ACI 562-13 Code document

is new just a sleeping Pup

 ACI 562 CODE
HOW DOES IT AFFECT YOUR
CONCRETE REPAIR PROJECT?
PRESENTED BY GENE STEVENS
J. R. HARRIS & COMPANY
Slides Edited by: Gene Stevens Chair ACI 562
SUB-A: Chap. 1 - 4, 9, & 10, and Appendices A & B

Written by & Previously Presented by:

KEITH KESNER CHAIR ACI 562
LARRY KAHN FORMER CHAIR ACI 562
Presentation Goals
Background on Code Requirements for
Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilitation of
Concrete Buildings (ACI 562-13)

Code development process

How ACI 562 works How it affects your

project: Key provisions
Changes in concrete repair practice
Engineering for Existing Concrete Buildings
ACI 562 Key Points
Developed to improve concrete repair practice
Why this is necessary.
Performance-based code decisions focus on
requirements of demand & performance
Help design professionals and building officials
Evaluation Criteria and Design-Basis Criteria in 2016 +
Work in progress 562 is growing & developing
Committee interested in feedback
Working on ACI 562-16 for adoption into IEBC-18
Presentation Outline
Introduction Specifics of 562
Why a Repair Code
When Applicable
Repair Code Concerns
Maintenance
Code Attributes* Preliminary Evaluation
Building Code Process Evaluation
Codes vs. Guidelines Analysis
Code vs. Commentary Load Testing
ACI 562 Reinforcement
Development Durability
Revision of Existing Codes Construction
Philosophy & Organization Future of 562
Responsibilities Going Forward
Changes in IBC / IEBC Impact
Issues with IEBC
 Why a Repair Code?
Vision 2020 ACI Strategic Development
Create a repair/rehabilitation code for Existing
Concrete Buildings to:
Establish evaluation, design, materials and construction practices
{Develop Standard to provide engineering methods to make decisions}
Raise level of repair/protection performance
Establish clear responsibilities
Provide Building Officials with means to issue permits

Repairs are a large segment of construction industry

20 Billion dollars {roughly 18 to 25 Billion per year}
8 Billion dollars per year in corrosion damage
Why a Repair Code:

Repair performance
COE - 50% of repairs are not performing
satisfactorily
Engineering - Design or Evaluation errors
Faulty Repair Construction - Installation, Material selection,
and Material performance
Conc. Repair Performance - Unsatisfactory
5 years 80% of repairs are satisfactory
10 years 30% of repairs are satisfactory
25 years 10% of repairs are satisfactory
 Repair failure rates:
Preformance of Concrete Repairs (Buildings, Parking and other
Concrete Structures)

90%
215 useable
80%
80%
case-histories
70%
% Still Successful

60%
50%
40%
30%
30%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0-5 Years 6-10 Years 11-25 Years
Age of Repairs

Overall Average:
50% Successful and exhibiting no signs of deterioration.
25% Exhibiting evidence of deterioration, not necessarily
requiring remedial action.
25% Failure, clearly requiring remedial action.
 Why a Repair Code? [10]

Lack of specific code requirements:

Variations in repair & engineering practice

Different levels of safety / reliability

No direction for building officials

Challenges of existing structures:

Hidden damage
Unknown structural conditions
Repair Code Concerns?

Complicated process
Giving birth to a Code
Took 7 years to develop and
deliver
{needed about 12 yrs.}

Lack of consensus on
practice
Many discussions and we
are still debating issues
1928 Parking Garage
Repair Code Concerns?

Establish minimum
practice requirements

What are minimum

requirements?

Concern about limiting

creative solutions

Fear of change

1928 Parking Garage

Motivation:
Survey of ACI 318 users
1/2 of those surveyed use ACI 318 for repair of existing
structures
also use 318 for non-building structures
Conclusion from ACI 318 Survey
ACI 318 is functioning beyond its intent
guidance required
to save $$$
for repairs needed

Stop repairing repairs

Building Codes
Developed by consensus process (Public review
and ANSI approved)
Written by code writing organization
Code committee - Membership balance
Producers / Users / General Interest
Written for design professionals:
Architects and engineers License Design Professionals
When adopted codes become law
General building code (IBC) and Existing-
building code (IEBC) are legal requirements
Feeder building codes ACI 318 & ACI 562
Code vs. Commentary vs. Guidelines*
Code
Adopted by regulatory agencies
Mandatory language (shall not should)
Establish required practice
Commentary usually written by code committee
Non-mandatory language (should not shall)
Guidance on how to satisfy code
Guidelines
Non-mandatory language (should not shall)
Establish recommended practice
Code vs. Standard

In Colorado a code is legally adopted by a

local jurisdictional authority about 246
Standards that are not adopted and are not law.
Bylaws and Rules for PE in Colorado:
3.1.4 - Work Product must be Safe and meet
Generally Accepted Standards
Eng. Responsibilities include: Standards to
use and methods used in evaluation of
completed work
How was ACI 562 Developed?*
Committee formed in Spring 2006
ACI code committee Evaluation, Repair and
Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings
Starting points
Existing U.S. building codes
Existing international repair codes
Philosophy of code

Wire mesh safety net

for potential failing hazards

1928 Parking Garage

 Starting point - Review of Existing Codes*
U.S. Codes
ACI 318, Chapter 20
IBC, Chapter 34

5% rule [increase in demand or

decrease in capacity] trigger for
upgrade to current code

Repair requirements vary

IEBC First published in 2003

562 developed for

1928 Parking Garage
adoption into IEBC
IEBC does not address many issues:
1. Basic deterioration (aging) of concrete & repair
with and without strengthening
2. Criteria used to evaluate deteriorated or
distressed structures
3. Faulty construction:
Criteria to evaluate: safety & occupancy loads
Rehabilitation & reporting
4. Damage less than substantial structural damage
5. Unsafe conditions potentially dangerous
Does ACI 562 needs to be adopted? Yes & No
ACI 562 Philosophy
Emphasize performance based rather than
prescriptive requirements where decisions focus
on requirements of demand & performance
Encourage creativity and flexibility
Promote innovation and new materials
Establish responsibilities
Enhance life safety (equivalent safety)
Extend service life
Provide sustainable and economic alternatives
Use ACI and other code documents by reference
 Responsibilities: [21]

Licensed Design Professional

Evaluate and Repair using durable designs
Constructor use plans and specifications
Follow engineering specifications, report uncovered
defects, construction sequencing, means & methods
Owner through general building code
Address known
conditions and
maintenance

Whalers Village Malibu, CA

 Design Basis Code for 562
Original building code under which the repair project
is completed
Possible design basis codes:
IBC, IEBC, Local building code, i.e., LA or NYC
Building Code, ACI 318, Combination of ACI 318
and 562

Slab-on-grade

Erosion
Grade Beam

Whalers Village Malibu, CA

 When do structures need to satisfy current codes?
IBC Chapter 34: 1. If alterations or additions increase force in a
structural element by more than 5% or
2. Repairs to elements that are found to be unsound or structurally
deficient - What does that mean? ACI 562-13 is not completely clear
With limits, ACI 562-16: demand greater than capacity, > 1.1
IEBC - When substantial structural damage has occurred
When required
by a local code
or building official

What about
deterioration
and faulty
construction?
External PT
 Changes in IBC and IEBC
for 2015 IBC Code
ICC Board approves deletion of Chapter 34 of the IBC in
favor of reference requiring the IEBC
2015 IBC Will no longer include Chap. 34, Existing Structures
IEBC currently adopted for use in 47 states and in 56% of the
jurisdictions in Colorado.
If IBC then IEBC
Whalers Village Malibu, CA

Twice daily salt water wash

 ACI 562-13 & 16 with or without IEBC:
- Assume: Concrete Deterioration in Vail, CO of parking garage
top deck (D = 90 psf) - IBC & IEBC 2015 is adopted
- IEBC 404.4 less than substantial structural damage?
- Original Code is UBC 1967 (local snow 75 psf) and ACI 318-
63, which does not include snow loads 50 psf used for
garage: Uo= 1.5D+1.8L= 225 psf to 270 psf
- Structural capacity including is 225 psf. Per ACI 562-13,
building complies with ACI 318-63 and is safe. Is it?
- Say we ignore ACI 562 and use IEBC and assume
deterioration is basically damage Per 404.4 repairs allowed
that restore the building to predamage state.
ACI 562-13 & 16 with or without IEBC: Cont.

Using proposed ACI 562-16: Check current

building code, ground snow of 145 psf:
S = 112.5 psf, which may or may not apply
Uc = 1.2D+1.6S+L = 338 psf > 225 psf = Uo = Rcn
- UNSAFE? Insufficient structural reliability w/o
snowplowing using IEBC 2015
- [ > . ] Proposed ACI 562-16,
Appendix A, Sect. A.3
Does ACI 562-16 need to be Adopted?

1. If IEBC 2015 is or is not adopted & ACI 562-16

is not adopted, repairs would have insufficient
structural reliability [225 psf or 270 psf from
the original building code] per IEBC Sect.
404.4 restoring of the original capacity is
compliant
2. If IEBC does adopt ACI 562-16 repairs would
have adequate structural reliability [338 psf]
used in repair design
3. Same as 2. if ACI 562-16 is locally adopted.
ACI 562 Specifics - Applicability
Use 562 for existing concrete buildings
Superstructure [foundations (slabs), precast elements]
Nonstructural only for Unsafe components
Composite members
non-building structures

Whalers Village Malibu, CA

Repair using carbon fiber
Stainless Steel Beam Seat
Fiberglass Beams
562 Specifics - Preliminary Evaluation
Determine extent of structural damage present
proposed 562-16 includes deterioration & faulty
construction
Evaluation based upon current in-place conditions
Assumed material properties
Assume a design basis code
proposed 562-16 includes evaluation criteria to establish
a design-basis criteria for rehabilitation
Check for Unsafe or Substantial structural damage?
Required compliance with current code
IEBC: Substantial Structural Damage
IEBC {open to interpretation} my translation is
1) Capacity reduction of more than 33% for
vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting
system or
2) Capacity reduction of more than 20% for
vertical elements of gravity load resisting
system in an area that supports more then
30% of the structures area
May trigger upgrade of structure or member
repairs using current code requirements
 562 Specifics - Evaluation & Analysis
Preliminary evaluation
Investigate when there is reason to question
performance or safety such as damage,
deterioration, etc.
Structural analysis
As-measured section properties and dimensions
Material properties use:
Available documents and/or historical tables
Tests
Structural assessment
Assessment vs. Evaluation Terminology#

Proposed 562-16 defines assessment & evaluation

Assessment is an evaluation with conclusions &
recommendations for the future
Evaluation is the process of determining and judging
the structural adequacy of members or systems for
the intended use or performance objective

Proposed 562-16: Code Regulations for Assessment,

Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete
Structures
 562 Specifics - Evaluation & Analysis Testing [30]
Destructive & nondestructive [NDT] - [Sect. 6.4]
Cores (ASTM C42 & C823) - [Sect. 6.4.3]
NDT when valid correlation is established [Sect. 6.4.3.1]
Steel Reinforcement: historical values, samples
(ASTM A370) - [Sect. 6.4.4 - 6.4.10]

Whalers Village Malibu, CA

Core Sample
from Concrete Drilled Pier
 562 Specifics: Loads and Resistance Factors
Capacity reduction factor, [Sect. 5.3 & 5.4]
Measured properties [Sect. 6.3]
Failure mode
Historic material properties [Table 6.3.1]
Load Factors Default values ASCE 7 [Sect. 5.2]

Whalers Village Malibu, CA

Repairs using carbon fiber
For beams and drilled piers
562 Specifics: Loads and Load Combinations
Essentially ASCE/SEI 7 (ACI 318) [Sect. 5.1.6]
Construction ASCE/SEI 37 [Sect. 5.1.4]
External reinforcing systems [Sect. 5.5]
Uex = 1.2D + 0.5L + Ak + 0.2S {ASCE 7-10, Sect. 2.5}
Fire + elevated temp.
with FRP or external
unprotected reinforcement

External PT
Denver, CO
562 Specifics: factors
Encourage confirmation of material properties
factors from ACI-318 for New Design
If, no confirmation of material properties
ACI 318 Chapter 20 if material
properties are confirmed
tension= 1.0 External PT
Corbel at column
compression= 0.9 Used ACI 562-13
shear= 0.8
562 Specifics: Typical Repair Project
1. Preliminary evaluation -
a) Are unsafe conditions present? [ACI 562-16]
b) Is substantial structural damage present? [Sect. 4.3.3]
IEBC & ACI 562 triggers for upgrade to current
code requirements
Establish design basis code
2. Must consider
Impact of damage (deterioration & distress) present
In-place geometry and material properties
 562 Specifics: Typical Repair Project
Structural evaluation [Sect. 6.1]
Structural review, structural analysis or both
How bad is the structure?

Whalers Village Malibu, CA 1928 Parking Garage

562 Specifics: Typical Repair Project
Structural analysis required when?
Preliminary evaluation results
Reason to question performance
Insufficient information
Similar elements?
Consider if additional
elements require
evaluation and repair

Whalers Village Malibu, CA

Repairs using carbon fiber
For beams and drilled piers
562 Specifics: Critical Code Sections [6.1]
If the strength of a structure is known, improvements to
the strength, serviceability, durability, and fire
performance of a structure shall be permitted without
performing a structural evaluation.
How do you know the strength of a structure?
Voluntary improvements can be made
Intent is to
simplify
procedures

1970s PT Parking Garage fractured strand

562 Specifics: Critical Code Sections [6.1]
If determined by the structural assessment (judgment)
that the strength of a structure is not in question,
structural analysis is not
required.
Performance criteria
Responsibility of LDP
to determine

1970s PT Parking Garage

562 Specifics: Critical Code Sections [6.1]
Where repairs are required on an element in a
structure, it shall be determined if similar elements
throughout the structure also
require evaluation.
Repetitive elements
Isolated repairs may
not be acceptable

Whalers Village Malibu, CA

documented distress in
bottom of grade beam
562 Specifics: Unknown Structural Capacity [41]

Lack of design drawings

Determine geometry
Determine loads
In-situ conditions
ACI 201
ACI 228.1
ACI 364
ACI 437
ASCE Guidelines
1970s PT Parking Garage Documentation
562 Specifics: Unknown Structural Capacity

Unknown material properties

Historical values
Physical testing
# of samples?
# of elements?
NDT with correlation
Sect. 6.4 Tests
to confirm properties

Whalers Village Malibu, CA

Drilled Pier, Concrete Core
562 Specifics: Analysis, Design and Durability

Analysis - Performance based 3D, nonlinear

or[Sect. 6.5]
Make a patch or add a structural wall
Actual load and force distribution [Sect. 6.5.4]
Reinforcement and repair materials [Sect. 7.5.1]
e.g. FRPs and polymer concretes
Compatibility [Sect. 7.3.2]
Fire resistance [Sect. 7.9]
Service life [Sect. 8.1.2]
562 Specifics: Seismic Resistance
ASCE/SEI 31 Seismic Evaluation
ASCE/SEI 41 Seismic Rehabilitation [1.1.8 & 7.6.4]
ASCE/SEI Guidelines used in IBC and IEBC
ASCE/SEI 41-13 in Proposed ACI 562-16
562 Specifics: Load Testing
ACI 437-13 [Sect. 6.8] - New code for load testing
Why not ACI 318-11 Chapter 20? - archaic
deflection limits use for
buildings under construction

Not 1928 Parking Garage, but

they did sit there for 24 hrs. to
comply with Chap. 20s
deflection requirement
562 Specifics: Load Testing*
Load testing (ACI 437-13) [Sect. 6.8]
More rational for existing structures
Lower DL
Shorter hold
Service load evaluation
Model testing
Supplement analysis
 562 Specifics: Design of Structural Repairs
Strength & Serviceability [Sect. 7.1, 7.2]
Effect of repair on structural system [Sect. 7.3]
Composite behavior
Tensile strength
Adhesives
Pull-off test
Bond:conservatively,1.5 x required [Sect. 7.4]

1970s PT Parking Garage Bond Capacity

562 Specifics: Repair Design
Bond {revisions in 2016} [Sect. 7.4]
Critical to performance of a repair
Bond strength greater than 1.5 times the
required bond capacity demand
Tensile strength of concrete
Tensile Strength:
Testing ASTM C 1583
4 in lieu of testing
Supplemental Reinforcement
 562 Specifics: Reinforcement
FRP [7.8] & (ACI 440.6) and steel
Fire [7.9] (external reinforcement)
Uex = 1.2D + 0.5L + Ak + 0.2S (Eq. 5.5.1)
Existing prestressing
Supplemental post-tensioning
[Sect. 7.7]
Secondary effects
Define repair sequence
removal, placement, & stressing
Whalers Village Malibu, CA
Carbon Fiber Reinforcement
562 Specifics: Durability [50]
Durable materials [Sect. 8.1.1 & 8.1.2]
Interaction with existing structure (compatibility)
In environment
Anticipated maintenance
Corrosion protection & cover [Sect. 8.2]

Whalers Village Malibu, CA 1928 Parking Garage corrosion protection

562 Specifics: Durability
Corrosion & deterioration of [Sect. 8.4]
reinforcement: Corrosive environment, Existing
reinforcement & Galvanic action
Cracks [Sect. 8.3]

1928 Parking Garage top reinforcement

 562 Specifics: Construction
Stability and temporary shoring [Sect. 9.1]
Designed by an LDP
Consider: sequence, in-situ conditions,
changes in conditions

1928 Parking Garage depth of slab during repairs

562 Specifics: Construction
Temporary conditions [Sect. 9.2]
ASCE/SEI 37 when feasible
Stalled projects?
Environmental [Sect. 9.3]
Instructions to contractor
Report new conditions
Control of debris

Shoring for Vail Ritz Carlton

Designed by JRH for PCL
 Controversy Maintenance*
To assure durable repairs
To protect design professionals
Maintenance recommendations shall be documented
[Sect. 1.5.2 & 1.7] Gates Water Tank

A maintenance
protocol should be
provided
[Sect. 1.7C]
ACI 562 does not
want to address People
Maintenance
562 Specifics: Typical Repair Project
Quality Assurance Plan [Sect. 10.1]
Required by current building code
Contract documents dont conceal until inspected
Maintenance Plan [Sect. 1.5.2 and 1.7]
Document specific requirements for owner
Protect design professional

External PT 1970s PT Parking Garage Bond

 562 Specifics: Quality Assurance
Require testing and inspection [Sect. 10.1]
Commentary list of items to inspect [Sect. 10.1.2C]
Repair inspectors should be qualified by demonstrating competence
LDP may inspect their projects
Testing as required by LDP [Sect. 10.2]
Existing conditions shall not be concealed [Sect. 10.1.3]
Construction observation [Sect. 10.3]

External PT
survey during
tensioning
Summary of ACI 562
Performance-based code for existing concrete
structures
Goal - to improve repair practice Code/standard
Increasing flexibility & creativity
accommodating new materials
Help design professionals
Rational basis for repair permits
[help building officials]
Growing & Improving
But still a Pup
 ACI 562 - Going Forward
Improve the state of practice
Incorporate work of other committees / groups
Repository of knowledge
ACI Guidelines: ACI 563 Specs. for conc. repair
ICRI Documents
Education on ACI 562
ACI / ICRI Guide to 562
Seminars
Presentations
Big Dog Future
Impact of ACI 562
Improved safety
20% of $20 B = $4 B per year

Cost savings for repair of repair in $ billions

Code requires accountability of both engineers
and contractors
Repair industry is a serious endeavor
Education and skills required
Engineering requirements leading to clear
specifications and increased quality
Safer structures
ACI 562 - Coming Attractions:
1. ACI 563 Specifications for Concrete Repair
2. ACI 562-16 significant changes in chapter 1-4
3. ACI Concrete repair inspection certifications 2015
4. Guide to the ACI 562-13 Code by WJE 2016
5. Proposed SEAC seminar on ACI 562-16, ACI 563,
Guide by WJE, and repair inspection certification
program
6. Monthly ACI 562 Articles in Concrete International
7. More Articles in Structures Magazine of NCSEA
 Evaluation of Faulty Concrete
Members, Systems & Buildings*
1. Noncompliance with contract agreement
design and construction considered separate
2. Damages ($) based on structural deficiencies
require proof (no speculation) using:
Measured geometries conc. & bars
Tests of concrete (cores) and reinforcement
ACI 562-13, Section 5.4 for strength-
reduction factors
Original code provisions not to exceed
current code ACI 562-16