Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Active Filters - Band Pass, Band reject (II order Butterworth)-Magnitude and phase
characteristics, Qfactor.
2. Amplitude modulation - frequency modulation
3. Balanced modulator
4. PLL characteristics and demodulation using PLL
5. AM generation and demodulation using OP-AMPs and IC multipliers
6. PAM .modulator and demodulator
7. PWM modulator and Demodulator
8. PPM modulator and Demodulator.
SPICE: Simulation of experiments listed above using CAD tools (It is desirable to
carry out the implementation followed by simulation)
Note : 50 % marks is earmarked for continuous evaluation, and 50 % marks for end
semester examination to be assessed by two examiners .A candidate shall secure a
minimum of 50 % marks in the aggregate and 50 % minimum in the end semester
examination for a pass.
1. SECOND ORDER ACTIVE BAND PASS & BAND ELIMINATION
FILTERS
Aim :
To design and set up a second order active Butterworth filter for a cut- off
frequency of . KHz. For a Q factor 10 and a second order active Notch filter for a
cut off frequency of KHz.. To plot the frequency response find the bandwidth,
Components and Equipments Required:
Opamp IC 741,capacitors, resistors, function generator, CRO, dual power
supply, breadboard, connector wires
Circuit diagram
Active BPF
Active BPF
Theory:
Refer standard text books for Opamps.
Design Equation
Active BPF
Af < 2 Q 2
Fc=
Assume Q , Af =1.5 , C1= C2 = ----
R1 = Q / (2 fc C Af)
R3 = Q/ (2 fc C ( 2Q 2- Af))
Rcom =R3
R2 = Q / ( Fc C)
Fo = 1 /(2 RC)
Asssume C Find R
Take Af = 1.5
Find Rf and R1.
Tabulation
For active BPF
Vin constant =
Sl No Freqency in Hz Out put Voltage in volts Gain in Db
For active Notch filter
Vin constant =
Sl No Freqency in Hz Out put Voltage in volts Gain in Db
Details to be added :
Pin diagram of IC 741 & design parameters. Refer necessary data sheets
Procedure:
Make connections as per circuit diagram. Set up the input voltage in
function generator .Keep this constant for the entire experiment.
Vary the input frequency and note the change in output voltage for each case. Check the
condition of input voltage. Tabulate the readings find. Gain in each case. Plot the
frequency response.
Result:
A second order Active BPF and active notch filter (Butterworth) was set up and
their frequency response is plotted.
2.AM MODULATION & DETECTION
Aim :
To design and set up an amplitude modulation circuit using collector modulation
scheme for a carrier frequency of ------KHz.
To design and set up a detector circuit to detect this AM wave.
Circuit diagram
Am detector
Design equation :
Assume VCC = 10 V. Ic ( from Data sheet ) Vce = 50% of Vcc .hfe = ( from data
sheet
Re = VCE /Ic
Ib =Ic / hfe
10 Ib flows through R1 and 9 Ib flows through R2
Find R1 and R2
From Equation fc= 1/(2 LC)
Assume C & find L. and tune IFT accordingly.
Or for known L design C.
C2 = 2.2 nF
C r = 0.01 F
R= 4.7 K
For by passing.
RC >>Time period of Rf
Rc= 100 T
Assume C find R or assume R find C
Waveforms
Brief theory
Without the signal in AFT the circuit acts as a Hartley oscillator. When we apply an
AF the AF signal gets added along with Vcc and the amplitude of the output varies
according to the AF signal. The RF frequency is determined by the the value of the
inductance in primary coil of IFT and the capacitance connected in parallel to it.
Procedure
Check the inductance of primary coil of IFT using LCR meter. And tune it
to necessary value. Make connections as per circuit diagram. Before applying AF
signal check whether you are getting an
Rf signal. Note its frequency and amplitude. Give
Af . Note the AM signal . Draw the waveform. Calculate the modulation index.m
Result :
An Am modulator and detector circuit has been set up and the modulation index
is calculated.
RF obtained =
Modulation index =
3.RF OSCILLATORS
Aim:
To design and set up a crystal oscillator for a frequency of _______MHz.
To design and set up a Colpitts Oscillator for a frequency of ---KHz
And plot the waveforms.
Vcc
Crystal oscillator
Design
For Colpits Oscillator
Assume Vcc=10 V
Ic 1mA(typical)
Hfe (find from data sheets)
Vc = 50% of Vcc,
f=
Vre = 0.1 Vcc
Re =
Rc = (Vcc Vce Vre )/Ic
Vbe+ Vre = Ib. R2
Find R2
R1 = Vcc Vr2 / 10 I b
X ce < Re /10
Find Ce
From eqn F =1 / (2 LC)
C1 =C2 = assume the value and find L
Procedure.
For both circuits.
Make the connections as per circuit diagram. Check the Dc
conditions. After switching the power supply. Connect to oscilloscope. View thw
waveform. Measure its amplitude and frequency.
Result :
The circuits of Crystal oscillator and Colpitts oscillator are set up and
waveforms are plotted.
Circuit diagram
Tabulations
Theory:
Procedure:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . Check the conditions
of amplifier . apply the input. Keep the input voltage constant. Vary the frequency. Note
output voltage and calculate gain in each case. Plot the response. (Use ordinary graph
sheets). Find Q, Band width etc.
Result :
An IF amplifier circuit was designed and set up and Fh, Fl, Fc bandwidth etc are found
after plotting the response curve..
5. Pulse Amplitude Modulation and detection
Aim :
To design and set up a Pam modulator and detector and to plot waveforms.
PAM detector
Design
T = I/ Fc
RC > 16 T
Assume any one find other.
Specifications of BFW 10
( refer data sheet.)
Theory.
Procedure.
Connections are made as per circuit diagram. Give the inputs note the
waveforms, plot it. Observe the output PAM and detected one.
Result:
The circuit for Pam and its detector is set up and waveforms are noted.
6.Frequency synthesizer using PLL
Aim
To design and set up a circuit for frequency multiplication using PLL . for a
multiplication factor K.
To find the lock and capture range and centre frequency of given PLL IC
Circuit diagram
To find Lock and capture range
Design
Theory:
Result.
Frequency synthesizer circuit using PLL is set up.
7.Mixer Circuit
Aim:
To design and set up a frequency translator circuit and to measure the output for
various input frequencies .IF assumed is ----- KHz.
Circuit Diagram
Subtraction
VLO= V constant F LO = KHz constant V Rf = V Constant
Frequency Vout in V Gain in db
Theory:
Refer your communication Engg Text books
Procedure.
Connect as per the circuit diagram. Keep the frequency and input voltage of the function
generator chosen as Local oscillator constant. Note the values. Note the value of input
voltage of function generator chosen as RF signal. Take two sets of readings such that in
Case 1 : F RF + F LO = IF chosen (addition). Vary the RF signal frequency note the output
voltage.(Note that the output voltage increases as the frequency increases, you will get the
maximum output voltage in this case at the above condition. The output voltage slowly
decreases after that.)
Case 2 : F RF - F LO = IF chosen (subtraction) : Reeat the same procedure. (You will find
the same)
Tabulate the readings. Plot the graph.
Result:
Circuit diagram
Theory:
Result:
TDM circuit was set up and it waveforms are noted.
Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation
Aim :
To design and set up a circuit to obtain Pulse width and Pulse Position
modulated waveforms.
Components and Equipments Required:
ICs time Ic, Lm 311 comparator, Resistors, Capacitors, Diode
1N4007,Wires, Power supply, CRO, Function generator etc.
Circuit diagram
Design condition:
Waveforms
Pinout of LM 311 & Timer IC
Brief Theory:
Timer IC is wired in Astable mode. The threshold signal is compared with the
modulating signal. LM 311 is preferred because of its high slew rate. By differentiating
PWM wave form PPM wave is obtained.
Procedure.
Make connections as per circuit diagram. Check whether you are
getting the wave form of charging and discharging of capacitor. Draw the wave form.
Set the modulating signal. Give the necessary Offset voltage to modulating signals, so that
we get a compared output from LM311.Note the waveform. Draw this waveform over the
discharge wave form as shown .Observe the PWM and PPM output. Draw comparisons
and draw PPM and PWM waveforms.
Result:
The circuit for Pulse width and Pulse position Modulation was set up and the output
waveforms are plotted.
AGC and delayed AGC
Aim:
To design and set up circuits for simple and delayed AGCs and to note the
change in output voltage when modulating voltage increases.
Circuit diagram
Simple AGC
Delayed AGC
Design
Let the maximum modulating signal be % KHz
Max carrier freq = 500 KHz.
R1 C1 >> time period of RF filter
R1 C1 =100T take C1= 0.01 F find R1
R1=R2 (approximate)
R1 + R2 = Xc2 find C2
Take R3 C2 =100 T >> time period of AF.
Assume C2 = 0.01 F . Find R3.
Assume C3 =0.01 F
Assume C4 = 100pF. And R4 = 10 K pot
R5 = 500 K and C5= 20 F
Ideal graph
Tabulations
Simple AGC
Input voltage Output voltage
Delayed AGC
Input voltage Output voltage
Theory:
Refer text books for communication Engineering
Procedure.
Connect as per circuit diagram. lowly increase the modulating signals. Note
the change in AGC output. Tabulate the reading. Repeat the same for delyed AGC. Plt the
graph.
Result.
Simple and Delayed AGC circuits are set uo and the variations in output when
there is change in modulating signal is noted.
FM Modulation and Detection using PLL
Aim:
To design and set up Fm Modulation and Detection using PLL ICs.
Circuit diagram
Waveforms
Pin details of IC 4046
(refer data sheet)
Specifications of IC4046
(refer data sheets)
Theory
Procedure:
Find the lock& capture range of each IC and then do the connections. Give the input
modulating signal. Note it. Plot the output waveforms of each ICs
Result:
AN FM modulator & detector crcuits are set up and the waveforms are plotted.
Suggested Extra experiments.
No need to write in Fair records. But do as lab assignments
Do the design yourself. Can ask your teacher's help. At least do three among these.