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V max VBDC
r
V min VTDC
The indicated work per cycle is given by Wi PdV The indicated work per cycle is given by Wi PdV
A WA > 0
WB < 0
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Process Description
1-2 Isentropic compression
REAL ENGINES
2-3 Constant volume heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume heat rejection
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Internal Combustion Engine: 4-stroke Otto cycle Internal Combustion Engine: 4-stroke Otto cycle
Step 3: Power / Working Stroke - Ignition and Expansion of the Step 3: Power / Working Stroke - Ignition and Expansion of the
air-gas mixture air-gas mixture
Internal Combustion Engine: 4-stroke Otto cycle LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS: REAL ENGINES
Step 4: Exhaust Stroke - Exhaust of waste gas
Engine pushes piston back
into cylinder: pressure
inside pushes burnt gas
out of cylinder through
open exhaust valve;
Piston moves from BDC to
TDC; Inline-4 Flat-4
Inlet valve is kept closed
to prevent exhaust gas to
reach the inlet manifold;
Engine does work on gas
during this stroke.
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MEP or imep (pi) The mean effective pressure (MEP) is a fictitious pressure that, if it
operated on the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the
same amount of net work as that produced during the actual cycle.
The mean effective pressure found from the indicator
diagram is referred to as the indicated mean effective Wnet wnet
MEP
Vmax Vmin vmax vmin
pressure, imep (pi)
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Indicated Power (ip) Net work done per cycle (area of power loop area of pumping loop)
The indicated power is defined as the rate of work done by
the gas on the piston as evaluated from an indicator Work done per cycle = MEP x A x L
diagram. Where
= MEP x A x L x cycles per unit time delivered by the engine to the load.
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N
produced by the engine.
Load cell
78.6 kW
The torque exerted by the engine is T = Load (W) x radius (R)
The brake power, bp, delivered by the engine turning at a speed N and
absorbed by the dynamometer is:
rad rev
bp T ( 2 N ) T units : ( J ) W (1 kW 1.341 hp )
rev s
Friction Power & Mechanical Efficiency Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP)
The difference between the ip and the bp is the friction
power (fp), and is that power required to overcome the
frictional resistance of the engine parts: The indicated mean effective pressure, imep (pi) does not contain
the effect of friction or work necessary to pump the gases in and
fp = ip bp out and drive the camshaft and various accessories. It consequently
is higher than the brake mean effective pressure or bmep (pb).
The mechanical efficiency of the engine is defined as:
bp
Mechanical efficiency, M bmep = M x imep
ip
or
bmep
where M usually lies between 80 and 90%. imep
M
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Brake mean effective pressure, bmep (pb) A four-stroke single cylinder IC engine develops 5 kW
of brake power with a mechanical efficiency of 80%
The pi is consequently higher than the brake mean effective
running at 1500 rpm. If the indicated mean effective
pressure or bmep (pb).
pressure is 7 bar, find the dimensions of the cylinder
assuming that stroke length and diameter are equal.
bmep = M x imep
pb = M x pi
97 mm
or
bmep pb
imep pi
M M
ip = pi x A x L x N x n / nR bmep x A x L x N x n
bp
2
For a four-stroke engine (nR = 2)
But
x pi x A x L x N x n bp T ( 2 N ) T
bp M
2
bmep A L N n
2NT
2
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N
4 Load cell
bmep T
ALn
The torque exerted by the engine is T = Load (F) x radius (R)
The brake power, bp, delivered by the engine turning at a speed N and
bmep T absorbed by the dynamometer is:
rad rev
bmep is directly proportional to the engine torque and bp T ( 2 N ) T units : ( J ) W (1 kW 1.341 hp )
rev s
is independent of the engine speed.
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By cutting out each cylinder in turn the values , I2, I3 and I4 can The power output of the engine is obtained from the
be obtained: chemical energy of the fuel supplied. The overall
I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 efficiency of the engine is given by the brake thermal
efficiency, BT, brake work
BT
energy supplied
bp
BT
x Q net,v
m
Where .
mf is the mass of fuel consumed per unit time;
Q net,v is the net calorific value of the fuel.
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Indicated Thermal Efficiency, IT Volume of air induced (V) & Swept Volume(Vs)
Dividing BT by IT
bp
BT .
TDC
m f x Q net, v Stroke VS VS VS VS
BDC
ip
IT . Bore
m f x Q net, v
Ve = VS n
Ve = (/4) D2 L n
BT bp Where:
M Ve = engine capacity, Vs = cylinder swept volume
IT ip n = number of cylinders, L = stroke, D = bore diameter
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. & ,
Volumetric Efficiency, V A four-cylinder petrol engine has a bore of 57 mm and a stroke of 90 mm.
Its rated speed is 2800 rev/min and it is tested at this speed against a brake
which has a torque arm of 0.356 m. The net brake load is 155 N and the
Engines are only capable of 80% to 90% volumetric mass of fuel consumed is 0.001 376 kg/s and it has a lower calorific value of
efficiency. 44 200 kJ/kg.
Volumetric efficiency depends upon throttle opening
and engine speed as well as induction and exhaust A Morse test is carried out and the cylinders are cut out in the order 1, 2, 3,
system layout, port size and valve timing and opening 4, with corresponding brake loads of 111, 106.5, 104.2 and 111 N,
duration. respectively. Calculate for this speed:
a) the engine torque;
High volumetric efficiency increases engine power.
b) the bmep;
Turbo charging is capable of increasing volumetric
c) the brake thermal efficiency;
efficiency up to 50%. d) the specific fuel consumption;
e) the mechanical efficiency and the imep.
(55.2 Nm; 7.55 bar; 26.6%; 0.306 kg/kWh; 82.8%; 9.12 bar)
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Timing diagram
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