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Anemia When your blood lack enough healthy red blood cells

Fatigue because organs arent getting enough oxygen


Anemia cause by blood loss (ulcers, hemorrhoids,
NSAIDs, pregnancy, menses)
Anemia caused by faulty Red blood cell production
(Sickle cell anemia, Iron deficient anemia)
Anemia caused by destruction of RBC)

Anemia, Signs and Symptoms Less energy


Fatigue, Pallor
Dyspnea, Tachycardia
Stomatitis
TEST RESULT: Normal Hgb 12-18 (from CBC com-
plete Blood Count) Hgb = 9 Anemic

Leukemias Group of cancerous disorders involving WBCs


One or more leukocyte types are unfuncitonal
and multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow
Suppresses the normal cells in marrow, resulting
in anemia, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)

Leukemias, Signs and Symptoms Multiple infections


Severe hemorrhage
Anemic signs
Bone pain severe and steady
Weight loss and fatigue
Fever
Lymph node, spleen and/or liver enlargement
CNS symptoms

Lymphatic system includes Spleen


Thymus gland
Lymph nodes
Ecchymosis Skin discoloration caused form ruptured blood
vessel and blood escaping into skin tissue

Hematoma Collection of blood outside the blood vessels (i.e.


internal bleeding)
Hema= blood, oma = abnormal

Immune System gone wrong 1. Hyperactive (allergies)


2. Underactive, immunodeficient (AIDS)
3. Autoimmune, inappropriate target (Lupus)
4. Attacks foreign tissue (organ rejection, transfu-
sion reaction)

Common allergy symptoms Inflammatory: swelling, redness, itching or mild pain


Lungs: mucus and broncoconstriction
Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) mucus in nose
Atopic dermatitis or eczema
Asthma

Anaphylaxis Severe life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity


reaction
Vessels dialate (expand) BP decreases
Airway constricts from edema (swelling)
Systemic Lupus Erthematosus (SLE) Known as Lupus (hyperactive immune system)
Inflammation of skin joints, nervous sytem, kid-
neys, lungs, etc.
Butterfly or malar rash
May be worse with sun exposure
May present with fever, fatigue, joint pian, mal-
aise, quickly or slowly
Usually women 30-40s

Rheumatoid Arthritis Chronic, inflammatory, systemic disease that deforms


and disables the joints
Women 3xs more than men
S/S:
Redness and swelling, joints
Weight loss, fatigue, fever, malaise, with joint stiffness
Common in fingers, wrists, knees, ankles (less hips)
Treat: antiinflammatories, cortisteroids

Hormones produced by: Hypothalmus Kidney


Pituitary Gland (main) Digestive Tract
Thyroid Gland Pancreas
Thymus Gonads
Adrenal Glands Pin-
eal Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Heart

Pituitary Gland Found at base of the brain (size of pea)


Linked functionally to Hypothalamus
Part of Endocrine system
Helps control:
Growth, Blood Pressure
Breast milk production, Sex organ function
Thyroid gland function, Water regulation in body

Pituitary Gland Diseases Hyper Growth Hormone (Giganitism, Acromegaly


(overgrowth of bones face hands feet)
Hypo GH (Dwarfism)
Diabetes Insipidus (excessive thirst, diluted urine)

Lymphedema Painless Gross Swelling if Extremity
Abnormal collection of lymph usually in extremi-
ties
Painless swelling
Just mechanical, not red, no pain

Lymphangitis Inflammation of lymph vessels


Red streak to regional lymph node
Node is swollen and tender
Treat: antibiotics, drain

Lymphomas Cancers of lymph system


Two main types
Hodgkin disease or Lymphoma
(Large painless cervical node, enlarged
spleen,.. )
Remissions common
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
(Large painless node) incurable, more serious

Thrombosis Clotting
Formation of clot inside blood vessel

Hemophilia A hereditary bleeding disorder from deficiency of


specific clotting factors
Signs and Symptoms (male child)
Unexplained prolonged bleeding
Noticeable hematomas
Easy bruising
Excessive nosebleeds
Thyroid Gland Located in neck
Hormones Thyroxine (4 atoms iodine) 90%
Binds inside most cells Increases rate of ATP
production, increases cellular rates of metabolism
and O2 consumption

Simple Goiter Any enlargement of the thyroid gland


Swollen mass on neck, dyspnea, fainting
Results from shortage of iodine in diet
TSH keeps stimulating thyroid gland so tissues
enlarge

Hashimoto Disease (Chronic Thyroiditis) Women 8x > Men


Gradual and painless enlargement of thyroid and
symptoms of hypothyroidism
Trmt: replacement of Thyroid hormone
Autoimmune

Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease) Signs/Sx:


Increased metabolism
Tachycardia (Fast Heart Beat), Palpitaitons
Nervous, excitability, Insomnia
Weight loss despite excess appetite, perspiration de-
spite warm moist skin
Etiology: Autoimmune, Familial

Hypothyroidism Signs/Sx: Usually female


Insidious onset
Slowed metabolism: dry skin, no sweat
Bloated face, puffy lids
Muscular weakness, fatigue, weight gain
Constipation, cold intolerance
Adrenal Glands

Cushing Syndrome Adrenal Gland Disease


Chronic hypersecretion by adrenal, resulting in exces-
sive circulating cortisol
Signs/Sx:
Fatigue, muscle weakness
Fat depositis in scapular area and trunk
Salt and water retention (Hypertension & Edema)
Moon facies, Poor wound healing
Trmt: Surgery, radiation

Addisons Disease Adrenal Gland Disease


Partial or complete failure or adrenal gland
Signs/Sx: Fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss
GI disturbances, bronze skin color, cardiovascular
difficulties
Depression, anxiety
Dehydration
Trmt: replace hormones

Pineal Gland Day and Night Rhythms


Melatonin synthesis

Pancreas Produces Glucagon and Insulin


Involved in Blood glucose regulation
Diabetes Mellitus Type1: Inadequate production of insulin by pan-
creas (IDDM)
Type 2: faulty utilization of insulin by cells

Diabetes Mellitus Early onset < 30 y/o (Type 1)


Type 2: Onset older
Sx (f both): polyuria (lotsa pee), polyphagia
(eating too much), polydipsia (thirst), weight loss,
fatigue
Diagnosis: glucose level in blood

Normal Hgb Range Normal Hemoglobin 12-18


Low Hgb < 10
Anemic

When immune system reacts appropriately to Immunocompetence


an antigen and homeostasis in maintained, is
termed:

The group of disease that occur when antibod- Autoimmune diseases


ies develop and begin to destroy the bodys Examples: Goodpastures Disease, Addisons
own cells are: disease, Lupus, RA
Trmt: Immunosuppressant medication
Disease that begins with inflammation and Rheumatoid Arthritis
edema of synovial membranes surrounding the
joints

Hyperparathyroidism Over-production of parathyroid hormone (PTH)


Causes:
Breakdown of bone
Excessive calcium in blood
(hypercalcemia)
Weakness, atrophy of muscles
GI pain, Nausea/vomiting
Kidney Stones, Cardiac arrhythmias

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