.

REFERENCES

http://www.google.com/

http://developer.android.com/

http://nexsoftware.net/wp/2009/07/29/tutorial-creating-a-custom-analogclock-widget/

http://www.vogella.de/articles/Android/article.html

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