Oscilloscope waveform

Types and interpretation

Prepared for
WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention

Long Reef Garage

All captured waveforms are relative to ground

unless otherwise stated

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based
on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes
without prior notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No
part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence

For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see
TAT, Rellim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, and Automotive
Sam Nazarian Service Solution Jack Stepanian
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Acknowledgement and references

Authors wish to acknowledge that information gathered and collated for the purpose of research and development of this is training manual was based on
actual measurements from a BA Ford Falcon vehicle

For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Rellim, Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto
Data and Automotive Service Solution

Information contained herewith is limited to Engine management and CAN BUS. For more information regarding Pin configuration, Circuit Diagrams and
location of connectors please kindly contact above mentioned organizations.

Information contained within is NOT intended to be used as a stand alone training manual and or a reference material rather as a reference material (an
adjunct) to be used during training session.

Websites accessed to gain information regarding Engine management and CAN BUS Operation, Configuration and Topology please, see References at end
of this training manual.

Special thanks to Jeff Smit (Technical editor TAT) and Ken Newton (TAT) for their implausible editorial assistance, encouragement and moral support.

Authors would also like to thank the following organization for their unparalleled support and assistance in providing information, access to data and use of
their scan tools (herewith contained in this training manual);

The Automotive Repco Auto Data Hanatech Autel Automotive Relim Pico-Scope
Technician Auto Tech PC Based G-Scan MaxDas Service Bookworks PC USB
(TAT) Encyclopedia DATA Base Mount Auto EQ InterEquip Solution Wiring Diagrams Mount Auto EQ

2 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Pool of
Knowledge
The essence of diagnostics is to apply gathered
knowledge to maximize honing-in skills and
minimize guess-work, thus avoiding
unnecessary replacement of components.

After all, it isnt what you know but rather it is the Gained
application of knowledge that makes the Knowledge
difference in diagnosing symptomatic vehicles

Gained
Knowledge

Technician B

Technician A

Starting point

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All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Basic steps of Diagnosis

Initial BASIC checks

1. Listen to customers complaint

PRE 2. Listen to cars complaint
3. Carry out basic checks
4. Check battery supply, charge voltage (AC, DC waveform)
5. Check battery Grounds (disable car from start Post to block, chassis, terminal)
6. Carry out basic Wiggle test (wiggle connectors and electrical cables for possible bad connectivity)
7. Listen for Vacuum leaks
8. observe possible restriction (inlet, exhaust)
9. Extract OBD generic diagnostic Trouble codes

In-Depth Diagnostics

1. Inform Customer
POST 2. Obtain budget commitment
3. Extract specific diagnostic Trouble codes from each and every control module on the CAN BUS
4. Interrogate Diagnostic trouble codes and identify frequent codes (common codes yet reported by differing control
units)
5. Determine whether symptom is due to failing CAN BUS communication and or specific control unit (input sensor)
6. If symptom is CAN BUS related: Obtain Block diagram of CAN BUS Topology
7. If symptom is specific control unit (input sensor) related: obtain circuit diagram
8. \Measure supply and ground voltages of that specific ECM and Capture waveforms (of suspect component)
9. Keep customer informed of progress
10. Prepare Invoice (Diagnosis / Remove and replace)
11. Inform customer of final costing
12. Hand over (show photos, captured waveforms colored circuit diagrams and other supporting material)

4 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

What is an Oscilloscope - Good scope pattern

IMPORTANT
1 volt per division MUST, make sure
that oscilloscope is
floating. That
there is no part of
the oscilloscope
earthed unless
Y connected by
1 volt = 1,000 mv
Axis operator.
mv = milli volt
1 milli = one thousandth All captured
= micro waveforms are
1 micro = one millionth 1 volt / div relative to ground,
1 sec / div unless otherwise
Time stated
Voltage
Axis
1 second = 1,000 ms
ms = milli second
1 milli = one thousandth
= micro
1 micro = one millionth
+ Volts

0.0 Volts X Axis

Time base Axis

- Volts

1 second per division

Jeep Cherokee Manifold Air Pressure Sensor (MAP)
All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 5 of 47
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Instant Diagnosis of symptom (car cranks but does not start) - absence of spark duration

Old Coil Supply side of

Primary ignitions coil ignitions coil pattern
pattern (negative side (Positive side of
5 volt / div coil)
of coil)
10 ms / div

2 volt / div
1 sec / div

40ms pulse width (note

absence of primary
spark curve)

New Coil
5 volt / div 5 volt / div
Primary ignitions coil pattern
2 ms / div 4 ms / div
(negative side of coil)

Note presence of spark 6ms pulse width

duration
(Note change in
6ms pulse width sweep rate)

Volvo 240GL (primary ignition coil pattern)

6 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Types of Waveforms Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)

AC Sine Wave DC Sine Wave

+V +V

0.0 V Time 0.0 V Time

-V -V

AC Square Wave DC Square Wave

+V +V

0.0 V Time 0.0 V Time

-V -V

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All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

DC Square wave
DC Pulsed wave +V
+V

0.0 V Time
0.0 V Time

-V
-V
Initially DC square wave (Pulse Width Modulation)

+V
+V

0.0 V Time
0.0 V Time Pulse Width Modulation

-V
-V DC Saw-tooth wave
AC Saw-tooth wave

+V
+V

0.0 V Time
0.0 V Time

-V
-V

8 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

DC Stepped wave
AC Stepped wave
+V
+V

0.0 V Time
0.0 V Time

-V DC Triangular wave
-V
AC Triangular wave

+V
+V

0.0 V Time
0.0 V Time

DC Damped Sine wave

-V
-V
AC Damped Sine wave
+V
+V

0.0 V Time
0.0 V Time

-V
-V

All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 9 of 47

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

AC Square Wave signal If and when a square wave signal is

oscillating above and below zero passed through a capacitive circuit the
volts resultant will be spiked due to the
capacitor charging and discharging via
the resistor

+V Capacitor +V
In Out
0.0 V Time 0.0 V Time
Resistor

-V -V

Capacitor
+V +V
In Out

0.0 V Time 0.0 V Time

Resistor If and when a sine wave signal is passed
through a capacitive circuit / resistive
-V -V circuit, the resultant will be same sine
A sine wave oscillating about a wave signal yet without the DC bias
DC bias voltage voltage. This is due to the fact that
capacitors act as a short circuit for AC
and yet open circuit for DC. Hence, A
sine wave oscillating about (above and
below) zero volts

10 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Scope pattern- depicting characteristics of positive temperature co-efficient current draw of a tungsten filament.

500 mv / div
500 mv / div
0.1 s / div
0.1 sec / div

H3 100W - 5A per division and 0.1s H7 55W -5A per division and 0.1s

Good scope pattern,(H3 100W & H7 55W)

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All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Anatomy of waveform analysis - Typical Battery Supply voltage measured post to post (good scope pattern)
The Engine
Instant Starts and Dip in voltage due to turning
Engine & begins High beam lights ON
Quiescent Starts to charge
Supply Voltage regulator
Voltage immediately restores charge
voltage (following High beam
lights being turned ON

Ignition
Key ON Supply voltage
2 volt / div remains as
1 sec / div
The Quiescent until
Instant other activities
Engine takes place on the
Cranking supply Voltage

Initial
Turn
of the Supply voltage drops from
Crank Charge to Quiescent
Dips are a reflection of
compression cycles of
Cylinders (whilst cranking)
The Instant
Engine is turned
OFF
Nissan Pathfinder
12 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Typical Negative Battery Post to Block voltage measurement (it would be ideal if there were no voltage drop below zero
base line)
Engine Starts and whilst running is drawing
The Instant current (hence voltage drop)
Initial Turn of the Crank Engine
Maximum current draw Starts
(maximum voltage drop)

The Instant
The Instant of Engine is
Engine 100 mv / div turned OFF
Cranking 1 sec / div

Base ground voltage

drop remains same
Ignition (minimal) as the
Key ON remainder of control
units go to 'sleep

Quiescent
Current draw
zero base
minimal
ground
(voltage drop
voltage Dips signifying
Voltage drop below Zero volts base minimal)
compression of Cylinders
line (negative value) signifies
(whilst cranking)
Electrolysis
Subaru Outback
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All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Effect of a magnetic field on an inductor

100 mv / div
1 sec / div
A length of
automotive
coper wire

There will be no potential

difference (voltage)
between two ends of the
wire whilst magnet is
STATIONARY
North Magnet South

5 volt / div
0.2 ms / div

However as the magnet

rotates the generated AC
signal will be proportional to
rate at which the magnetic
field cuts the copper wire

14 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Anatomy of a Sine Wave (Y Axis voltage scale)

+ 1 volts Zero to peak= (RMS) X (1.414)

Peak

+ 0.707 volts RMS= (zero to peak) X (0.707)

Zero to Peak =
1 volts Root Mean Square (RMS) = the area under the
curve of zero to peak portion
+V

Peak to Peak =
0.0 V Time
2 volts

+V
-V
I

Peak
- 1 volts
-V
Ohms Law
Volts (RMS) = I (Amps) X R (Ohms)
Power = Volts (RMS) X I (Amps)

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All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Anatomy of a Sine Wave (X Axis time base)

One wavelength = One cycle of Peak to peak, or zero to zero

+ 1 volts One
wavelength

One
wavelength

+V
One
wavelength
0.0 V Time

-V

One
wavelength

- 1 volts

Frequency = 1 divided by wavelength

A frequency of 50 cycles per second = has a wavelength of 20 milli seconds

If there were 50 complete cycles in one second period (time) then each wavelength would be 20 milli seconds

16 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Voltage divider - Resistor circuit

1 volt / div
1 sec / div
1 volt / div
1 sec / div Supply 5v

R = 1 K Ohms

1 volt / div 1 volt / div

1 sec / div 1 sec / div
X
R = 1 K Ohms

1 volt / div
1 sec / div Ground 0v
1 volt / div
1 sec / div

Generic automotive voltage divider circuit

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All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Variable resistor - Voltage divider

1 volt / div
1 sec / div
Supply 5v

1 volt / div
1 sec / div

1 volt / div Throttle

1 sec / div poison
sensor
1 volt / div
1 sec / div

Angular
rotation in
degrees
1 volt / div
1 sec / div

1 volt / div
1 sec / div

Ground 0v
Generic automotive voltage divider variable resistor
18 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Direct Fire Ignition Module (DFI) with primary current limiter control

Supply 14v Spark

duration
DFI
Module
Engine Dwell period
Control
Module
Coil
Holding reserve
current

Coil Pack on DFI Module

NPN
Transistor

5 volt / div
2 ms / div

Holden VS Coil Pack 2-5

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All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Direct Fire Ignition Module (DFI) with primary current limiter control

Spark duration

Coil
reserve

5 volt / div
2 ms / div

Supply charge voltage

Supply charge at end of ignition
voltage prior to period
ignition trigger signal Holding
current

This type of current control is often Ramping current

referred to as a linear current control 200 mv/ div
- reflecting the manner the current is 2 ms / div
ramped-up.
Unlike switching current where it is
continuously switched to control the
amount of current flowing through the
Dwell
primary ignition coil.
period

Holden VS Coil Pack 2-5

20 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Injector pattern along with current draw during injector pulse

Supply 14v
5.0 v per div Injector
1ms per div pintle
5 volt / div
bounce as
1 ms / div
it reaches
Engine its rest
Control position
Module

Injector
coil/pintle
Injector
pulse width
3.5ms
NPN
Transistor
Holding
current
100 mv / div
1 ms / div
0.2A per div
1ms per div

Injector pintle
bounce as it
reaches its
maximum
extension
Hyuandai Excell - Good scope pattern engine at idle
All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 21 of 47
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Faulty Crank Angle Sensor (left) rectified (right) at idle

5 volt / div
1 sec / div
2 volt / div Supply 14v
20 ms / div

Angular
rotation in
degrees

3 wire
Hall 1volt / div
10 ms / div
Effect
1volt / div sensor Operational
10 ms / div Amplifier

Engine
2 volt / div
Control
0.1 sec / div
Module 100 mv / div
1 sec / div

Ground 0v

Mitsubishi Pajero
22 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Faulty Coil on plug Primary ignition pattern (left) rectified (right) idle
Supply 14v
5 volt / div
1 ms / div

5 volt / div
Engine
1 ms / div Control
Module

Primary
ignition Coil
on Plug 5 volt / div
1 ms / div

NPN
5 volt / div
Transistor
1 ms / div

1volt / div
1 sec / div
1volt / div
1 sec / div

Holden XC Barina
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All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Faulty supply to Ignition coil pattern (left) rectified (right) Ignition On, crank, run then ignition OFF

Supply 14v

2 volt / div
1 sec / div
Engine 5 volt / div
Control 1 sec / div
Module

Ignition Coil

NPN
Transistor

2 volt / div
1 sec / div
5 volt / div
20 ms / div

Susuki Vitara
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All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Faulty / semi blocked catalytic converter back pressure reflected on MAP (left) new cat converter MAP signal (right)
Ignition Off, then ignition ON, crank, run and rev engine number of times

Supply 5v

1 volt / div
1 volt / div 2 sec / div
2 sec / div

Manifold
Air
Pressure Engine
1 volt / div Sensor Control
2 sec / div Module

Ground 0v
Holden XC Barina
All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 25 of 47
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Single step Coolant temp sensor, as block temperature increases whilst engine running voltage will drop proportionately

Temperature Resistor Voltage

Voltage change is
proportionate to changes in
coolant temperature sensors Supply 5v
resistance.

Current limiting
Bias resistor

1 volt / div Coolant Operational

1 sec / div Temperature Amplifier
sensor
Negative Engine
Temperature Control
Coefficient Module
(NTC)

Ground 0v

Generic good automotive scope pattern

26 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Two step Coolant temp sensor, as block temperature increases whilst engine running voltage will drop proportionately

Current limiting
Bias resistor
Supply 5v

Voltage change is
1 volt / div
4 sec / div
proportionate to changes
in coolant temperature
sensors resistance.

Coolant
Temperature Operational
sensor Amplifier
Negative Engine
Temperature Control
Coefficient Module
(NTC)

Ground 0v

Generic good automotive scope pattern

All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 27 of 47
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Faulty Throttle Position Sensor note drop-out to zero volts, (left) new Throttle Position Sensor signal (right)

As the engine was revved, Throttle

Position Sensor followed the voltage Supply 5v
yet at times would exhibit a drop-out Throttle
(short) to a zero volts poison
sensor

500 mv / div
1 sec / div

1 volt / div
1 sec / div

Operational
Amplifier

Angular
rotation in Note, Absence of drop-out (short) to
degrees Engine ground Above trace is Ignition off then
Control On then crank then start, run, rev engine
Module then allow to idle

Note - drop-out (short) to

a zero volts

Ground 0v

Toyota Prado Landcruiser

28 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Bad earth Electrolysis (bottom left scope), Flush cooling system, clean earth strap, re-test (bottom/middle right scope)

Supply 12v
2 volt / div
1 sec / div
2 volt / div
1 sec / div

Operational
Amplifier
Operational

Initially, switch in closed

position, and as the switch is Pin Door Switch
open circuited, the voltage is
200 mv / div
2 sec / div pulled up to supply voltage due (Switches are always drawn in
to the pull-up resistor. non-active state)

Engine
Control
Module
Above scope pattern is of battery 100 mv / div
negative post to block. Ignition OFF, 1 sec / div
then ignition ON, then crank, then run
then allow idling then switching OFF.
Excessive electrolysis Left scope pattern, quiescent
voltage base line on zero,
crank, start, run then off. All on
same quiescent base line.
Generic, automotive earth scope pattern. Good earth

All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 29 of 47

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Fly By Wire Throttle position sensor Good scope patterns

Throttle poison sensor (1) as

butterfly rotates clockwise voltage
increases proportionally. 1 volt / div Fly by wire
1 sec / div Supply 5v

Operational
Throttle Amplifier
1 volt / div
1 sec / div poison
sensor (1)
Superimposed Throttle
poison sensor signals 1
and 2

Throttle Operational
poison Amplifier
sensor (2)

Angular
rotation

1 volt / div Engine

Throttle poison sensor (2) as 1 sec / div Control
butterfly rotates clockwise voltage Module
decreases proportionally.
Ground 0v

BA Ford good scope pattern

30 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Throttle Body Actuator control

At idle, Motor is Engine Control Module At

turning 3,000rpm,
backward Motor is
(anticlockwise) Supply 12v turning 5 volt / div
forward 0.2 ms / div
(clockwise)
2 volt / div
1 sec / div

5 volt / div
0.2 ms / div

1 volt / div
1 sec / div

DC Motor

Throttle body butterfly is spring loaded and is held

at rest position of 15% butterfly opening (1,800
rpm). Therefore, at 15% butterfly opening, the
voltage across the two terminals of the actuator Throttle
motor is ZERO volts body

BA Ford good scope pattern

All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 31 of 47
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Power steering switch engine at idle

Supply 12v

Engine
Control
Module
5 volt / div
1 sec / div

Operational
Amplifier
Operational

Power steering
switch

(Switches are
Power steering switch- Engine at idle, then as power always drawn
assist is required, the switch is closed. The voltage is in non active
pulled up - to supply voltage. And as assist is no longer state)
required, the switch is reverted to open position. The
pull down resistor will then pull the voltage down to
ground.

BA Ford good scope pattern

32 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) - IAC

Supply 12v Positively switched
Negatively switched 5 volt / div
0.4 ms / div

Supply 12v
Engine
Control Idle
Module Air
Control
Solenoid
PNP
Transistor
5 volt / div
1 ms / div

NPN
Transistor
Engine
Control
Module

5 volt / div
0.4 / div
Scope patterns depicting PWM Vacuum
controlling the position of Idle switching valve
Air Control valve pintle hence purge solenoid
rpm control

Suzuki Vitara good scope pattern

All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 33 of 47
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Blower motor

Supply 12v
Negatively switched
2 volt / div
At 25% 0.2 ms / div
2 volt / div
0.2 ms sec / div

Climatic
Control/
Amplifier

Blower
Fan
Cabin At lowest speed
Motor 2 volt / div
At 50% 0.2 ms / div
At highest speed
NPN
Transistor

2 volt / div
0.2 ms / div

1volt / div
At 75% 1 sec / div
Scope patterns depicting PWM
controlling the Blower Fan
Cabin Motor

SAAB 9/3 good scope pattern

34 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Heater circuit and Two step Oxygen Sensor

Supply voltage
Engine cold
oxygen sensor
Two Step at 450mv (is
Oxygen not oscillating) 200 mv / div
sensor as it warms up 10 sec / div
enters closed
loop and
begins to
oscillate
Inputs
from Engine
engine Control
sensors Module

Engine in
closed
loop
2 volt / div oscillating 100 mv / div
0.1 sec / div between 1 sec / div
0.1 and
Heater circuit the Pulse Width is adjusted to o.9 volts
control the heater temperature of the heater
circuit (PWM from 0 to supply voltage)

Mazda 2 - good scope pattern

All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 35 of 47
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Fuel pump current draw scope pattern left depicting a faulty fuel pump. Right of a new pump

Supply 12v
2 Amps / div
1 sec / div

2 Amps / div
1 sec / div
Engine
Control
Module

Old fuel pump ignition off, then on (times New fuel pump ignition off, then on (times
out) crank run then ignition of 2A per div out) crank run then ignition of 2A per div and 1
and 1 sec per div. sec per div.

Fuel
Pump
2 Amps / div Motor 2 Amps / div
10 ms / div 0.4 ms / div

Ground 0v
Old Pump engine at idle 2A per div and New Pump engine at idle 2A per div
0.4ms per div and 0.4ms per div
Mazda 6
36 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Variety of Hall Effect sensor signal waveforms good scope patterns

Supply

5 volt / div
20 ms / div Hall Effect
sensor
2 volt / div
20 ms / div

Mercedes Benz C180 CAM lobe Ford AU transmission output

1 volt / div
40 ms / div
Engine
Control
Module

Ground 0v
Holden TS Astra Cam Shaft
All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 37 of 47
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Variety of magnetic sensor signal waveforms good scope patterns

5 volt / div
1 ms / div

2 volt / div Magnetic

10 s / div sensor

Operational
Holden Vectra JS Cam shaft
Hyundai Excel crank angle Amplifier

Engine
Control
5 volt / div Module
1 ms / div 500 mv / div
20 ms / div

Ground 0v

VW Golf crank angle sensor Ford KH Laser pick up in distributor

38 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Transmission output speed sensor upper scope pattern faulty, lower scope pattern Good

5 volt / div Supply 12v

20 ms / div

3 Wires
Hall Effect output speed
sensor Operational
Amplifier

Transmission
5 volt / div Control Module
20 ms / div

Ground 0v

Ford AU - lower scope pattern - good

All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 39 of 47
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Variable Valve Timing Control (VVT control)

Engine crank and run at idle
Supply 14v

2 volt / div
Engine 20 ms / div
Control
Module

5 volt / div
1 ms / div

NPN
Transistor

Engine at idle - yet with the aid of scan

5 volt / div tool, VVT control activated to its
1 ms / div maximum advance setting as can be
seen the engine control module is
electronically commanding the solenoid
to adjust appropriately

Engine at 2,000rpm
VE Ute Good scope patterns
40 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Variable Valve Timing Control (VVT control)

DTC Implausible variable cam shaft timing control

VE Ute
All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 41 of 47
All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

1 2
Plug scan tool, turn ignition ON Check DLC Supply and grounds
and power up scan tool. Does it (pin 16 for supply and pins 4 & 5
power up! Then go to step 3, if for grounds)
NOT go to step 2

3 Select Make, year, model and
follow prompts. Should there be
communication error then check
DLC pin 6 and 14 for CAN BUS
communication signals. If NOT
go to step 4
4 Carry out system search - and
decipher as to which control units
(on the BUS) are able to
communicate with the scan tool.
Should all control units be present
then go to step 5, if NOT then go
to step 6

5 6
Extract specific Diagnostic Identify control unit that has failed
Trouble Codes from each and to communicate and check
every control module on the supplies grounds. Then
CAN BUS and determine communication signal
whether it is CAN BUS issue wires/terminals
and or specific sensor to a
control module

42 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Power-train Control Climate Control Body Electrical Interior Command

module (PCM) (HIM) Module (BEM) centre (ICC)

Micro Processor Micro Processor Micro Processor Micro Processor

Anti-Lock Braking Scan TOOL

System (ABS)
Diagnostic Link
P0303 Connector (DLC)

Micro Processor Instrument

Cluster (INS)

P-Power-train 0-Generic DTC 1-Fuel &air metering 03 fault e.g. cylinder No 3

B-Body 1-manufacturer specific 2-Injector circuit Micro Processor
C-Chassis 2-ditto 3-Ignition combustion
U-CAN BUS 3-ditto 4-Emmission control
5-Speed and idle control
6-Internal computer control Extract specific Diagnostic Trouble Codes
7-Transmission from each and every control module on the
8Ttransmisson CAN BUS

All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 43 of 47

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Power-train Control
module (PCM)

Anti-Lock Braking
System (ABS)

Climate Control
(HIM)

Body Electrical
Interrogate Diagnostic trouble
Module (BEM)
codes and identify frequent codes
(common codes yet reported by
differing control units)

Interior Command
centre (ICC)

Instrument Cluster
(INS)

44 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

PIN 6 - High side of High Speed CAN BUS

Low side of
High Speed
CAN BUS
PIN 14 Instrument Cluster
Interior Command Supply PIN 16 (INS)
centre (ICC) PIN 6

PIN 14
PIN 4 -Ground
Diagnostic Link
Connector (DLC)
Body Electrical PIN 5 -
Module (BEM) Ground

Climate Control
(HIM)

Anti-Lock Braking
System (ABS)

Power-train Control Determine whether symptom is due to failing

module (PCM) CAN BUS communication and or specific
control unit (input sensor)

All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 45 of 47

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Abbreviation, acronyms and references:

Abbreviations:

DFI Direct fire Ignition

CAN BUS Controlled Area Network Bidirectional Universal System
BEM Body Electrical Module
PCM Power Control Module
HIM Heater and air conditioning Integrated Module
SRS Supplementary Restraint System
INS Instrument Cluster Panel
ICC Interior Command Centre
DMM Digital Multi meter
OSC Oscilloscope
ICU Immobilizer Control Unit
YRS Yaw Rate Sensor
SAS Steering Angle sensor
APPs Accelerator Pedal Position sensor
TPS Throttle position Sensor
ECTS Engine coolant temperature Sensor
CKPS Crankshaft position Sensor

Web sites: (these are only a few of sites visited)

References:

http://my.ece.ucsb.edu/bobsclass/2A/Labs/2A%20Lab%203%20-%202009.pdf
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/oscilloscope_tutorial/measurement_terms.html
http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5989-8064EN.pdf
http://courses.washington.edu/phys431/scope_ex/scope_ex.pdf
http://www.picoauto.com/waveforms/Ignition/Secondary/wave85.html
http://www.flashcardmachine.com/automotive-waveforms.html
http://ecee.colorado.edu/~mcclurel/txyzscopes.pdf
http://www.picotech.com/education/oscilloscopes/advanced-triggering.html
http://autoclub.atilim.edu.tr/dokuman/Automotive%20Electrical%20and%20Electronic%20Systems/Chapter11.pdf
http://www.dtec.net.au/Multi%20Spark%20Ignition.htm

46 of 47 All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution
Prepared for WIRE & GAS 2012 Training Convention Oscilloscope waveform types and interpretation Authors: Sam Nazarian & Jack Stepanian

Notes:

All Rights Reserved Long Reef Garage PTY LTD 47 of 47

All recorded measurements are believed to be true representation of and are based on unproblematic motor vehicle management. ALL rights are reserved to make changes without prior
notice. ALL conditions prescribed under the copyright act are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
without prior expressed written notice, it is an offence All intellectual materials are the property of the authors.
For Circuit diagrams, connector Location/end views and pin configurations please see TAT, Relim Bookworks, Repco Auto Tech Encyclopedia, Auto Data, Automotive Service Solution