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Creole Skin, Black Mask: Fanon and Disavowal
Fransoise Verges
CriticalInquiry23 (Spring1997)
t 1997by The Universityof Chicago.0093-1896/97/2303-0011$01.00.
All rightsreserved.
578
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CriticalInquiry Spring1997 579
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580 FranfoiseVerges Fanonand Disavowal
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CriticalInquiry Spring 1997 581
9. Familyromanceis Freud'sterm for the neurotic fantasyof "getting free from the
parentsof whom the child has a low opinion and of replacingthem by otherswho, as a rule,
are of higher social standing"(SigmundFreud,"FamilyRomances,"TheStandard Editionof
the Complete Psychological
Worksof SigmundFreud,trans. and ed. James Strachey[London,
1953-74], 9:238-39).
10.Jacques Hassoun, "Le Lien social,"lecture given at Saint-Denis,Reunion Island,
Mar.1994.
11.Joyce McDougallarguesfor a clear distinctionbetweendisavowaland denial.With
the latter,realityis reworkedthroughfantasy,not parole and action. See Joyce McDougall,
"Sceneprimitiveet scenariopervers,"Plaidoyer pourunecertaineanomalite(Paris,1978), pp.
35-62; trans.pub., under the title "The PrimalScene and the PerverseScenario,"Pleafor a
ArIeasureofAbnormulity (New York,1980), pp. 53-86.
12. To Freud,disavowalconcernsprincipallysexual differenceand the primalscene.
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582 FranfozseVerges Fanonand Dzsavowal
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CriticalInquiry Spring1997 583
17. The beating of Rodney King and the subsequenttrial in Simi Valleywere a re-
minder that the blackmale body in the racistUnited Statesis still subjectedto white para-
noia. See RuthWtilsonGilmore,"TerrorAusterityRace GenderExcessTheater,"in Reading
RodneyKing: Reading Urban Uprising, ed. Robert Gooding-Wtilliams (New York, 1993), pp.
23-37.
18. It is only fair to note, however,that Freudalso writesthat there is no community
that is not affectedand constituted,in what unites and dividesit, by the affectsof love and
hatred,by psychicprocesses(identifications,mechanismsof defense, and so on) whose first
quality is to be unconscious. Social groups are like individuals:they are acted upon by
psychologicalaffects.
19.Jean-PaulSartre,Reyqexions sur la questionjuive (Paris,1954),p. 84; trans.GeorgeJ.
Becker,under the titleAnti-SemiteandJew (New York,1948).TorilMoi arguesin her recent
Simonede Beauvoir that the influence of The SecondSex on Black Skin, WhiteMasks has to be
acknowledged:"Theparallelsbetweenthe two texts are striking"(TorilMoi,Simonede Beau-
voir: TheMaking of an IntellectualWoman[Cambridge,Mass., 1994], p. 204). She rightlysur-
mises that Fanonmust have been awareof de Beauvoir'sanalysisof women'sconstruction
by men. Fanonwas a faithfulreaderof Les TempsModernes,and in 1948 and 1949 thejournal
publishedmanyexcerptsof de Beauvoir'stext. If womanis the Other for man, blackis the
Other for white. For referencesto Sartrein Black Skin, WthiteMasks, see pp. 27, 29, 41, 87,
93, 115, 118, 119, 133, 139.
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584 FranfoiseVerges FanonandDisavowal
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CriticalInquiry Spring1997 585
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586 FranfoiseVerges FanonandDisavowal
26. Fanon had read Lacan'sthesis and used some of his concepts in his own thesis;
see BS, p. 80. Lacan'scontributionto the Encyclopedie fran,caisewas reedited under the title
LesComplexes familiauxdanslaformationdel'individu: Essaid'analyse d'unefonctionenpsychologze
(Paris,1984).Formoreinformationon Lacan'scollaboration,see Roudinesco,Jacques Lacan:
Esquissed'unevie, histoired'unsysteme
depensee(Paris, 1993), pp. 193-204 and Histoirede la
psychanalysefran,caise,
2:156-58. Lacanin 1951 had publishedmore than seventyarticlesin
different reviews of psychoanalysis.See especially his "Le Stade du miroir comme for-
mateurde la fonctiondu Je telle qu'ellenous est reveleedansl'experiencepsychanalytique,"
Revuefran,caisedepsychanalyse4 (1949):449-55; rpt. in Ecrits(Paris,1966),pp. 93-100; trans.
Alan Sheridan,under the title "The MirrorStage as Formativeof the Functionof the I as
Revealedin PsychoanalyticExperience,"Ecrits:A Selection(New York,1977),pp. 1-7.
27. Lacan,"LaFamille,"Encyclope'diefran,caise,20 vols. (Paris,1938):8.40.5-6,3; here-
after abbreviated"F."
28. Lacanwrites:"Nousvoulons . . . penetrer sa structurementaleavec le plein sens
du mythe de Narcisse;que ce sens indique la mort:l'insuffisancevitale dont ce monde est
issu; ou la reflexion speculaire:l'imago du double qui lui est centrale; ou l'illusion de
l'image:ce monde, nous l'allonsvoir,ne contientpas d'autrui"("F,"8.40.10).
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CriticalInquiry Spring1997 587
29. The red chechuzwas the markerof the Senegalesesoldier.With its black tassle, it
figures prominentlyin advertisementsfor the colonial army.The famous brand of choco-
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588 FranfoiseVerges FanonandDisavowal
late, Banania,had a laughing Senegalesesoldier with a chechiaon the box with the slogan
"Y'abon Banania!"The Senegalesesoldierwas constructedas fearless,cruel, and sexually
threateningin the texts and representationsof the Frenchcolonialarmy.They were often
used as repressiveforces against rebellious natives in Madagascar,Reunion Island, and
Indochina. For an interpretationof the black soldier'sbody as source of racialanxiety in
Germany,see Klaus Theweleit, Male Fantasies, trans. Stephan Conway,Erica Carter,and
ChrisTurner,2 vols. (Minneapolis,1987).
30. It is said that middle-classMartinicanstend to regardGuadeloupeanswith some
contemptfor their "blackness."
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CriticalInquiry Spring1997 589
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590 FranfoiseVerges FanonandDisavowal
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CriticalInquiry Spring1997 591
the colonies to alienation. Fanon posited race as the foundation of the community.The
anticolonialistsposited classand the republic.
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592 FranfoiseVerges Fanonand Disavowal
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CriticalInquiry Spring 1997 593
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594 FranfoiseVerges FanonandDisavowal
Theyshouldtaketheirdead,disembowelthemandexhibitthemon
trucksthroughoutthe city,screamingto the people:"Thisis the
deedof the colonialists."
Buttheywillneverdo suchthing.Theywill
againvotesomemiserablemotionsandreturnto theirmiserablelife.
In a way,this angryoutburstreassuresthe colonialists.It is only a
release,somethinglikean eroticdream.Onemakesloveto a shadow.
Onesoilshis bed. Butthe dayafter,everythingis backto order.One
does not thinkaboutit anymore.39
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CriticalInquiry Spring1997 595
41. Ashis Nandy, The IntimateEnemy:Loss and Recoveryof Self under Colonialism(New
Delhi, 1993),p. 111.
42. JamaicaKincaid,A Small Place (New York,1988),p. 79.
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