You are on page 1of 17

3/8/2016

Classification of engines OVERVIEW OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES

Reciprocating engines are classified as spark-


ignition (SI) engines or compression-ignition (CI) E - Exhaust camshaft
engines, depending on how the combustion I - Intake camshaft
process in the cylinder is initiated. S - Spark plug
V - Valves
In SI engines, the combustion of the airfuel P - Piston
mixture is initiated by a spark plug. R - Connecting rod
C - Crankshaft
W - Water jacket for
In CI engines, the airfuel mixture is self-ignited as
coolant flow
a result of compressing the mixture above its
selfignition temperature.

The Crankshaft Cylinder


Transforms the reciprocating motion of the piston and
The core of the engine is the cylinder, with the
connecting rod into rotary motion for the propeller.
piston moving up and down inside the cylinder.

Valves not shown

1
3/8/2016

Connecting rod TDC & BDC


Link which transmits forces between the piston and
The piston reciprocates in the cylinder between two fixed positions called
the crankshaft. the top dead center (TDC)the position of the piston when it forms the
smallest volume in the cylinderand the bottom dead center (BDC)
the position of the piston when it forms the largest volume in the
cylinder.

Stroke Intake & exhaust valves


The distance between the TDC and the BDC is the largest distance The air or airfuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder through the
that the piston can travel in one direction, and it is called the stroke intake valve, and the combustion products are expelled from the
of the engine. The diameter of the piston is called the bore. cylinder through the exhaust valve.

The intake and exhaust


valves open at the proper
time to let in air and fuel
and to let out exhaust.

Note that both valves are


closed during compression
and combustion so that
the combustion chamber
is sealed.

2
3/8/2016

Displacement volume Compression ratio


The minimum volume formed in the cylinder when the piston is at TDC is The ratio of the maximum volume formed in the cylinder to the minimum
called the clearance volume. The volume displaced by the piston as it (clearance) volume is called the compression ratio r of the engine:
moves between TDC and BDC is called the displacement volume.

V max VBDC
r
V min VTDC

Indicated Work per Cycle Indicated Work per Cycle


Given the cylinder pressure data over the operating cycle of the engine Given the cylinder pressure data over the operating cycle of the engine
one can calculate the work done by the gas on the piston. These data one can calculate the work done by the gas on the piston. This data is
are typically given as PV. typically given as PV.

The indicated work per cycle is given by Wi PdV The indicated work per cycle is given by Wi PdV

A WA > 0

WB < 0

Compression Power Exhaust Intake Compression Power Exhaust Intake


W<0 W>0 W<0 W>0 W<0 W>0 W<0 W<0

3
3/8/2016

The Otto and Diesel cycles are the ideal


cycles for the SI and CI reciprocating
engines respectively.

Four-stroke internal combustion engines

Otto Cycle In most spark-ignition engines, the piston executes


The Otto cycle is the ideal cycle for spark-ignition four complete strokes (two mechanical cycles)
reciprocating engines. It is named after Nikolaus A. within the cylinder, and the crankshaft completes
Otto, who built a successful four-stroke engine in two revolutions for each thermodynamic cycle.
1876 in Germany using the cycle proposed by These engines are called four-stroke internal
Frenchman Beau de Rochas in 1862. combustion engines.

4
3/8/2016

The air-standard Otto cycle is the ideal cycle that


approximates the spark-ignition combustion engine.

Process Description
1-2 Isentropic compression
REAL ENGINES
2-3 Constant volume heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume heat rejection

Internal Combustion Engine: 4-stroke Otto cycle


Internal Combustion Engine: 4-stroke Otto cycle
Step 1: Induction Stroke - Intake of gas-air mixture from
the carburetor Step 2: Compression stroke - Compression of the air-gas mixture
Engine pulls piston out Piston moves from BDC
of cylinder; to TDC;

Low pressure in Both Inlet & exhaust


cylinder; valves closed;

Atmospheric pressure Engine pushes piston


pushes fuel air mixture into cylinder (volume
into cylinder; decreases): high pressure
and temperature in
Engine does work on cylinder;
gases during this
stroke; Engine does work on
gases during this stroke;
Inlet valve open,
exhaust valve closed; At the end of this stroke
a spark is introduced.
Piston moves from TDC
to BDC.

5
3/8/2016

Internal Combustion Engine: 4-stroke Otto cycle Internal Combustion Engine: 4-stroke Otto cycle
Step 3: Power / Working Stroke - Ignition and Expansion of the Step 3: Power / Working Stroke - Ignition and Expansion of the
air-gas mixture air-gas mixture

Mixture burns to form


Only during this stroke the engine develops power;
hot gases: pressure
increases suddenly; For the compression and expansion strokes, engine gets
Gases push piston power from its crankshaft;
from TDC to BDC,
generating work; Power required for the compression and expansion
Both inlet & exhaust
strokes is only a fraction of the power developed by the
valves are kept closed; engine.
Gas does work on
engine during this
stroke: engine develops
power.

Internal Combustion Engine: 4-stroke Otto cycle LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS: REAL ENGINES
Step 4: Exhaust Stroke - Exhaust of waste gas
Engine pushes piston back
into cylinder: pressure
inside pushes burnt gas
out of cylinder through
open exhaust valve;
Piston moves from BDC to
TDC; Inline-4 Flat-4
Inlet valve is kept closed
to prevent exhaust gas to
reach the inlet manifold;
Engine does work on gas
during this stroke.

Complete removal of exhaust gas is very important for the efficient


combustion of the next cycle.
V-6 Overhead Cam-4

6
3/8/2016

Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines


Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines

1. The energy addition in an actual process is never at constant pressure


or at constant volume;
2. The process of expansion and compression are never isentropic
because of the heat transfer to or from the system;
3. A finite amount of work is required for the suction of fresh air or
charge and the discharge of products of combustion.

MEP or imep (pi) The mean effective pressure (MEP) is a fictitious pressure that, if it
operated on the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the
same amount of net work as that produced during the actual cycle.
The mean effective pressure found from the indicator
diagram is referred to as the indicated mean effective Wnet wnet
MEP
Vmax Vmin vmax vmin
pressure, imep (pi)

The mean effective pressure can be


used as a parameter to compare
the performances of reciprocating
engines of equal size. The engine
with a larger value of MEP delivers
more net work per cycle and thus
performs better.

7
3/8/2016

Indicated Power (ip) Net work done per cycle (area of power loop area of pumping loop)
The indicated power is defined as the rate of work done by
the gas on the piston as evaluated from an indicator Work done per cycle = MEP x A x L

diagram. Where

MEP - Mean effective pressure;


A - Area of piston;
L - length of stroke.

Brake Power (bp)


Indicated Power (ip)
The term brake power, bp , is used to specify that the power
ip = Work done per cycle x cycles per unit time is measured at the output shaft, this is the usable power

= MEP x A x L x cycles per unit time delivered by the engine to the load.

= MEP x A x L x N x n / nR The engine is connected to a brake which can be loaded in


such a way that the torque (T) exerted by the engine can
Where
be measured:
N crankshaft (or engine) speed in rev/s;
nR number of crank revolutions per cycle; The torque (T) is obtained by reading off a net load, W, at
= 2 for 4-stroke; a known radius, R, from the axis of rotation.
= 1 for 2-stroke;
n - number of cylinders. T=WR
N crankshaft (or engine) speed in rev/s

8
3/8/2016

Brake Power (bp)


An IC engine was tested in the lab at a speed of 1000
Torque is measured off the output shaft using a dynamometer.
rpm with an effective load of 1 kN on the brake drum
b

Stator Force F having a radius of 0.75 m. Calculate the brake power


Rotor

N
produced by the engine.
Load cell

78.6 kW
The torque exerted by the engine is T = Load (W) x radius (R)
The brake power, bp, delivered by the engine turning at a speed N and
absorbed by the dynamometer is:
rad rev
bp T ( 2 N ) T units : ( J ) W (1 kW 1.341 hp )
rev s

Friction Power & Mechanical Efficiency Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP)
The difference between the ip and the bp is the friction
power (fp), and is that power required to overcome the
frictional resistance of the engine parts: The indicated mean effective pressure, imep (pi) does not contain
the effect of friction or work necessary to pump the gases in and
fp = ip bp out and drive the camshaft and various accessories. It consequently
is higher than the brake mean effective pressure or bmep (pb).
The mechanical efficiency of the engine is defined as:

bp
Mechanical efficiency, M bmep = M x imep
ip
or
bmep
where M usually lies between 80 and 90%. imep
M

9
3/8/2016

Brake mean effective pressure, bmep (pb) A four-stroke single cylinder IC engine develops 5 kW
of brake power with a mechanical efficiency of 80%
The pi is consequently higher than the brake mean effective
running at 1500 rpm. If the indicated mean effective
pressure or bmep (pb).
pressure is 7 bar, find the dimensions of the cylinder
assuming that stroke length and diameter are equal.
bmep = M x imep
pb = M x pi
97 mm
or

bmep pb
imep pi
M M

We know that Brake mean effective pressure, bmep


bp
Mechanical efficiency, M
ip M and MEP are difficult to obtain and are usually combined
bp M x ip and replaced by brake mean effective pressure, bmep (pb):

and bmep = M x MEP

ip = pi x A x L x N x n / nR bmep x A x L x N x n
bp
2
For a four-stroke engine (nR = 2)
But
x pi x A x L x N x n bp T ( 2 N ) T
bp M
2
bmep A L N n
2NT
2

10
3/8/2016

Brake mean effective pressure, bmep Brake Power (bp)


Torque is measured off the output shaft using a dynamometer.
bmep A L N n b
2NT Force F
2 Stator
Rotor

N
4 Load cell

bmep T
ALn
The torque exerted by the engine is T = Load (F) x radius (R)
The brake power, bp, delivered by the engine turning at a speed N and
bmep T absorbed by the dynamometer is:
rad rev
bmep is directly proportional to the engine torque and bp T ( 2 N ) T units : ( J ) W (1 kW 1.341 hp )
rev s
is independent of the engine speed.

Morse Test Morse Test


For a four-cylinder engine:
Morse Test is applicable to multi-cylinder engines: If the values of ip of the cylinders are denoted by I1, I2, I3 and I4,
1. The engine is run at desired speed and output is noted; and the power losses in each cylinder are denoted by L1, L2, L3
2. One of the cylinders is cut out by short circuiting spark plug. and L4, then the value of bp, B, at the test speed with all
Under this condition other cylinders motor this cut cylinder. cylinders firing is given by:
The speed falls because of the loss of power with one
cylinder but is restored by reducing the load. B = (I1 L1) + (I2 L2) + (I3 L3) + (I4 L4)
3. The Torque is measured again when the speed has reached
and if number 1 cylinder is cut off, then I1 = 0. The new bp, B1:
its original value.
4. The difference in output is measure of the indicated power B1 = (0 L1) + (I2 L2) + (I3 L3) + (I4 L4)
of cut-out cylinder. Thus for each cylinder indicated power
B - B1 = I1
is obtained to find out total indicated power.

11
3/8/2016

Morse Test Brake Thermal Efficiency, BT

By cutting out each cylinder in turn the values , I2, I3 and I4 can The power output of the engine is obtained from the
be obtained: chemical energy of the fuel supplied. The overall
I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 efficiency of the engine is given by the brake thermal
efficiency, BT, brake work
BT
energy supplied
bp
BT
x Q net,v
m

Where .
mf is the mass of fuel consumed per unit time;
Q net,v is the net calorific value of the fuel.

Specific fuel consumption, sfc


Indicated Thermal Efficiency, IT
The specific fuel consumption (sfc) is the mass flow rate
It is the ratio of indicated power developed on the piston to
of fuel consumed per unit power output, and is a the energy content of the fuel supplied. It represents the
criterion of economical power production: conversion factor of chemical energy of fuel into linear
. mechanical power.
mf
sfc Indicated power (ip)
bp
IT
Fuel power
ip
IT .
m f x Q net,v

12
3/8/2016

Indicated Thermal Efficiency, IT Volume of air induced (V) & Swept Volume(Vs)
Dividing BT by IT
bp
BT .
TDC

m f x Q net, v Stroke VS VS VS VS

BDC
ip
IT . Bore

m f x Q net, v
Ve = VS n
Ve = (/4) D2 L n
BT bp Where:
M Ve = engine capacity, Vs = cylinder swept volume
IT ip n = number of cylinders, L = stroke, D = bore diameter

Volumetric Efficiency, V Volumetric Efficiency, V

Air Entering the Engine


V
Engine Displacement

Volume of Air Entering the Engine


V
Swept Volume

13
3/8/2016

. & ,

Volumetric Efficiency, V A four-cylinder petrol engine has a bore of 57 mm and a stroke of 90 mm.
Its rated speed is 2800 rev/min and it is tested at this speed against a brake
which has a torque arm of 0.356 m. The net brake load is 155 N and the
Engines are only capable of 80% to 90% volumetric mass of fuel consumed is 0.001 376 kg/s and it has a lower calorific value of
efficiency. 44 200 kJ/kg.
Volumetric efficiency depends upon throttle opening
and engine speed as well as induction and exhaust A Morse test is carried out and the cylinders are cut out in the order 1, 2, 3,
system layout, port size and valve timing and opening 4, with corresponding brake loads of 111, 106.5, 104.2 and 111 N,
duration. respectively. Calculate for this speed:
a) the engine torque;
High volumetric efficiency increases engine power.
b) the bmep;
Turbo charging is capable of increasing volumetric
c) the brake thermal efficiency;
efficiency up to 50%. d) the specific fuel consumption;
e) the mechanical efficiency and the imep.
(55.2 Nm; 7.55 bar; 26.6%; 0.306 kg/kWh; 82.8%; 9.12 bar)

A quality governed four-stroke, single cylinder gas


engine has a bore of 146 mm and a stroke of 280 mm. At
475 rev/min and full load the net load on the friction
brake is 433 N, and the torque arm is 0.45 m. The
indicator diagram gives a net area of 578 mm2 and a
length of 70 mm with a spring rating of 0.815 bar per
mm. Calculate the ip, bp and mechanical efficiency.
(12.49 kW; 9.69 kW; 77.6%)

14
3/8/2016

Thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle as a


function of compression ratio (k = 1.4)

Timing diagram

For a given compression ratio, an ideal Otto cycle using a monatomic


gas (such as argon or helium, k = 1.667) as the working fluid will have
the highest thermal efficiency.

15
3/8/2016

Two-Stroke Engine Two-Stroke Engine


Less moving parts:
Piston
Crank shaft
A two-stroke, two-cycle, or two-cycle engine is a type of internal Reed valve

combustion engine which completes a power cycle in only one


Oil is mixed in fuel for lubrication,
crankshaft revolution and with two strokes, or up and down Hence engine can operate at any angle

movements, of the piston in comparison to a "four-stroke


Runs hotter , quicker in acceleration,
engine", which uses four strokes to do so. and lighter in weight then 4-stroke.

Top of the piston is wedged shape in


order to help incoming gases to enter
and exhaust gases to escape.

Get fewer km per litre

Operation of two-stroke engine Intake & Compression stroke


The two stroke engine employs the crankcase as
well as the cylinder to achieve all the elements of Intake. The fuel/air mixture is first drawn into
the cycle in only two strokes of the piston. the crankcase by the vacuum created during the
upward stroke of the piston through the reed valve.

360 degrees rotation of crankshaft


completes the cycle.
Compression. The piston then rises, driven by
flywheel momentum, and compresses the fuel
mixture. (At the same time, another intake stroke
is happening beneath the piston).

16
3/8/2016

Power & Exhaust/Transfer Stroke


Operation of Two-stroke
Power. At the top of the stroke the
spark plug ignites the fuel mixture.
The burning fuel expands, driving
the piston downward.

Exhaust/Transfer:Toward the end of the stroke,


the piston exposes the intake port, allowing the
compressed fuel/air mixture in the crankcase to
escape around the piston into the main cylinder.
This expels the exhaust gasses out the exhaust
port, usually located on the opposite side of the
cylinder.

17

You might also like